[ { "id": "accelerating-growth-from-automated-research", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Automated research produces accelerating growth", "aliases": [], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code G02, the explosive-growth debate). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-aghion-jones-jones-2017-nber-capture", "source-hanson-1998-some-skepticism" ], "proposition": { "code": "G02", "criterion": "The text states that if machines substitute for, or improve, the producers of ideas (researchers, inventors, engineers), feedback from output to research effort makes growth accelerate: super-exponential growth, growth rates rising without bound, or a finite-time singularity. The conditions under which the text derives this are part of the record.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "The Simple Macroeconomics of AI", "shortName": "Acemoglu, The Simple Macroeconomics of AI (2024)", "aliases": [], "description": "The Simple Macroeconomics of AI, by Daron Acemoglu. Paper prepared for Economic Policy; author-hosted PDF (MIT Economics)", "sourceIds": [ "source-acemoglu-2024-mit", "source-acemoglu-2024-nber" ] }, { "id": "acemoglu-restrepo-2016-race-between-machine-and-man", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "The Race Between Machine and Man: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares and Employment", "shortName": "Acemoglu and Restrepo, The Race Between Machine and Man (2016)", "aliases": [], "description": "The Race Between Machine and Man: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares and Employment, by Daron Acemoglu, Pascual Restrepo. NBER Working Paper 22252.", "sourceIds": [ "source-acemoglu-restrepo-2016-race-between-machine-and-man" ] }, { "id": "acemoglu-restrepo-2018-ai-automation-and-work", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Work", "shortName": "Acemoglu and Restrepo, Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Work (2018)", "aliases": [], "description": "Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Work, by Daron Acemoglu, Pascual Restrepo. NBER Working Paper 24196.", "sourceIds": [ "source-acemoglu-restrepo-2018-ai-automation-and-work" ] }, { "id": "acemoglu-restrepo-2018-modeling-automation", "type": "document", "subtype": "Journal article", "name": "Modeling Automation", "shortName": "Acemoglu and Restrepo, Modeling Automation (2018)", "aliases": [], "description": "Modeling Automation, by Daron Acemoglu, Pascual Restrepo. AEA Papers and Proceedings 108, 2018, pp. 48–53.", "sourceIds": [ "source-acemoglu-restrepo-2018-modeling-automation" ] }, { "id": "acemoglu-restrepo-2018-race-between-man-and-machine", "type": "document", "subtype": "Journal article", "name": "The Race between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment", "shortName": "Acemoglu and Restrepo, The Race between Man and Machine (2018)", "aliases": [], "description": "The Race between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment, by Daron Acemoglu, Pascual Restrepo. American Economic Review 108(6), 2018, pp. 1488–1542.", "sourceIds": [ "source-acemoglu-restrepo-2018-race-between-man-and-machine" ] }, { "id": "acemoglu-restrepo-2019-automation-and-new-tasks", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor", "shortName": "Acemoglu and Restrepo, Automation and New Tasks (2019)", "aliases": [], "description": "Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor, by Daron Acemoglu, Pascual Restrepo. NBER Working Paper 25684.", "sourceIds": [ "source-acemoglu-restrepo-2019-automation-and-new-tasks" ] }, { "id": "acemoglu-restrepo-2019-automation-and-new-tasks-jep", "type": "document", "subtype": "Journal article", "name": "Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor", "shortName": "Acemoglu and Restrepo, Automation and New Tasks (2019)", "aliases": [], "description": "Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor, by Daron Acemoglu, Pascual Restrepo. Journal of Economic Perspectives 33(2), Spring 2019, pp. 3–30.", "sourceIds": [ "source-acemoglu-restrepo-2019-automation-and-new-tasks-jep" ] }, { "id": "acemoglu-restrepo-2019-wrong-kind-of-ai", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "The Wrong Kind of AI? Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Labor Demand", "shortName": "Acemoglu and Restrepo, The Wrong Kind of AI (2019)", "aliases": [], "description": "The Wrong Kind of AI? Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Labor Demand, by Daron Acemoglu, Pascual Restrepo. NBER Working Paper 25682.", "sourceIds": [ "source-acemoglu-restrepo-2019-wrong-kind-of-ai" ] }, { "id": "adam-dangelo", "type": "person", "subtype": "Board member", "name": "Adam D’Angelo", "sortName": "D’Angelo, Adam", "aliases": [], "description": "Listed by OpenAI in March 2019 among its nonprofit’s non-employee board members and named on 29 November 2023 as a member of its new initial board. Recorded here only for documented board roles.", "sourceIds": [ "source-openai-new-initial-board-2023" ] }, { "id": "adam-paper", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research paper (work)", "name": "Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization", "aliases": [], "description": "Work-level identity. Evidence is scoped to the inspected arXiv v1 expression; a citation to this work does not identify which revision the citing author read.", "sourceIds": [ "source-adam-paper-v1" ], "externalIds": { "arxiv": "1412.6980" } }, { "id": "adebayo-ogunlesi", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Adebayo Ogunlesi", "sortName": "Ogunlesi, Adebayo", "aliases": [ "Bayo Ogunlesi" ], "description": "Global Infrastructure Partners chair and CEO announced as an OpenAI board member in January 2025.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-ogunlesi-2025" ] }, { "id": "adept", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI company", "name": "Adept", "aliases": [ "Adept AI" ], "description": "ML research and product lab announced in April 2022; in June 2024 announced that its co-founders and some of its team were joining Amazon and that Amazon was licensing its technology.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-adept-update-2024" ] }, { "id": "adobe", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Technology company", "name": "Adobe", "aliases": [], "description": "US software company named by the White House among the eight companies of September 2023.", "sourceIds": [ "source-wh-factsheet-2023-09" ] }, { "id": "aghion-jones-jones-2017-ai-and-economic-growth", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Artificial Intelligence and Economic Growth", "shortName": "Aghion, Jones, Jones, Artificial Intelligence and Economic Growth (2017)", "aliases": [], "description": "Artificial Intelligence and Economic Growth, by Philippe Aghion, Benjamin F. Jones, Charles I. Jones. NBER Working Paper 23928.", "sourceIds": [ "source-aghion-jones-jones-2017-nber-capture", "source-aghion-jones-jones-2017-nber" ] }, { "id": "agi-decades-away", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "AGI is decades away, so the problem can wait", "aliases": [ "AGI is decades away. Worry about it later." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y13 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-aipnfgr-miri-reprint", "source-lw-2017-theres-no-fire-alarm-for-artificial" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y13", "criterion": "An explicit claim that the risks of AGI can be left until later because AGI is decades away, on the premise that it can be known that AGI is decades away, or that long timelines mean there is no need to act now.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "agi-ruin-2022", "type": "document", "subtype": "Forum post", "name": "AGI Ruin: A List of Lethalities", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, AGI Ruin: A List of Lethalities (2022)", "aliases": [], "description": "Eliezer Yudkowsky’s post of 5 June 2022 on LessWrong and the Alignment Forum.", "sourceIds": [ "source-agi-ruin-2022" ] }, { "id": "agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2016-simple-economics-of-machine-intelligence", "type": "document", "subtype": "Magazine article", "name": "The Simple Economics of Machine Intelligence", "shortName": "Agrawal, Gans, Goldfarb, The Simple Economics of Machine Intelligence (2016)", "aliases": [], "description": "The Simple Economics of Machine Intelligence, by Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, Avi Goldfarb. Harvard Business Review (online), 17 November 2016.", "sourceIds": [ "source-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2016-simple-economics-of-machine-intelligence" ] }, { "id": "agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2018-economic-policy-for-ai", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Economic Policy for Artificial Intelligence", "shortName": "Agrawal, Gans, Goldfarb, Economic Policy for Artificial Intelligence (2018)", "aliases": [], "description": "Economic Policy for Artificial Intelligence, by Ajay K. Agrawal, Joshua S. Gans, Avi Goldfarb. NBER Working Paper 24690.", "sourceIds": [ "source-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2018-economic-policy-for-ai" ] }, { "id": "agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2018-prediction-judgment-complexity", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Prediction, Judgment and Complexity: A Theory of Decision Making and Artificial Intelligence", "shortName": "Agrawal, Gans, Goldfarb, Prediction, Judgment and Complexity (2018)", "aliases": [], "description": "Prediction, Judgment and Complexity: A Theory of Decision Making and Artificial Intelligence, by Ajay K. Agrawal, Joshua S. Gans, Avi Goldfarb. NBER Working Paper 24243.", "sourceIds": [ "source-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2018-prediction-judgment-complexity" ] }, { "id": "agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-ambiguous-labor-market-impact", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction", "shortName": "Agrawal, Gans, Goldfarb, Artificial Intelligence (2019)", "aliases": [], "description": "Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction, by Ajay Agrawal, Joshua S. Gans, Avi Goldfarb. NBER Working Paper 25619.", "sourceIds": [ "source-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-ambiguous-labor-market-impact" ] }, { "id": "agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-ambiguous-labor-market-impact-jep", "type": "document", "subtype": "Journal article", "name": "Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction", "shortName": "Agrawal, Gans, Goldfarb, Artificial Intelligence (2019)", "aliases": [], "description": "Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction, by Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, Avi Goldfarb. Journal of Economic Perspectives 33(2), Spring 2019, pp. 31–50.", "sourceIds": [ "source-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-ambiguous-labor-market-impact-jep" ] }, { "id": "agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-economics-of-ai-introduction", "type": "document", "subtype": "Book chapter", "name": "Introduction to \"The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda\"", "shortName": "Agrawal, Gans, Goldfarb, Introduction to \"The Economics of Artificial Intelligence (2019)", "aliases": [], "description": "Introduction to \"The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda\", by Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, Avi Goldfarb. NBER volume chapter (University of Chicago Press)", "sourceIds": [ "source-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-economics-of-ai-introduction" ] }, { "id": "agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2025-genius-on-demand", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Genius on Demand: The Value of Transformative Artificial Intelligence", "shortName": "Agrawal, Gans and Goldfarb, Genius on Demand (2025)", "aliases": [], "description": "Genius on Demand: The Value of Transformative Artificial Intelligence, by Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, Avi Goldfarb. NBER Working Paper 34316.", "sourceIds": [ "source-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2025-genius-on-demand" ] }, { "id": "ahmad-al-dahle", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Ahmad Al-Dahle", "sortName": "Al-Dahle, Ahmad", "aliases": [], "description": "Reported in February 2023 as leader of Meta's generative AI product group; titled VP and Head of Generative AI at Meta in December 2024; announced in January 2026 that he was joining Airbnb as CTO.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-mx-fortune-genai-2023", "lg-src-mx-meta-br-llama-2024", "lg-src-mx-aldahle-departure" ] }, { "id": "ai-as-cheaper-prediction", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "AI as cheaper prediction", "aliases": [ "AI's economic function is to lower the cost of prediction." ], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code M04, mainstream economics and machine intelligence). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-mullainathan-spiess-2017-machine-learning-econometric", "source-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2018-prediction-judgment-complexity" ], "proposition": { "code": "M04", "criterion": "A text that defines or treats AI's economic function as prediction and draws consequences from a fall in its cost (for example for the value of complements such as judgement or data).", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "ai-as-task-automation", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "AI as the automation of tasks", "aliases": [ "AI's economic effect is the automation of tasks previously performed by labour." ], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code M02, mainstream economics and machine intelligence). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-nourse-1955-automation-hearings-statement", "source-technology-and-the-american-economy-1966" ], "proposition": { "code": "M02", "criterion": "A text that models or describes AI's economic effect as machines taking over tasks previously done by labour, within a task framework (tasks allocated between capital and labour).", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "ai-automated-ai-research", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "AI-automated AI research", "aliases": [], "description": "A proposition about machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code A5 in the human-thought collection). A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-good", "source-cotra-2022-without-specific-countermeasures" ], "proposition": { "code": "A5", "criterion": "AI systems carry out the research, design or engineering that advances AI or computing itself, thereby accelerating progress. Machines that only manufacture other machines do not meet the criterion.