Claim: Buckingham, “Statement (testifying as an economist), in Automation…

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Claim and evidence

Statement (testifying as an economist), in Automation and Technological Change: Hearingsbears on ↓Computers and AI as ordinary technical change

Buckingham, “Statement (testifying as an economist), in Automation and Technological Change: Hearings” (1955-10-14) bears on M01. Speaker: Walter S. Buckingham Jr., associate professor, Georgia Institute of Technology (economist). Buckingham lists three things called automation in 1955: electronic computers processing data, automatic machines on assembly lines, and the hypothetical fully automatic enterprise.

Machine-checked, not reviewed by an editorStated in sourceSupported

Supporting evidence: primary · 1 source

Date: 1955-10-14 · event
Role: Context
Register (kind of text): Nonfiction
Missing element: Describes what electronic computers can do; it does not by itself say whether the economist's analysis treats them as ordinary technical change. That framing is on p. 31 (mechanization principle).
Tier: Tier 1. Prepared statement by an economist ("as an economist", associate professor at Georgia Tech, shown in the text); a substantive argued statement. Tier 1 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12 (economist testimony).
Conditions: Choice is limited to 'previously anticipated' courses of action under built-in criteria.

Scope and limitsChecked against the raw djvu text (.html); absent from the .txt extraction (pp. 29-37 dropped).

The evidence 01

primary sourceSupports the claim

Statement (testifying as an economist), in Automation and Technological Change: Hearings

U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on the Economic Report, Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization. (1955). Automation and technological change: Hearings … 84th Congress, 1st session, October 14–28, 1955. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 29–37 · 1955-10-14

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Cite the original document, not Selekoa. Check these details against it.

Source excerpt

“they can perform a series of logical operations and can choose among several previously anticipated courses of action based on built-in criteria.”

Location in source printed p. 30 (prepared statement, introduction)

Machine-checked · 2026-10-14

Source details and check notes

Authors: Walter S. Buckingham Jr.
Version: Internet Archive OCR text (djvu.txt) of a scanned copy, retrieved 2026-10-09 from https://ia803102.us.archive.org/32/items/congress-automation-and-technological-change/congress-automation-and-technological-changedjvu.txt; OCR errors possible; quotes checked only against clean stretches. Current copy; no earlier capture compared. SHA-256 3962809fbb923be62bf986addb0014ee147934a8767475c1f7cfe051959bff90.
Canonical address: Open the canonical source ↗
Accessed: 2026-10-09
Language: English (en)
Attribution: Walter S. Buckingham Jr., “Statement (testifying as an economist), in Automation and Technological Change: Hearings”, U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on the Economic Report, Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization. (1955). Automation and technological change: Hearings … 84th Congress, 1st session, October 14–28, 1955. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 29–37, 1955-10-14.
Reuse: No open redistribution licence asserted. Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution.
Check notes: Candidate pack passage M01-01 (research/economics-mainstream). The quotation (22 words) matched the retrieved current copy (SHA-256 3962809fbb923be62bf986addb0014ee147934a8767475c1f7cfe051959bff90) in the pack's verification. Re-checked at admission on 2026-10-14 against a copy retrieved that day.

Status and meaning

Editorial status. Not reviewed by an editor. An exploratory record that no editor has accepted. This status does not say whether a person has read any linked passage. Each evidence record above shows how it was checked.

Relation. A passage of the document bears on the proposition without meeting its criterion; the record names the missing element. It is not an articulation and implies no influence.

Date. Hearing day of the statement, as printed; the volume was printed by the GPO in 1955. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated.

Record ID ec-m01-buckingham-1955-automation-hearings-statement-b

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