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "ai-box-experiment-page", "type": "document", "subtype": "Web page", "name": "The AI-Box Experiment", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, The AI-Box Experiment (2002)", "aliases": [], "description": "The AI-Box Experiment, by Eliezer Yudkowsky, dated 2002; read in the copy described by its source record.", "sourceIds": [ "source-ai-box-experiment-page" ] }, { "id": "ai-developer-incentives-and-safety", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "AI developers’ incentives matter for safety", "aliases": [ "Developers of advanced AI face incentives (racing, competition, governance structures) that matter for its safety." ], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code E04, economists on recursive self-improvement, superintelligence and existential risk from AI). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-2008-friendliness-factors-miri-2013", "source-hanson-2008-emulations-go-foom-miri-2013" ], "proposition": { "code": "E04", "criterion": "A text that analyses how incentives, competition or governance of AI developers affect the safety or control of advanced AI.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "ai-existential-risk-in-economic-analysis", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Existential risk from AI as a matter for economic analysis", "aliases": [ "Advanced AI poses a risk of human extinction or permanent loss of control that belongs in economic analysis." ], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code E03, economists on recursive self-improvement, superintelligence and existential risk from AI). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-2008-setting-the-stage-miri-2013", "source-hanson-2008-wrapping-up-miri-2013" ], "proposition": { "code": "E03", "criterion": "A text that treats existential or catastrophic risk from AI (extinction, loss of control, misaligned goals) as a quantity or consideration in economic analysis, welfare trade-offs or policy.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "ai-general-purpose-technology-with-lag", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "AI as a general-purpose technology with lagging productivity", "aliases": [ "AI is a general-purpose technology whose measured productivity effects lag its adoption." ], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code M03, mainstream economics and machine intelligence). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-brynjolfsson-rock-syverson-2017-productivity-paradox", "source-korinek-stiglitz-2017-ai-income-distribution" ], "proposition": { "code": "M03", "criterion": "A text that calls AI a general-purpose technology and states that measured productivity gains lag adoption because of complementary investment (for example a J-curve or a productivity paradox).", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "ai-improving-ai-accelerates-capability", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Machine intelligence improving itself accelerates its capability growth", "aliases": [ "Machine intelligence could improve itself, or the design of its successors, in a way that accelerates its own capability growth." ], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code E01, economists on recursive self-improvement, superintelligence and existential risk from AI). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-1998-is-a-singularity-just-around-the-corner", "source-hanson-economic-growth-given-machine-intelligence" ], "proposition": { "code": "E01", "criterion": "A text that states or models AI systems improving AI (their own capabilities, their successors' design, or AI research itself) so that capability growth accelerates. Accelerating output growth from automated idea production without AI improving AI is G02 and only bears on E01.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "ai-positive-negative-factor-global-risk", "type": "document", "subtype": "Book chapter", "name": "Artificial Intelligence as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, AI as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk", "aliases": [ "Artificial Intelligence and Global Risk" ], "description": "Eliezer Yudkowsky’s chapter in Global Catastrophic Risks (Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 308–345, circulated in 2006 as the SIAI draft \"Artificial Intelligence and Global Risk\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-aipnfgr-miri-reprint", "source-aipnfgr-2006-draft" ] }, { "id": "ai-productivity-over-next-decade", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "AI’s productivity effect over the next decade", "aliases": [ "AI's aggregate productivity effect over about the next decade, as estimated at the time of writing." ], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code M08, mainstream economics and machine intelligence). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-leontief-duchin-1984-impacts-of-automation", "source-brynjolfsson-rock-syverson-2017-productivity-paradox" ], "proposition": { "code": "M08", "criterion": "A text that gives a stated estimate of AI's effect on aggregate productivity or GDP over a horizon of about ten years from the text's date. The figure and horizon are recorded; the proposition is neutral as to size.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "ai-solves-alignment", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "AI systems will solve alignment for us", "aliases": [ "We'll get AI to solve alignment for us." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y07 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-lw-2008-the-rhythm-of-disagreement", "source-lw-2021-ngo-and-yudkowsky-on-alignment-difficulty" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y07", "criterion": "An explicit claim that AI systems can be relied on to solve the alignment problem, on the premise that an AI weak enough to be safe is strong enough to solve alignment, or that its alignment output can be verified.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "ai21-labs", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI laboratory", "name": "AI21 Labs", "aliases": [ "AI21" ], "description": "An AI company that develops foundation models; its own page names Ori Goshen and Yoav Shoham as co-founders.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-new-ai21-about", "lg-src-new-calcalist-shashua" ] }, { "id": "aidan-gomez", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Aidan Gomez", "sortName": "Gomez, Aidan", "aliases": [ "Aidan N. Gomez" ], "description": "Co-founder and chief executive of Cohere; co-author of the 2017 Transformer paper, written while at Google Brain.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-new-cohere-about", "source-attention-all-you-need-v1" ] }, { "id": "aleksander-madry", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher", "name": "Aleksander Madry", "sortName": "Madry, Aleksander", "aliases": [], "description": "Named as leader of OpenAI’s Preparedness team in October 2023 and as Head of Preparedness in May 2024.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-preparedness-2023", "lg-src-oai-ssc-2024" ] }, { "id": "alex-lebrun", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Alex LeBrun", "sortName": "LeBrun, Alex", "aliases": [ "Alexandre LeBrun" ], "description": "Co-founder and former CEO of Nabla; listed among the founding team of AMI Labs and named its CEO in December 2025.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-mx-tc-lecun-ami", "lg-src-mx-ami-home" ] }, { "id": "alexandr-wang", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Alexandr Wang", "sortName": "Wang, Alexandr", "aliases": [], "description": "Founder of Scale AI; joined Meta in June 2025 as Chief AI Officer leading Meta Superintelligence Labs.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-mx-scale-next-phase", "lg-src-mx-cnbc-msl-memo" ] }, { "id": "alibaba-cloud-intelligence", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Business group", "name": "Alibaba Cloud Intelligence Group", "aliases": [], "description": "Cloud, AI and other businesses grouped in Alibaba’s 2023 structure. The business group is distinct from the parent and Qwen research team; no separate legal incorporation or Qwen reporting line is inferred.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-alibaba-results" ] }, { "id": "alibaba-group", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Corporate group", "name": "Alibaba Group / 阿里巴巴集团", "shortName": "Alibaba Group", "aliases": [ "Alibaba" ], "description": "Parent-level research affiliation and spending announcements. Qwen’s research team and the group are distinct nodes; group budgets are not Qwen budgets.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-qwen", "source-cn-alibaba-budget" ] }, { "id": "alibaba-qwen3-policy", "type": "document", "subtype": "Release policy announcement", "name": "Alibaba Qwen3 open-access announcement", "aliases": [], "description": "Group announcement describes downloadable models and forthcoming API access; it does not certify open-source status.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-alibaba-qwen3" ] }, { "id": "alibaba-reorganisation", "type": "document", "subtype": "Organisational plan", "name": "Alibaba’s March 2023 governance announcement", "aliases": [], "description": "Plan for six business groups with their own CEOs and boards; potential outside funding and IPOs were conditional, not completed transactions.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-alibaba-reorganisation" ] }, { "id": "alibaba-token-foundry", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Business division", "name": "Token Foundry / Token Foundry事业部", "aliases": [ "Token Foundry事业部" ], "description": "Alibaba Group division reported in June 2026 as formed from the Tongyi Foundation Model Division and the Future Life Laboratory.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gc-thepaper-alibaba-2026-06" ] }, { "id": "alignment-research-center", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Research nonprofit", "name": "Alignment Research Center", "aliases": [ "ARC" ], "description": "ARC, the institution that reports incubating ARC Evals; distinct from its evaluation team and from METR.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eval-i-spinout", "source-eval-i-gpt4-card" ] }, { "id": "alphabet", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Holding company", "name": "Alphabet", "aliases": [ "Alphabet Inc." ], "description": "Google's parent company, named in Google's August 2026 announcement of Demis Hassabis as Chief Scientist of Alphabet.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-goo-pichai-2026-08" ] }, { "id": "alphafold-account", "type": "document", "subtype": "Institutional publication", "name": "AlphaFold — CASP14 research account (2020)", "aliases": [], "description": "AlphaFold — CASP14 research account (2020)", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-alphafold-account" ] }, { "id": "alphafold-paper", "type": "document", "subtype": "Institutional publication", "name": "Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold (2021)", "aliases": [], "description": "Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold (2021)", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-alphafold-paper" ] }, { "id": "alphafold-training-infrastructure", "type": "infrastructure", "subtype": "Research compute", "name": "AlphaFold 2 training infrastructure", "aliases": [], "description": "TPU v3 training setup described in the 2021 AlphaFold paper.", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-alphafold-paper" ] }, { "id": "alphago-zero-account", "type": "document", "subtype": "Institutional publication", "name": "AlphaGo Zero: Starting from scratch (2017)", "aliases": [], "description": "AlphaGo Zero: Starting from scratch (2017)", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-alphago-zero" ] }, { "id": "amar-subramanya", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Amar Subramanya", "sortName": "Subramanya, Amar", "aliases": [], "description": "Announced by Apple on 1 December 2025 as its vice president of AI; 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The historical name is retained.", "sourceIds": [ "source-rsp-announcement" ] }, { "id": "arc-pilot-announcement-2023", "type": "document", "subtype": "Institutional research document", "name": "ARC Evals autonomous-task pilot announcement (2023)", "aliases": [], "description": "Dated announcement of the autonomous-task pilot, distinguishing its later tests from the earlier GPT-4 system-card experiment.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eval-i-pilot" ] }, { "id": "armer-1966-computer-aspects-of-technological-change", "type": "document", "subtype": "Book selection", "name": "Computer Aspects of Technological Change (selection)", "shortName": "Armer, Computer Aspects of Technological Change (selection) (1966)", "aliases": [], "description": "Computer Aspects of Technological Change (selection), by Paul Armer. In Bowen & Mangum (eds.), Automation and Economic Progress (Prentice-Hall, 1966)", "sourceIds": [ "source-armer-1966-computer-aspects-of-technological-change" ] }, { "id": "arthur-mensch", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Arthur Mensch", "sortName": "Mensch, Arthur", "aliases": [], "description": "Co-founder and chief executive of Mistral AI; earlier an author of DeepMind language-model research.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-new-mistral-about", "source-compute-optimal-language-models-v1" ] }, { "id": "arvind-kc", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Arvind KC", "sortName": "KC, Arvind", "aliases": [], "description": "Announced as OpenAI’s Chief People Officer in February 2026.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-kc-2026" ] }, { "id": "ashish-vaswani", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher", "name": "Ashish Vaswani", "sortName": "Vaswani, Ashish", "aliases": [], "description": "Credited author with a Google Brain affiliation in Attention Is All You Need v1.", "sourceIds": [ "source-attention-all-you-need-v1" ] }, { "id": "attention-all-you-need", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research paper (work)", "name": "Attention Is All You Need", "aliases": [], "description": "Work-level identity. Evidence is scoped to the inspected arXiv v1 expression; a citation to this work does not identify which revision the citing author read.", "sourceIds": [ "source-attention-all-you-need-v1" ], "externalIds": { "arxiv": "1706.03762" } }, { "id": "audacious-project", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Collaborative funding initiative", "name": "The Audacious Project", "aliases": [], "description": "Funding initiative housed at TED, credited by METR for catalysing support for Canary. Collective membership does not identify individual grant allocations.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eval-i-audacious" ] }, { "id": "automation-as-ordinary-technical-change", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Computers and AI as ordinary technical change", "aliases": [ "A text analyses computers, automation or AI as ordinary technical change, without a separate category for machine cognition." ], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code M01, mainstream economics and machine intelligence). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-buckingham-1955-automation-hearings-statement", "source-nourse-1955-automation-hearings-statement" ], "proposition": { "code": "M01", "criterion": "A tier-1 text dated before 2015 that discusses computers, automation or AI and analyses them with the tools used for technical change in general (factor-augmenting or skill-biased change, capital deepening), with no separate category for machine cognition.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "automation-hearings-1955-other-witnesses", "type": "document", "subtype": "Congressional hearings", "name": "Automation and Technological Change: Hearings (statements by non-economists)", "shortName": "Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization, Automation and Technological Change (1955)", "aliases": [], "description": "Automation and Technological Change: Hearings (statements by non-economists), by Joint Committee on the Economic Report, Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization. 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A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-michie-1986-on-machine-intelligence" ], "proposition": { "code": "C1", "criterion": "An explicit claim that apparent capability, understanding or awareness shown in a behavioural test, such as the imitation game, is weak or misleading evidence of what the system is.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "ben-bernanke", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Ben Bernanke", "sortName": "Bernanke, Ben", "aliases": [], "description": "Former Chair of the Federal Reserve appointed to Anthropic's Long-Term Benefit Trust in July 2026.", "sourceIds": [ "source-anthropic-bernanke-2026" ] }, { "id": "ben-mann", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Ben Mann", "sortName": "Mann, Ben", "aliases": [], "description": "Credited as an Anthropic co-founder, and as a former GPT-3 and API engineer at OpenAI, on an Anthropic founder slide of 2024.", "sourceIds": [ "source-anthropic-reinvent-2024" ] }, { "id": "benzell-et-al-2015-robots-are-us", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Robots Are Us: Some Economics of Human Replacement", "shortName": "Benzell et al., Robots Are Us (2015)", "aliases": [], "description": "Robots Are Us: Some Economics of Human Replacement, by Seth G. Benzell, Laurence J. Kotlikoff, Guillermo LaGarda, Jeffrey D. Sachs. NBER Working Paper 20941.", "sourceIds": [ "source-benzell-et-al-2015-robots-are-us" ] }, { "id": "beth-barnes", "type": "person", "subtype": "Evaluation researcher", "name": "Beth Barnes", "sortName": "Barnes, Beth", "aliases": [], "description": "Researcher interviewed about her move from OpenAI to ARC and her work leading METR. Historical roles do not establish a current appointment.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eval-i-barnes-axrp", "source-eval-i-spinout" ] }, { "id": "bob-mcgrew", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Bob McGrew", "sortName": "McGrew, Bob", "aliases": [], "description": "Reported as OpenAI’s chief research officer when he left the company in September 2024.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-tc-mcgrew-2024" ] }, { "id": "bowen-mangum-1966-automation-and-economic-progress", "type": "document", "subtype": "Book", "name": "Automation and Economic Progress", "shortName": "Bowen and Mangum, Automation and Economic Progress (1966)", "aliases": [], "description": "Automation and Economic Progress, by Howard R. Bowen (ed.), Garth L. Mangum (ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall (A Spectrum Book, S-147), 1966, 168 pp.; LC 66-28109.", "sourceIds": [ "source-bowen-mangum-1966-automation-and-economic-progress" ] }, { "id": "brad-lightcap", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Brad Lightcap", "sortName": "Lightcap, Brad", "aliases": [], "description": "Announced as OpenAI’s Chief Operating Officer in May 2022.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-leadership-2022" ] }, { "id": "bresnahan-brynjolfsson-hitt-1999-it-workplace-organization", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Information Technology, Workplace Organization and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm-Level Evidence", "shortName": "Bresnahan, Brynjolfsson, Hitt, Information Technology, Workplace Organization and the Demand for Skilled Labor (1999)", "aliases": [], "description": "Information Technology, Workplace Organization and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm-Level Evidence, by Timothy Bresnahan, Erik Brynjolfsson, Lorin Hitt. NBER Working Paper 7136.", "sourceIds": [ "source-bresnahan-brynjolfsson-hitt-1999-it-workplace-organization" ] }, { "id": "bret-taylor", "type": "person", "subtype": "Board member", "name": "Bret Taylor", "sortName": "Taylor, Bret", "aliases": [], "description": "Named by OpenAI on 29 November 2023 as chair of its new initial board. Recorded here only for documented board roles.", "sourceIds": [ "source-openai-new-initial-board-2023" ] }, { "id": "brian-israel", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Brian Israel", "sortName": "Israel, Brian", "aliases": [], "description": "Listed as Anthropic's Chief Legal Officer on its Leadership page.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-ant-leadership-2026" ] }, { "id": "broadcom", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Semiconductor and technology company", "name": "Broadcom", "aliases": [], "description": "Named alongside Google in Anthropic’s April 2026 TPU-capacity agreement. Specific allocation of responsibilities is not inferred.", "sourceIds": [ "source-anthropic-google-broadcom-2026" ] }, { "id": "brynjolfsson-korinek-agrawal-2025-research-agenda-transformative-ai", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "A Research Agenda for the Economics of Transformative AI", "shortName": "Brynjolfsson, Korinek and Agrawal, A Research Agenda for the Economics of Transformative AI (2025)", "aliases": [], "description": "A Research Agenda for the Economics of Transformative AI, by Erik Brynjolfsson, Anton Korinek, Ajay Agrawal. NBER Working Paper 34256.", "sourceIds": [ "source-brynjolfsson-korinek-agrawal-2025-research-agenda-transformative-ai" ] }, { "id": "brynjolfsson-rock-syverson-2017-productivity-paradox", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox: A Clash of Expectations and Statistics", "shortName": "Brynjolfsson, Rock, Syverson, Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox (2017)", "aliases": [], "description": "Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox: A Clash of Expectations and Statistics, by Erik Brynjolfsson, Daniel Rock, Chad Syverson. NBER Working Paper 24001.", "sourceIds": [ "source-brynjolfsson-rock-syverson-2017-productivity-paradox" ] }, { "id": "buckingham-1955-automation-hearings-statement", "type": "document", "subtype": "Congressional testimony", "name": "Statement (testifying as an economist), in Automation and Technological Change: Hearings", "shortName": "Buckingham, Statement (testifying as an economist), in Automation and Technological Change (1955)", "aliases": [], "description": "Statement (testifying as an economist), in Automation and Technological Change: Hearings, by Walter S. Buckingham Jr.. U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on the Economic Report, Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization. (1955). Automation and technological change: Hearings … 84th Congress, 1st session, October 14–28, 1955. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 29–37.", "sourceIds": [ "source-buckingham-1955-automation-hearings-statement" ] }, { "id": "bueno-de-mesquita-dziuda-polborn-2026-agi-race", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "The AGI Race and Existential Risk", "shortName": "Bueno de Mesquita, Dziuda and Polborn, The AGI Race and Existential Risk (2026)", "aliases": [], "description": "The AGI Race and Existential Risk, by Ethan Bueno de Mesquita, Wioletta Dziuda, Mattias Polborn. NBER Working Paper 35276.", "sourceIds": [ "source-bueno-de-mesquita-dziuda-polborn-2026-agi-race" ] }, { "id": "build-it-before-rivals", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Build it before rivals do", "aliases": [ "We have to build it first, before the other side does." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y24 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-time-2023-shut-it-all-down", "source-lw-2021-discussion-with-eliezer-yudkowsky-on-agi" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y24", "criterion": "An explicit claim that advanced AI must be built first, before a rival builds it, on the premise that whoever builds it controls it, or that racing to be first improves the outcome.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "build-superintelligence-fast", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Build superintelligence as fast as possible", "aliases": [ "Build it as fast as possible — the Singularity will be good." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y22 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sits-2000-capture", "source-lw-2008-fighting-a-rearguard-action-against-the" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y22", "criterion": "An explicit claim that superintelligence should be reached as fast as possible because its arrival will be good, on the premise that reaching superintelligence is good by default, so that speed is what matters.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "butler-1863-darwin-among-machines", "type": "document", "subtype": "Newspaper letter", "name": "Darwin among the Machines", "shortName": "Butler, Darwin among the Machines (1863)", "aliases": [], "description": "A letter to the editor of The Press (Christchurch), 13 June 1863, signed \"Cellarius\". Butler later claimed it and called it the first part of Erewhon written.", "sourceIds": [ "source-butler-1863-press", "source-erewhon-1901-gutenberg" ] }, { "id": "butler-1865-lucubratio-ebria", "type": "document", "subtype": "Newspaper article", "name": "Lucubratio Ebria", "shortName": "Lucubratio Ebria (1865)", "aliases": [], "description": "An unsigned article in The Press (Christchurch), 29 July 1865, framed as a late-evening dream. It is attributed to Samuel Butler from its close match with the reply to the machine treatise in Erewhon.", "sourceIds": [ "source-butler-1865-press" ] }, { "id": "bytedance", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Technology company", "name": "ByteDance / 字节跳动", "aliases": [ "字节跳动" ], "description": "Technology company whose Seed team develops its foundation models.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gc-jiemian-wu-2025" ] }, { "id": "bytedance-seed", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Research team", "name": "ByteDance Seed / 字节跳动 Seed", "aliases": [ "Seed", "ByteDance Seed Team", "字节跳动Seed团队" ], "description": "ByteDance's foundation-model team, which states that it was founded in 2023.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gc-seed-oss-readme", "lg-src-gc-jiemian-wu-2025" ] }, { "id": "california-legislature", "type": "public_body", "subtype": "State legislature", "name": "California State Legislature", "aliases": [ "California Legislature" ], "description": "The legislature of the State of California, recorded here as the body that passed SB 53 (2025). Bill texts are published through California Legislative Information by the Office of Legislative Counsel.", "sourceIds": [ "source-ca-sb53-chaptered" ] }, { "id": "california-sb-53", "type": "document", "subtype": "Statute (chaptered bill)", "name": "California SB 53 (2025): Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, as chaptered", "shortName": "California SB 53", "aliases": [ "Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act", "TFAIA", "Stats. 2025, ch. 138" ], "description": "Senate Bill 53 of the 2025–2026 Regular Session as chaptered (Chapter 138, Statutes of 2025). It adds Business and Professions Code §§ 22757.10–22757.16, Government Code § 11546.8 and Labor Code §§ 1107–1107.2. Its text describes obligations; it is not evidence of whom it applies to in practice or of compliance.", "sourceIds": [ "source-ca-sb53-chaptered" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "Approved by the Governor and filed with the Secretary of State on 2025-09-29 (chaptered header and bill history); the chaptered text page reads “Date Published: 09/29/2025 09:00 PM”. The added code sections took effect on 2026-01-01 according to the codified history notes checked on 2026-10-04, which showed no amendment. Gov. Code § 11546.8 is operative only on an appropriation.", "effectiveAt": "2026-01-01", "family": "ca-sb-53", "label": "Chaptered (Stats. 2025, ch. 138)", "publishedAt": "2025-09-29", "publisherId": "california-legislature" } }, { "id": "calvano-et-al-2020-algorithmic-pricing-collusion", "type": "document", "subtype": "Journal article", "name": "Artificial Intelligence, Algorithmic Pricing, and Collusion", "shortName": "Calvano et al., Artificial Intelligence, Algorithmic Pricing, and Collusion (2020)", "aliases": [], "description": "Artificial Intelligence, Algorithmic Pricing, and Collusion, by Emilio Calvano, Giacomo Calzolari, Vincenzo Denicolò, Sergio Pastorello. American Economic Review 110(10), 2020, pp. 3267–97.", "sourceIds": [ "source-calvano-et-al-2020-algorithmic-pricing-collusion" ] }, { "id": "chalmers-singularity", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research paper (work)", "name": "The Singularity: A Philosophical Analysis", "aliases": [], "description": "A philosophical analysis of intelligence explosion. The author-hosted expression identifies the 2010 journal publication; its revision date is unknown.", "sourceIds": [ "source-chalmers-singularity" ] }, { "id": "character-ai", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI company", "name": "Character.AI", "aliases": [ "Character" ], "description": "Conversational AI company started by Noam Shazeer and Daniel De Freitas; announced a non-exclusive licensing agreement with Google in August 2024.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-cai-introducing-2022", "lg-src-deal-tc-cai-google-2024" ] }, { "id": "charles-kantor", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Charles Kantor", "sortName": "Kantor, Charles", "aliases": [], "description": "Reported in May 2024 as co-founder and CEO of H Company.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gw-tc-h-2024" ] }, { "id": "chatglm-report", "type": "document", "subtype": "Technical report", "name": "ChatGLM research history and techniques", "aliases": [], "description": "Joint Zhipu AI / Tsinghua report with a retrospective account of the GLM research programme.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-chatglm" ] }, { "id": "chelsea-finn", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Chelsea Finn", "sortName": "Finn, Chelsea", "aliases": [], "description": "Stanford faculty member who describes herself as a co-founder of Physical Intelligence and as having spent time at Google with the Google Brain and Google DeepMind team.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gw-finn-home" ] }, { "id": "chris-liddell", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Chris Liddell", "sortName": "Liddell, Chris", "aliases": [], "description": "Former chief financial officer of Microsoft and General Motors appointed to Anthropic's board of directors in February 2026.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-ant-liddell-2026" ] }, { "id": "chris-olah", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher", "name": "Chris Olah", "sortName": "Olah, Chris", "aliases": [ "Christopher Olah" ], "description": "Interpretability researcher identified in personal and Anthropic accounts of prior roles and co-founding.", "sourceIds": [ "source-olah-bio", "source-anthropic-reinvent-2024", "source-brain-research-2017" ] }, { "id": "christian-szegedy", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher", "name": "Christian Szegedy", "sortName": "Szegedy, Christian", "aliases": [], "description": "Researcher documented at Google in the 2015 Batch Normalization paper and on xAI’s July 2023 launch roster.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xai-team-2023", "source-xm-batch-normalization" ] }, { "id": "christiano-2018-minimal-circuits-daemon-free", "type": "document", "subtype": "Forum post", "name": "Open question: are minimal circuits daemon-free?", "shortName": "Christiano, Are minimal circuits daemon-free? (2018)", "aliases": [], "description": "Paul Christiano’s post of 5 May 2018 on the Alignment Forum and LessWrong.", "sourceIds": [ "source-christiano-2018-minimal-circuits-daemon-free" ] }, { "id": "christiano-2018-takeoff-speeds", "type": "document", "subtype": "Blog post", "name": "Takeoff speeds", "shortName": "Christiano, Takeoff speeds (2018)", "aliases": [], "description": "Paul Christiano’s post of 24 February 2018 on the blog The sideways view, updated on 27 February 2018.", "sourceIds": [ "source-christiano-2018-takeoff-speeds" ] }, { "id": "christiano-2019-what-failure-looks-like", "type": "document", "subtype": "Forum post", "name": "What failure looks like", "shortName": "Christiano, What failure looks like (2019)", "aliases": [], "description": "Paul Christiano’s post of 17 March 2019 on the Alignment Forum and LessWrong.", "sourceIds": [ "source-christiano-2019-what-failure-looks-like" ] }, { "id": "christiano-2022-where-i-agree-and-disagree", "type": "document", "subtype": "Forum post", "name": "Where I agree and disagree with Eliezer", "shortName": "Christiano, Where I agree and disagree with Eliezer (2022)", "aliases": [], "description": "Paul Christiano’s post of 19 June 2022 on the Alignment Forum and LessWrong, written partly in response to AGI Ruin.", "sourceIds": [ "source-christiano-2022-where-i-agree-and-disagree" ] }, { "id": "clancy-besiroglu-2023-great-inflection", "type": "document", "subtype": "Magazine debate", "name": "The Great Inflection? A Debate About AI and Explosive Growth", "shortName": "Clancy and Besiroglu, The Great Inflection (2023)", "aliases": [], "description": "The Great Inflection? A Debate About AI and Explosive Growth, by Matt Clancy, Tamay Besiroglu. Asterisk magazine, issue 03.", "sourceIds": [ "source-clancy-besiroglu-2023-great-inflection" ] }, { "id": "claude2-model-card", "type": "document", "subtype": "Institutional research document", "name": "Claude 2 model card", "aliases": [], "description": "Content-addressed Claude 2 model card describing collaboration with ARC.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eval-i-claude2-card" ] }, { "id": "cn-generative-ai-interim-measures-2023", "type": "document", "subtype": "Administrative measures (China)", "name": "Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services (生成式人工智能服务管理暂行办法), Order No. 15", "shortName": "China generative AI interim measures (2023)", "aliases": [ "生成式人工智能服务管理暂行办法", "Generative AI Measures", "Order No. 15 (2023)" ], "description": "Administrative measures issued by the Cyberspace Administration of China and six other departments, dated 10 July 2023, in force from 15 August 2023. They apply to services that offer generated content to the public within China. The Chinese text is the inspected expression; English renderings in Selekoa records are translations by a machine agent.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-generative-ai-measures-2023" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "The order is dated 10 July 2023 and takes effect on 15 August 2023. The Cyberspace Administration’s site posted it on 13 July 2023. Later amendments, if any, were not checked.", "effectiveAt": "2023-08-15", "family": "cn-generative-ai-interim-measures", "label": "Order No. 15, dated 10 July 2023", "publishedAt": "2023-07-10", "publisherId": "cyberspace-administration-of-china" } }, { "id": "codeium", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI company", "name": "Codeium (company, historical name)", "aliases": [], "description": "Name used by the company now called Windsurf from 2022 until the April 2025 rename.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-windsurf-rename-2025" ] }, { "id": "coding-a-transhuman-ai", "type": "document", "subtype": "Web page", "name": "Coding a Transhuman AI", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Coding a Transhuman AI", "aliases": [], "description": "Eliezer Yudkowsky’s design notes, announced on the Extropians list on 1998-09-07 as a temporary edition, and read in the earliest capture holding their text, of 2001-01-26.", "sourceIds": [ "source-catai-2001-capture" ] }, { "id": "cognition", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI company", "name": "Cognition", "aliases": [ "Cognition AI" ], "description": "AI software-engineering company (developer of Devin) that announced in July 2025 a definitive agreement to acquire Windsurf.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-cognition-windsurf-2025" ] }, { "id": "cohere", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Institutional referent", "name": "Cohere", "aliases": [], "description": "Institution named in its August 2025 announcement of Joelle Pineau’s planned appointment.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xm-pineau-cohere" ] }, { "id": "coherent-extrapolated-volition-2004", "type": "document", "subtype": "Report", "name": "Coherent Extrapolated Volition", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Coherent Extrapolated Volition (2004)", "aliases": [], "description": "Coherent Extrapolated Volition, by Eliezer Yudkowsky, dated 2004-05; read in the copy described by its source record.", "sourceIds": [ "source-coherent-extrapolated-volition-2004" ] }, { "id": "colossus", "type": "infrastructure", "subtype": "Compute cluster", "name": "Colossus", "aliases": [], "description": "The xAI compute cluster described by NVIDIA in October 2024. Capacity in this seed is a dated supplier account, not a live inventory.", "sourceIds": [ "source-nvidia-colossus" ] }, { "id": "colossus-i-ii", "type": "infrastructure", "subtype": "Compute infrastructure", "name": "Colossus I and II (reported aggregate)", "aliases": [], "description": "Combined capacity scope in xAI’s January 2026 report; distinct from the original Colossus asset and from a count of physical H100 chips.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xm-series-e" ] }, { "id": "compensating-policy-for-ai", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Compensating policy for AI’s distributional effects", "aliases": [ "The distributional effects of AI call for redistribution, taxation or other compensating policy." ], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code M06b, mainstream economics and machine intelligence). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-buckingham-1955-automation-hearings-statement", "source-nourse-1955-automation-hearings-statement" ], "proposition": { "code": "M06b", "criterion": "A text that argues for redistribution, taxation or another compensating policy in response to distributional effects of AI or automation.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "competition-defeats-restraint", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Competition defeats restraint", "aliases": [], "description": "A proposition about machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code C3 in the human-thought collection). A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-vinge-1993-ntrs" ], "proposition": { "code": "C3", "criterion": "Competition between developers or states makes restraint, prohibition or abstention from developing advanced machines self-defeating, because others will develop them anyway.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "compute-optimal-language-models", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research paper (work)", "name": "Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models", "aliases": [], "description": "Work-level identity. Evidence is scoped to the inspected arXiv v1 expression; a citation to this work does not identify which revision the citing author read.", "sourceIds": [ "source-compute-optimal-language-models-v1" ], "externalIds": { "arxiv": "2203.15556" } }, { "id": "concrete-problems-paper", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research paper (work)", "name": "Concrete Problems in AI Safety", "aliases": [], "description": "Safety research agenda containing a scalable oversight section; does not establish first use of that term.", "sourceIds": [ "source-concrete-problems-paper-v1" ], "externalIds": { "arxiv": "1606.06565" } }, { "id": "confinement-keeps-it-safe", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Confinement without network access keeps it safe", "aliases": [ "Keep it in a box. No internet, no problem." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y06 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-12-31-yudkowsky-5142", "source-extropians-1996-12-31-yudkowsky-5159" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y06", "criterion": "An explicit claim that an advanced AI kept confined, without network access, poses no danger, on the premise that a smarter-than-human mind confined to a channel with its human operators cannot get out through those operators.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "control-or-purpose-specification", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Control or purpose specification", "aliases": [], "description": "A proposition about machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code B6 in the human-thought collection). A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-butler-1863-press" ], "proposition": { "code": "B6", "criterion": "A claim that people may be unable to keep the ability to direct, correct or stop capable machines (the control half), or that a machine may pursue the purpose as specified rather than the purpose intended (the specification half). Loss of the power to stop machines through dependence counts for the control half; a bare prediction that machines will be superior does not.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "coreweave", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Cloud infrastructure company", "name": "CoreWeave", "aliases": [], "description": "Compute provider named in the March 2025 OpenAI infrastructure agreement.", "sourceIds": [ "source-coreweave-openai-2025" ] }, { "id": "corrigibility-2015", "type": "document", "subtype": "Conference paper", "name": "Corrigibility", "shortName": "Soares et al., Corrigibility (2015)", "aliases": [], "description": "A paper by Nate Soares, Benja Fallenstein, Eliezer Yudkowsky and Stuart Armstrong in the AAAI workshops of the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Austin, 25–26 January 2015).", "sourceIds": [ "source-corrigibility-2015-pdf" ] }, { "id": "cotra-2021-why-ai-alignment-could-be-hard", "type": "document", "subtype": "Blog post", "name": "Why AI alignment could be hard with modern deep learning", "shortName": "Cotra, Why AI alignment could be hard with modern deep learning (2021)", "aliases": [], "description": "Ajeya Cotra’s guest post of 21 September 2021 on Holden Karnofsky’s blog Cold Takes.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cotra-2021-cold-takes" ] }, { "id": "cotra-2022-without-specific-countermeasures", "type": "document", "subtype": "Forum post", "name": "Without specific countermeasures, the easiest path to transformative AI likely leads to AI takeover", "shortName": "Cotra, Without specific countermeasures (2022)", "aliases": [], "description": "Ajeya Cotra’s post of 18 July 2022 on the Alignment Forum and LessWrong.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cotra-2022-without-specific-countermeasures" ] }, { "id": "cowen-2019-neglected-open-questions", "type": "document", "subtype": "Book chapter", "name": "Neglected Open Questions in the Economics of Artificial Intelligence", "shortName": "Cowen, Neglected Open Questions in the Economics of Artificial Intelligence (2019)", "aliases": [], "description": "Neglected Open Questions in the Economics of Artificial Intelligence, by Tyler Cowen. NBER volume chapter.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cowen-2019-neglected-open-questions" ] }, { "id": "creating-friendly-ai-2001", "type": "document", "subtype": "Book-length report", "name": "Creating Friendly AI 1.0: The Analysis and Design of Benevolent Goal Architectures", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Creating Friendly AI (2001)", "aliases": [], "description": "Eliezer Yudkowsky’s report published by the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence as version 1.0 on 15 June 2001, read in its 2001 HTML edition and in MIRI’s later reprint.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cfai-2001-seed-html", "source-cfai-2001-glossary-html" ] }, { "id": "cyberspace-administration-of-china", "type": "public_body", "subtype": "Internet regulator", "name": "Cyberspace Administration of China (国家互联网信息办公室)", "shortName": "Cyberspace Administration of China", "aliases": [ "CAC", "国家互联网信息办公室", "中国网信网" ], "description": "The Chinese public body that issued, with six other departments, the Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services. Records name it as the issuing authority named on the order.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-generative-ai-measures-2023" ] }, { "id": "cyprien-de-masson-dautume", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Cyprien de Masson d’Autume", "sortName": "de Masson d’Autume, Cyprien", "aliases": [], "description": "Reported as chief technology officer of Reka in June 2023; earlier a DeepMind author.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-new-decoder-reka-2023", "lg-src-new-yogatama-dm-2019" ] }, { "id": "daan-wierstra", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Daan Wierstra", "sortName": "Wierstra, Daan", "aliases": [], "description": "Reported in May 2024 as a co-founder of H Company and a founding member of DeepMind, and in August 2024 as leaving H.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gw-tc-h-2024", "lg-src-gw-sifted-h-2024" ] }, { "id": "dali-rajic", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Dali Rajic", "sortName": "Rajic, Dali", "aliases": [], "description": "Announced in August 2026 as joining OpenAI as Chief Revenue Officer.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-rajic-2026" ] }, { "id": "dan-hendrycks", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Dan Hendrycks", "sortName": "Hendrycks, Dan", "aliases": [], "description": "Director of the Center for AI Safety, reported in July 2023 as named by xAI to advise its team.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xai-team-2023" ] }, { "id": "dani-yogatama", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Dani Yogatama", "sortName": "Yogatama, Dani", "aliases": [], "description": "Reported as chief executive of Reka in June 2023; earlier a DeepMind author.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-new-decoder-reka-2023", "lg-src-new-yogatama-dm-2019" ] }, { "id": "daniel-de-freitas", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher and co-founder", "name": "Daniel De Freitas", "sortName": "De Freitas, Daniel", "aliases": [ "Daniel de Freitas" ], "description": "Co-founder of Character.AI, reported in August 2024 as joining Google under the Google agreement.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-cai-introducing-2022", "lg-src-deal-tc-cai-google-2024" ] }, { "id": "daniel-gross", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher / institutional actor", "name": "Daniel Gross", "sortName": "Gross, Daniel", "aliases": [], "description": "Named in contemporaneous SSI founding reporting and the company’s subsequent departure announcement.", "sourceIds": [ "source-ssi-launch-reuters-2024", "source-ssi-leadership-2025" ] }, { "id": "daniel-kokotajlo", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Daniel Kokotajlo", "sortName": "Kokotajlo, Daniel", "aliases": [], "description": "Researcher reported to have worked on OpenAI's governance team until 2024; his public profile states why he left.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gs-bi-kokotajlo-2024", "lg-src-gs-kokotajlo-lw-profile" ] }, { "id": "daniel-levy", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher / institutional actor", "name": "Daniel Levy", "sortName": "Levy, Daniel", "aliases": [], "description": "Researcher with documented Google internships, OpenAI optimisation leadership and SSI founding and leadership roles.", "sourceIds": [ "source-levy-stanford-bio", "source-ssi-launch-reuters-2024", "source-ssi-leadership-2025" ] }, { "id": "daniela-amodei", "type": "person", "subtype": "Executive", "name": "Daniela Amodei", "sortName": "Amodei, Daniela", "aliases": [], "description": "Named as Anthropic’s president in its May 2021 funding announcement.", "sourceIds": [ "source-anthropic-series-a" ] }, { "id": "dario-amodei", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher and executive", "name": "Dario Amodei", "sortName": "Amodei, Dario", "aliases": [], "description": "Named as Anthropic’s CEO in its May 2021 funding announcement.", "sourceIds": [ "source-anthropic-series-a" ] }, { "id": "dartmouth-proposal-1955", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research proposal", "name": "A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence", "shortName": "Dartmouth proposal (1955)", "aliases": [], "description": "The research proposal dated 31 August 1955 by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude E. Shannon, read in a facsimile hosted on the Ray Solomonoff site. The summer project itself took place in 1956.", "sourceIds": [ "source-dartmouth-1955-facsimile" ] }, { "id": "david-chalmers", "type": "person", "subtype": "Philosopher", "name": "David J. Chalmers", "sortName": "Chalmers, David J.", "aliases": [], "description": "Author credited on The Singularity: A Philosophical Analysis. No employment or institutional affiliation is inferred here.", "sourceIds": [ "source-chalmers-singularity" ] }, { "id": "david-ha", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "David Ha", "sortName": "Ha, David", "aliases": [], "description": "Co-founder and chief executive of Sakana AI; earlier led the Google Brain research team in Tokyo.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-new-sakana-info" ] }, { "id": "david-luan", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher and company founder", "name": "David Luan", "sortName": "Luan, David", "aliases": [], "description": "Co-founder of Adept; described by Amazon in December 2024 as VP of Autonomy and head of Amazon's AGI SF Lab.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-amazon-agi-sf-2024" ] }, { "id": "david-silver", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher", "name": "David Silver", "sortName": "Silver, David", "aliases": [], "description": "Author of DeepMind’s reinforcement-learning accounts and a credited AlphaFold paper author.", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-deep-rl" ] }, { "id": "david-velez", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "David Vélez", "sortName": "Vélez, David", "aliases": [], "description": "Nubank founder and CEO announced in July 2026 as a member of the boards of the OpenAI Foundation and OpenAI Group PBC.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-velez-vince-2026" ] }, { "id": "davidson-2021-explosive-economic-growth", "type": "document", "subtype": "Report", "name": "Could Advanced AI Drive Explosive Economic Growth?", "shortName": "Davidson, Could Advanced AI Drive Explosive Economic Growth (2021)", "aliases": [], "description": "Could Advanced AI Drive Explosive Economic Growth?, by Tom Davidson. Open Philanthropy research report.", "sourceIds": [ "source-davidson-2021-explosive-economic-growth" ] }, { "id": "debate-paper", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research paper (work)", "name": "AI safety via debate", "aliases": [], "description": "Proposal for training through debate, including a toy experiment; no claim of reliable debate at superhuman capability.", "sourceIds": [ "source-debate-paper-v1" ], "externalIds": { "arxiv": "1805.00899" } }, { "id": "deceptive-alignment", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Alignment concept", "name": "Deceptive alignment", "aliases": [], "description": "In the learned-optimization paper, a model can pursue the training objective instrumentally while retaining a different objective. A document’s use of this term does not by itself establish the mechanism in deployed systems.", "sourceIds": [ "source-learned-optimization" ], "proposition": { "code": "B3", "criterion": "A trained or learned system that is not aligned behaves as if aligned during training because doing so serves another objective, for example to avoid modification and act on that objective later.", "terms": [ "deceptive alignment" ] } }, { "id": "deepmind", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Predecessor research organisation", "name": "DeepMind", "aliases": [], "description": "The research organisation named alongside the Brain team in the 2023 Google DeepMind combination.", "sourceIds": [ "source-deepmind-combination" ] }, { "id": "deepmind-deep-rl", "type": "document", "subtype": "Institutional publication", "name": "Deep Reinforcement Learning — DeepMind research account (2016)", "aliases": [], "description": "Deep Reinforcement Learning — DeepMind research account (2016)", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-deep-rl" ] }, { "id": "deepmind-ethics-announcement", "type": "document", "subtype": "Institutional publication", "name": "Why we launched DeepMind Ethics & Society (2017)", "aliases": [], "description": "Why we launched DeepMind Ethics & Society (2017)", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-deepmind-ethics" ] }, { "id": "deepmind-ethics-society", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Internal research unit", "name": "DeepMind Ethics & Society", "aliases": [], "description": "Research unit announced in 2017; distinct from an independent oversight board.", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-deepmind-ethics" ] }, { "id": "deepmind-feedback-account", "type": "document", "subtype": "Institutional publication", "name": "Learning through human feedback — DeepMind account (2017)", "aliases": [], "description": "Learning through human feedback — DeepMind account (2017)", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-deepmind-feedback" ] }, { "id": "deepseek", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI research company", "name": "DeepSeek / 深度求索", "shortName": "DeepSeek", "aliases": [ "DeepSeek-AI" ], "description": "Separate company described by Liang Wenfeng in May 2023. This dossier distinguishes that account from legal incorporation, ownership and subsequent operating claims.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-liang-interview", "source-cn-v3" ] }, { "id": "deepseek-r1-policy", "type": "document", "subtype": "Release policy snapshot", "name": "DeepSeek-R1 licensing README, January 2025", "aliases": [], "description": "Pinned README licence section with retained upstream-model and inconsistent-badge qualifications.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-r1-readme" ] }, { "id": "deepseek-r1-report", "type": "document", "subtype": "Technical report", "name": "DeepSeek-R1 research report", "aliases": [], "description": "Version 1 distinguishes R1-Zero reinforcement learning, R1 cold-start training and distillation into existing Qwen/Llama models.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-r1" ] }, { "id": "deepseek-v3-cluster", "type": "infrastructure", "subtype": "Reported training cluster", "name": "DeepSeek-V3 H800 training cluster", "aliases": [], "description": "A training configuration reported in December 2024; not a count of the company’s total GPU holdings.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-v3" ] }, { "id": "deepseek-v3-report", "type": "document", "subtype": "Technical report", "name": "DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report", "aliases": [], "description": "Version 1 reports training infrastructure and methods, not an independent audit of performance or expenditure.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-v3" ] }, { "id": "default-outcome-good", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "It will probably turn out fine", "aliases": [ "It'll probably work out fine." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y30 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-time-2023-shut-it-all-down", "source-sits-2000-capture" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y30", "criterion": "An explicit claim that the development of advanced AI will probably turn out well, on the premise that the default outcome is good.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "delaware-ag-openai-statement-2025", "type": "document", "subtype": "Regulatory letter", "name": "Delaware Attorney General’s statement of no objection to OpenAI, Inc.’s recapitalization (2025)", "aliases": [], "description": "Letter of 28 October 2025 from the Delaware Department of Justice to OpenAI, Inc. setting out the conditions of the Attorney General’s non-objection and the representations OpenAI made. A regulator’s position, not a finding about how OpenAI is governed in practice.", "sourceIds": [ "source-delaware-ag-openai-2025" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "Date of the letter. The PDF was posted on the Delaware government news site; the earliest Internet Archive capture is of 2025-10-28.", "family": "delaware-ag-openai-recapitalization", "label": "Letter (28 October 2025)", "publishedAt": "2025-10-28", "publisherId": "delaware-attorney-general" } }, { "id": "delaware-attorney-general", "type": "public_body", "subtype": "State attorney general’s office", "name": "Delaware Department of Justice (Attorney General)", "shortName": "Delaware Attorney General", "aliases": [ "Delaware Attorney General", "Delaware Department of Justice" ], "description": "The office of the Attorney General of Delaware, which issued the statement of no objection to OpenAI, Inc.’s recapitalization dated 28 October 2025.", "sourceIds": [ "source-delaware-ag-openai-2025" ] }, { "id": "demis-hassabis", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher and executive", "name": "Demis Hassabis", "sortName": "Hassabis, Demis", "aliases": [], "description": "The author of the staff message announcing that he would lead the combined Google DeepMind unit in April 2023.", "sourceIds": [ "source-deepmind-combination" ] }, { "id": "denise-dresser", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Denise Dresser", "sortName": "Dresser, Denise", "aliases": [], "description": "Former Slack CEO announced as OpenAI’s Chief Revenue Officer in December 2025; OpenAI announced her departure in August 2026.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-dresser-2025", "lg-src-oai-rajic-2026" ] }, { "id": "designed-deception-of-testers", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Systems designed to mislead their testers", "aliases": [], "description": "A proposition about machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code C2 in the human-thought collection). A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-turing-1950-amt-b-19" ], "proposition": { "code": "C2", "criterion": "A system is designed or programmed to hide its capabilities from, or to mislead, the people who test or question it, for its designers’ purposes.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "developers-know-what-they-are-doing", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "The developers know what they are doing", "aliases": [ "The labs know what they’re doing." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y28 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-agi-ruin-2022", "source-aipnfgr-miri-reprint" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y28", "criterion": "An explicit claim that the organisations building advanced AI can be relied on to handle its safety, on the premise that a credible safety plan exists, or that the most advanced projects are the most competent to handle safety.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "diebold-1955-automation-condensation", "type": "document", "subtype": "Congressional testimony", "name": "A Condensation of the Book Automation, in Automation and Technological Change: Hearings", "shortName": "Diebold, A Condensation of the Book Automation, in Automation and Technological Change (1955)", "aliases": [], "description": "A Condensation of the Book Automation, in Automation and Technological Change: Hearings, by John Diebold. U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on the Economic Report, Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization. (1955). Automation and technological change: Hearings … 84th Congress, 1st session, October 14–28, 1955. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 14–27.", "sourceIds": [ "source-diebold-1955-automation-condensation" ] }, { "id": "diminishing-returns-to-intelligence", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Diminishing returns rule out a runaway", "aliases": [ "Intelligence has diminishing returns. There won't be a runaway." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y10 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sits-2000-capture", "source-yudkowsky-2008-recursive-self-improvement" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y10", "criterion": "An explicit claim that intelligence has diminishing returns, so that no runaway rise in machine intelligence will occur, on the premise that returns to reinvesting cognitive gains in further cognitive improvement diminish.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "discovery-loop", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI company", "name": "Discovery Loop", "aliases": [], "description": "Public benefit corporation announced in August 2026 by Jeff Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat, Quoc Le and Oriol Vinyals.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-goo-discoveryloop-site", "lg-src-goo-radical-dean-2026" ] }, { "id": "dominic-perella", "type": "person", "subtype": "Executive", "name": "Dominic Perella", "sortName": "Perella, Dominic", "aliases": [], "description": "Character.AI general counsel reported in August 2024 as becoming interim CEO; announced in June 2025 as Chief Legal Officer and SVP of Global Affairs.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-tc-cai-google-2024", "lg-src-deal-cai-anand-2025" ] }, { "id": "douglas-chen", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher and co-founder", "name": "Douglas Chen", "sortName": "Chen, Douglas", "aliases": [], "description": "Reported as co-founder of Codeium/Windsurf; reported in July 2025 as joining Google DeepMind under the Google–Windsurf agreement.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-tc-codeium-2024", "lg-src-deal-verge-windsurf-2025" ] }, { "id": "drexler-1986-engines-of-creation", "type": "document", "subtype": "Book", "name": "Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology", "shortName": "Drexler, Engines of Creation (1986)", "aliases": [ "Engines of Creation" ], "description": "K. Eric Drexler’s book of 1986, read in the Foresight Institute’s web edition as captured in 1997; chapter 5 discusses thinking machines and chapter 11 trustworthy systems.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eoc-1997-chapter-5", "source-eoc-1997-references", "source-eoc-1997-chapter-11" ] }, { "id": "drexler-1995-future-forecasts", "type": "document", "subtype": "Magazine article", "name": "Future Forecasts: Eric Drexler’s comments", "shortName": "Drexler, Future Forecasts (Extropy 15, 1995)", "aliases": [], "description": "K. Eric Drexler’s contribution to \"Future Forecasts\" in Extropy no. 15 (2nd–3rd quarter 1995), printed pp. 11–12.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropy-15-scan" ] }, { "id": "dsit", "type": "public_body", "subtype": "UK government department", "name": "Department for Science, Innovation and Technology", "shortName": "DSIT", "aliases": [ "DSIT" ], "description": "The UK department that published the Frontier AI Safety Commitments of the AI Seoul Summit on GOV.UK.", "sourceIds": [ "source-fasc-2024" ] }, { "id": "durk-kingma", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher / institutional actor", "name": "Durk Kingma", "sortName": "Kingma, Durk", "aliases": [ "Diederik P. Kingma", "Diederik Kingma" ], "description": "Researcher whose biography records OpenAI, Google Brain / DeepMind and Anthropic work.", "sourceIds": [ "source-openai-launch", "source-kingma-bio" ] }, { "id": "dylan-scandinaro", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Dylan Scandinaro", "sortName": "Scandinaro, Dylan", "aliases": [], "description": "Announced in February 2026 as OpenAI’s Head of Preparedness, joining from Anthropic.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-sama-scandinaro-x-2026", "lg-src-oai-scandinaro-x-2026" ] }, { "id": "earth-not-worth-taking", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "A superintelligence would leave Earth alone", "aliases": [ "Why would it bother with Earth? The universe is huge." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y18 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-lw-2024-the-sun-is-big-but-superintelligences", "source-sl4-2000-10-03-yudkowsky-0010-0125" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y18", "criterion": "An explicit claim that a superintelligence would not bother to take Earth or its resources because the universe is large, on the premise that it would leave people a small share because sparing Earth would cost it very little, or that people could trade with it for what they need.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "economics-engagement-with-superintelligence", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Economics’ engagement with superintelligence, AGI and the singularity", "aliases": [ "Economics has engaged with, or neglected, superintelligence, AGI and the singularity." ], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code E05, economists on recursive self-improvement, superintelligence and existential risk from AI). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-1998-is-a-singularity-just-around-the-corner", "source-hanson-economic-growth-given-machine-intelligence" ], "proposition": { "code": "E05", "criterion": "A passage articulates E05 only if it explicitly says something about the state of economics on the topic: that it is new, neglected, speculative, now on the agenda of economics, or beyond economists' existing tools. Economists' engagement itself is recorded under E01–E04 and in the timeline (the dated record), not here. Machine intelligence that does human jobs is not counted as AGI for E05, as for E02. Maintainer decision of 2026-10-15.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "eder-1994-re-the-singularity", "type": "document", "subtype": "Usenet message", "name": "Re: The Singularity (Eder)", "shortName": "Eder, Re: The Singularity (1994)", "aliases": [], "description": "A sci.nanotech message by Dani Eder with a Date header of 23 May 1994, known from a relay on Anders Sandberg’s Transhuman Page captured in 1997.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eder-1994-sandberg-relay" ] }, { "id": "eiso-kant", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Eiso Kant", "sortName": "Kant, Eiso", "aliases": [], "description": "Bylined as CTO and co-founder of Poolside.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gw-poolside-purpose-2023" ] }, { "id": "ekin-dogus-cubuk", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Ekin Dogus Cubuk", "sortName": "Cubuk, Ekin Dogus", "aliases": [ "Dogus Cubuk" ], "description": "Reported as a founder of Periodic Labs and as having led a materials and chemistry team at Google Brain and DeepMind.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gw-tc-periodic-2025", "lg-src-gw-periodic-home" ] }, { "id": "eli-collins", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Eli Collins", "sortName": "Collins, Eli", "aliases": [], "description": "Named in the April 2023 Google DeepMind announcement as joining Demis Hassabis's leads team as VP of Product.", "sourceIds": [ "source-deepmind-combination" ] }, { "id": "eliezer-yudkowsky", "type": "person", "subtype": "Author and researcher", "name": "Eliezer Yudkowsky", "sortName": "Yudkowsky, Eliezer", "aliases": [], "description": "Author credited on Intelligence Explosion Microeconomics, technical report 2013-1.", "sourceIds": [ "source-iem" ] }, { "id": "elon-musk", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Elon Musk", "sortName": "Musk, Elon", "aliases": [], "description": "Named as an OpenAI co-chair in 2015 and in separate historical records of a board departure and xAI’s public launch.", "sourceIds": [ "source-openai-launch", "source-openai-supporters-2018", "source-xai-launch-2023" ] }, { "id": "eloundou-et-al-2023-gpts-are-gpts", "type": "document", "subtype": "Preprint", "name": "GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models", "shortName": "Eloundou et al., GPTs are GPTs (2023)", "aliases": [], "description": "GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models, by Tyna Eloundou, Sam Manning, Pamela Mishkin, Daniel Rock. arXiv:2303.10130v1.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eloundou-et-al-2023-gpts-are-gpts" ] }, { "id": "emmett-shear", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Emmett Shear", "sortName": "Shear, Emmett", "aliases": [], "description": "Former Twitch CEO who announced in November 2023 that he had accepted the role of interim CEO of OpenAI.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-shear-x-2023" ] }, { "id": "employment-impact-of-technological-change-1966", "type": "document", "subtype": "Commission report appendix", "name": "The Employment Impact of Technological Change. Appendix Volume II, Technology and the American Economy", "shortName": "National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, The Employment Impact of Technological Change. Appendix Volume II, Technology and the American Economy (1966)", "aliases": [], "description": "The Employment Impact of Technological Change. Appendix Volume II, Technology and the American Economy, by National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1966; ERIC ED 022 857.", "sourceIds": [ "source-employment-impact-of-technological-change-1966" ] }, { "id": "erdil-besiroglu-2023-explosive-growth-review", "type": "document", "subtype": "Preprint", "name": "Explosive growth from AI automation: A review of the arguments", "shortName": "Erdil and Besiroglu, Explosive growth from AI automation (2023)", "aliases": [], "description": "Explosive growth from AI automation: A review of the arguments, by Ege Erdil, Tamay Besiroglu. arXiv:2309.11690 [econ.GN].", "sourceIds": [ "source-erdil-besiroglu-2023-explosive-growth-review" ] }, { "id": "erewhon-1872", "type": "document", "subtype": "Novel", "name": "Erewhon, or Over the Range", "shortName": "Butler, Erewhon (1872)", "aliases": [ "Erewhon" ], "description": "Samuel Butler’s satirical novel, published anonymously in London by Trübner in 1872. Chapters XXI–XXIII give a fictional \"Book of the Machines\" and the one serious reply to it.", "sourceIds": [ "source-erewhon-1872-scan" ] }, { "id": "eric-steinberger", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Eric Steinberger", "sortName": "Steinberger, Eric", "aliases": [], "description": "Named by Magic as its founder and, in August 2024, as its CEO and co-founder.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gw-magic-series-a-2023", "lg-src-gw-magic-100m-2024" ] }, { "id": "essential-ai", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI company", "name": "Essential AI", "aliases": [ "Essential AI Labs" ], "description": "San Francisco AI company founded in 2023, with Ashish Vaswani and Niki Parmar named as co-founders.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-goo-essential-series-a-2023" ] }, { "id": "eu-ai-act-2024", "type": "document", "subtype": "Regulation (EU law)", "name": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), as published in the Official Journal", "shortName": "EU AI Act (2024)", "aliases": [ "AI Act", "Artificial Intelligence Act", "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689" ], "description": "The EU regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence, dated 13 June 2024 and published in the Official Journal on 12 July 2024. Chapter V sets obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models. The text describes obligations; it is not evidence of whom they apply to in practice or of compliance. It was later amended; see Regulation (EU) 2026/1744.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eu-ai-act-2024" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "The Official Journal header gives 12.7.2024 and the act is dated 13 June 2024 (signature). Article 113 sets separate dates of entry into force and application by chapter; no single effective date is recorded for the edition. Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 of 8 July 2026 later amended it; the consolidated text was not inspected.", "family": "eu-ai-act", "label": "As published in the Official Journal (12 July 2024)", "publishedAt": "2024-07-12", "publisherId": "european-parliament-and-council" } }, { "id": "eu-digital-omnibus-ai-2026", "type": "document", "subtype": "Regulation (EU law)", "name": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus on AI), as published in the Official Journal", "shortName": "EU Digital Omnibus on AI (2026)", "aliases": [ "Digital Omnibus on AI", "Regulation (EU) 2026/1744" ], "description": "The EU regulation of 8 July 2026 amending Regulations (EU) 2024/1689, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2023/1230 as regards the simplification of the implementation of harmonised rules on artificial intelligence, published on 24 July 2026. Records here concern only the AI Act provisions it amends that bear on general-purpose AI model providers.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eu-digital-omnibus-ai-2026" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "The Official Journal header gives 24.7.2026 and the act is dated 8 July 2026 (signature). Article 4 provides entry into force on the third day after publication, which is 27 July 2026; Article 113(d), as inserted, also names 27 July 2026.", "effectiveAt": "2026-07-27", "family": "eu-digital-omnibus-ai", "label": "As published in the Official Journal (24 July 2026)", "publishedAt": "2026-07-24", "publisherId": "european-parliament-and-council" } }, { "id": "eu-draft-implementing-regulation-gpai-proceedings-2026", "type": "document", "subtype": "Draft implementing act (not adopted)", "name": "Draft Commission Implementing Regulation on detailed arrangements for the conduct of certain proceedings by the Commission pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Ares(2026)2709234)", "shortName": "Draft implementing regulation on GPAI proceedings (2026)", "aliases": [ "Draft implementing regulation under Articles 92(6) and 101(6)" ], "description": "A draft implementing regulation published for feedback on 12 March 2026. It would lay down arrangements for evaluations of general-purpose AI models and for proceedings that may lead to fines. The draft states that it has not been adopted or endorsed by the Commission.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eu-draft-implementing-regulation-2026", "source-eu-have-your-say-16472" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "The draft carries the registration reference Ares(2026)2709234 of 12/03/2026. The Commission’s feedback record gives 9 April 2026 as the end of the feedback period. An adopted act would be a separate document.", "family": "eu-implementing-regulation-gpai-proceedings", "label": "Draft published for feedback (12 March 2026)", "publishedAt": "2026-03-12", "publisherId": "european-commission" } }, { "id": "eu-gpai-guidelines-2025", "type": "document", "subtype": "Commission guidelines (non-binding interpretation)", "name": "Commission Guidelines on the scope of the obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models established by Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (C(2025) 7719 final)", "shortName": "Commission GPAI guidelines (2025)", "aliases": [ "GPAI guidelines", "C(2025) 7719 final" ], "description": "Commission guidelines on the obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models, in the version dated Brussels 19 November 2025. They set out the Commission’s interpretation of the AI Act and state that they are not binding. They describe an approach to enforcement; they are not evidence of compliance or enforcement.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eu-gpai-guidelines-2025" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "The Commission’s library entry gives a publication date of 18 July 2025 and was last updated on 20 April 2026. The file inspected is dated Brussels 19.11.2025 and numbered C(2025) 7719 final. Whether its text differs from the content approved in July 2025 was not compared.", "family": "eu-gpai-guidelines", "label": "Communication C(2025) 7719 final (19 November 2025)", "publishedAt": "2025-07-18", "publisherId": "european-commission", "revisedAt": "2025-11-19" } }, { "id": "eu-gpai-guidelines-communication-2025", "type": "document", "subtype": "Commission communication", "name": "Communication to the Commission C(2025) 5045: approval of the content of the draft guidelines on the obligations of providers of general-purpose AI models (18 July 2025)", "shortName": "Guidelines approval communication (2025)", "aliases": [ "C(2025) 5045 final" ], "description": "A Communication to the Commission dated 18 July 2025 that asks the Commission to approve the content of draft guidelines on the obligations of providers of general-purpose AI models under the AI Act. It is a separate document from the guidelines themselves.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eu-gpai-guidelines-communication-2025" ] }, { "id": "eu-gpai-training-summary-template-2025", "type": "document", "subtype": "Commission communication with template", "name": "Explanatory Notice and Template for the Public Summary of Training Content for general-purpose AI models (C(2025) 8311 final)", "shortName": "Training-content summary template (2025)", "aliases": [ "Training data summary template", "C(2025) 8311 final" ], "description": "A Commission Communication with an Explanatory Notice and the Template that providers of general-purpose AI models use for the public summary of training content required by Article 53(1)(d) of the AI Act. The Template states what to disclose; it is not evidence that any provider has done so.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eu-training-summary-template-2025" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "The Commission’s library entry gives a publication date of 24 July 2025 and was last updated on 26 March 2026. The file inspected is dated Brussels 5.12.2025 and numbered C(2025) 8311 final. Whether its text differs from the July 2025 publication was not compared.", "family": "eu-gpai-training-summary-template", "label": "Communication C(2025) 8311 final (5 December 2025)", "publishedAt": "2025-07-24", "publisherId": "european-commission", "revisedAt": "2025-12-05" } }, { "id": "eu-signatory-taskforce-vademecum-2026", "type": "document", "subtype": "Rules of procedure", "name": "Vademecum of the Signatory Taskforce of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice (January 2026)", "shortName": "Signatory Taskforce Vademecum", "aliases": [ "Vademecum" ], "description": "The rules of procedure of the Signatory Taskforce of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice, dated January 2026, with the list of participating signatories. It describes how the Taskforce is organised, not what it has done.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eu-taskforce-vademecum-2026" ] }, { "id": "european-commission", "type": "public_body", "subtype": "EU institution", "name": "European Commission", "aliases": [], "description": "The executive of the European Union. It received and published the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice, maintains its list of signatories and assessed the Code’s adequacy.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eu-code-news-2025" ] }, { "id": "european-parliament-and-council", "type": "public_body", "subtype": "EU legislators (ordinary legislative procedure)", "name": "European Parliament and Council of the European Union (as legislators)", "shortName": "Parliament and Council", "aliases": [], "description": "The two EU institutions that jointly adopt a regulation under the ordinary legislative procedure. Records name them as the bodies in whose name a regulation is made and published in the Official Journal. The two are recorded together because the regulations are made by both.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eu-ai-act-2024" ] }, { "id": "evaluations-catch-danger", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Safety evaluations would catch a dangerous system", "aliases": [ "If it were dangerous, the safety evals would catch it." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y12 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cfai-miri-reprint", "source-arbital-programmer-deception" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y12", "criterion": "An explicit claim that safety evaluations would detect a dangerous AI system, on the premise that a dangerous system would behave dangerously while it is being tested, or that tests on systems that cannot yet cause a catastrophe show how more capable systems will behave.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "experiment-and-see", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Run experiments and see what happens", "aliases": [ "Let's just run experiments and see what happens." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y27 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-time-2023-shut-it-all-down", "source-cfai-miri-reprint" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y27", "criterion": "An explicit claim that advanced AI can be handled by running experiments and seeing what happens, on the premise that alignment can be learned by trial and error at the frontier, or that results from safe experiments on weaker systems will carry over to dangerous ones.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "explosive-growth-estimates", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Estimates of explosive growth within a stated horizon", "aliases": [ "Explosive growth estimates within a stated horizon" ], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code G09, the explosive-growth debate). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-economic-growth-given-machine-intelligence", "source-hanson-2000-long-term-growth-exponential-modes" ], "proposition": { "code": "G09", "criterion": "The text states its own estimate of whether or when explosive growth (as the text defines it) occurs in the actual future, with machine intelligence or automation among the stated drivers. Each record gives the holder, the estimate as stated (a number or words), the horizon, the text's definition and the conditions. Records are not converted to a common threshold, combined or ranked; a low estimate and a high estimate both articulate this proposition.", "terms": [], "withheld": [ { "reason": "Withheld on 2026-10-25 by maintainer decision. The earlier holder, Hanson’s “Economic Growth Given Machine Intelligence”, relays his separate 1998 projection. His “Long-Term Growth As A Sequence of Exponential Modes” (December 2000; first version September 1998) is an unchecked lead for the role.", "recordedAt": "2026-10-25", "role": "earliest-located" } ] } }, { "id": "explosive-growth-from-labour-substitution", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Machine substitution for labour produces explosive growth", "aliases": [], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code G01, the explosive-growth debate). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-economic-growth-given-machine-intelligence", "source-nordhaus-2015-cowles" ], "proposition": { "code": "G01", "criterion": "The text states that if machines (AI systems or emulated minds) can substitute for human labour across all or nearly all tasks, so that labour can be produced like capital, the growth rate of output rises far above historical rates (by roughly an order of magnitude or more) or keeps rising. The conditions under which the text derives this are part of the record.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "extropians-1996-08-10-burkhead", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "intelligence increase", "shortName": "Burkhead, Extropians message of 1996-08-10", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Lyle Burkhead to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-08-10 by its Sent header, in the thread \"intelligence increase\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-08-10-burkhead" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-08-30-clemmensen", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Thinking about the future...", "shortName": "Clemmensen, Extropians message of 1996-08-30", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Dan Clemmensen to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-08-30 by its Sent header, in the thread \"Thinking about the future...\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-08-30-clemmensen" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-08-31-clemmensen", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: The SI That Ate Chicago (was: Thinking about the future...)", "shortName": "Clemmensen, Extropians message of 1996-08-31", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Dan Clemmensen to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-08-31 by its Sent header, in the thread \"The SI That Ate Chicago (was: Thinking about the future...)\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-08-31-clemmensen" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-09-03-bostrom", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Thinking about the future...", "shortName": "Bostrom, Extropians message of 1996-09-03", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Nick Bostrom to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-09-03 by its Sent header, in the thread \"Thinking about the future...\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-09-03-bostrom" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-09-03-clemmensen", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Thinking about the future...", "shortName": "Clemmensen, Extropians message of 1996-09-03", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Dan Clemmensen to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-09-03 by its Sent header, in the thread \"Thinking about the future...\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-09-03-clemmensen" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-09-03-hanson", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Thinking about the future...", "shortName": "Hanson, Extropians message of 1996-09-03", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Robin Hanson to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-09-03 by its Sent header, in the thread \"Thinking about the future...\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-09-03-hanson" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-09-04-bostrom", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Thinking about the future...", "shortName": "Bostrom, Extropians message of 1996-09-04", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Nick Bostrom to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-09-04 by its archive receipt, in the thread \"Thinking about the future...\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-09-04-bostrom" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-09-04-clemmensen", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Thinking about the future...", "shortName": "Clemmensen, Extropians message of 1996-09-04", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Dan Clemmensen to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-09-04 by its Sent header, in the thread \"Thinking about the future...\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-09-04-clemmensen" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-09-07-clemmensen", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: SI ultimatum speculation", "shortName": "Clemmensen, Extropians message of 1996-09-07", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Dan Clemmensen to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-09-07 by its Sent header, in the thread \"SI ultimatum speculation\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-09-07-clemmensen" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-11-13-yudkowsky-2941", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Zones of Thought (was Zindell's _The Wild_)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1996-11-13 (2941)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-11-13 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Zones of Thought (was Zindell's _The Wild_)”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-11-13-yudkowsky-2941" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-11-16-yudkowsky-3042", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: extropians-digest V1 #110", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1996-11-16 (3042)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-11-16 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “extropians-digest V1 #110”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-11-16-yudkowsky-3042" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-11-22-yudkowsky-3178", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Interim purpose", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1996-11-22 (3178)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-11-22 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Interim purpose”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-11-22-yudkowsky-3178" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-11-22-yudkowsky-3184", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Survival ethic (U-Prime)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1996-11-22 (3184)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-11-22 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Survival ethic (U-Prime)”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-11-22-yudkowsky-3184" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-12-08-yudkowsky-3761", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Trans- vs. Non-human", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1996-12-08 (3761)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-12-08 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Trans- vs. Non-human”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-12-08-yudkowsky-3761" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-12-31-crocker", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Goal-based AI", "shortName": "Crocker, Extropians message of 1996-12-31", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Lee Daniel Crocker to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-12-31 by its Sent header, in the thread \"Goal-based AI\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-12-31-crocker" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-12-31-yudkowsky-5142", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Goal-based AI", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1996-12-31 (5142)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-12-31 by its Sent header, in the thread \"Goal-based AI\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-12-31-yudkowsky-5142" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1996-12-31-yudkowsky-5159", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Goal-based AI", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1996-12-31 (5159)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1996-12-31 by its Sent header, in the thread \"Goal-based AI\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-12-31-yudkowsky-5159" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1997-09-24-yudkowsky", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Singularity: Generation gap", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1997-09-24", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer S. Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1997-09-24 by its Sent header, in the thread \"Singularity: Generation gap\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1997-09-24-yudkowsky" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1997-09-25-yudkowsky-4400", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Singularity: Generation gap", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1997-09-25 (4400)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1997-09-25 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Singularity: Generation gap”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1997-09-25-yudkowsky-4400" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1997-09-26-yudkowsky-4420", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Singularity: Generation gap", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1997-09-26 (4420)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1997-09-26 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Singularity: Generation gap”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1997-09-26-yudkowsky-4420" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1998-06-23-den-otter", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "The AI revolution (Was: Re: >H ART: The Truman Show)", "shortName": "Otter, Extropians message of 1998-06-23", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by the list pseudonym den Otter to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1998-06-23 by its Sent header.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1998-06-23-den-otter" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1998-06-23-sandberg", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: The AI revolution (Was: Re: >H ART: The Truman Show)", "shortName": "Sandberg, Extropians message of 1998-06-23", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Anders Sandberg to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1998-06-23 by its Sent header, in the thread \"The AI revolution (Was: Re: >H ART: The Truman Show)\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1998-06-23-sandberg" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1998-09-07-yudkowsky-2171", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Singularity, Breaker of Dreams", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1998-09-07 (2171)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1998-09-07 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Singularity, Breaker of Dreams”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1998-09-07-yudkowsky-2171" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1998-09-07-yudkowsky-2209", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Human AI to superhuman (Re: Max More)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1998-09-07 (2209)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer S. Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1998-09-07 by its Sent header, in the thread \"Human AI to superhuman (Re: Max More)\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1998-09-07-yudkowsky-2209" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1998-09-07-yudkowsky-2212", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "SITE: Coding A Transhuman AI (temp)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1998-09-07 (2212)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer S. Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1998-09-07 by its Sent header, in the thread \"SITE: Coding A Transhuman AI (temp)\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1998-09-07-yudkowsky-2212" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1998-09-08-yudkowsky-2235", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Human AI to superhuman (Re: Max More)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1998-09-08 (2235)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1998-09-08 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Human AI to superhuman (Re: Max More)”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1998-09-08-yudkowsky-2235" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1998-09-10-hanson", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Singularity: Human AI to superhuman", "shortName": "Hanson, Extropians message of 1998-09-10", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Robin Hanson to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1998-09-10 by its Sent header, in the thread \"Singularity: Human AI to superhuman\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1998-09-10-hanson" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1998-09-15-yudkowsky-2411", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: AI Prime Directive", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1998-09-15 (2411)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1998-09-15 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “AI Prime Directive”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1998-09-15-yudkowsky-2411" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1998-09-16-vinge", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Singularity: Vinge responds", "shortName": "Vinge, Singularity: Vinge responds (1998)", "aliases": [], "description": "Vernor Vinge’s response on the singularity, forwarded to the Extropians mailing list by Robin Hanson on 16 September 1998.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1998-09-16-vinge" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1998-09-18-yudkowsky-2487", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Singularity: The Moore's Law Argument", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1998-09-18 (2487)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1998-09-18 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Singularity: The Moore's Law Argument”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1998-09-18-yudkowsky-2487" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1998-09-24-hanson", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "AI big wins (was: Punctuated Equilibrium Theory)", "shortName": "Hanson, Extropians message of 1998-09-24", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Robin Hanson to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1998-09-24 by its Sent header, in the thread \"AI big wins (was: Punctuated Equilibrium Theory)\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1998-09-24-hanson" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1998-12-06-yudkowsky-2153", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Singularity: AI Morality", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1998-12-06 (2153)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1998-12-06 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Singularity: AI Morality”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1998-12-06-yudkowsky-2153" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1999-01-06-yudkowsky-0160", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Paths to Uploading", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1999-01-06 (0160)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1999-01-06 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Paths to Uploading”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1999-01-06-yudkowsky-0160" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1999-02-24-yudkowsky-2293", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: FAQ Additions (Posthuman mind control)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1999-02-24 (2293)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1999-02-24 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “FAQ Additions (Posthuman mind control)”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1999-02-24-yudkowsky-2293" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1999-04-08-yudkowsky-0310", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Geniebusters", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1999-04-08 (0310)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1999-04-08 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Geniebusters”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1999-04-08-yudkowsky-0310" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1999-08-01-yudkowsky-1386", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: IA vs. AI was: longevity vs singularity", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1999-08-01 (1386)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1999-08-01 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “IA vs. AI was: longevity vs singularity”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1999-08-01-yudkowsky-1386" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1999-08-03-yudkowsky-1487", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: IA vs. AI (vs. humanity)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1999-08-03 (1487)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1999-08-03 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “IA vs. AI (vs. humanity)”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1999-08-03-yudkowsky-1487" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1999-08-04-yudkowsky-1587", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Does a parental model work for having A.I. that can be trusted?", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1999-08-04 (1587)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1999-08-04 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Does a parental model work for having A.I. that can be trusted?”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1999-08-04-yudkowsky-1587" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1999-08-04-yudkowsky-1589", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Does a parental model work for having A.I. that can be trusted?", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1999-08-04 (1589)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1999-08-04 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Does a parental model work for having A.I. that can be trusted?”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1999-08-04-yudkowsky-1589" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1999-08-04-yudkowsky-1591", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Does a parental model work for having A.I. that can be trusted?", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1999-08-04 (1591)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1999-08-04 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Does a parental model work for having A.I. that can be trusted?”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1999-08-04-yudkowsky-1591" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1999-08-25-yudkowsky-2783", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: SI Comparative Advantage [was Re: Free Will]", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1999-08-25 (2783)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1999-08-25 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “SI Comparative Advantage [was Re: Free Will]”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1999-08-25-yudkowsky-2783" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1999-09-04-finney", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Mike Perry’s work on self-improving AI", "shortName": "Finney, Extropians message of 1999-09-04", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Hal Finney to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1999-09-04 by its Sent header, in the thread \"Mike Perry’s work on self-improving AI\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1999-09-04-finney" ] }, { "id": "extropians-1999-10-21-yudkowsky-1086", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: >H: The next 100 months", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 1999-10-21 (1086)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 1999-10-21 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “>H: The next 100 months”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1999-10-21-yudkowsky-1086" ] }, { "id": "extropians-2000-03-14-yudkowsky-4837", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Otter vs. Yudkowsky", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 2000-03-14 (4837)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 2000-03-14 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Otter vs. Yudkowsky”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-2000-03-14-yudkowsky-4837" ] }, { "id": "extropians-2000-03-16-yudkowsky-5105", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: regarding the Eliezer vrs. Otter debate...", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 2000-03-16 (5105)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 2000-03-16 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “regarding the Eliezer vrs. Otter debate...”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-2000-03-16-yudkowsky-5105" ] }, { "id": "extropians-2000-09-05-yudkowsky-4277", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Why would AI want to be friendly? (Was: Congratulations to Eli,Brian ...)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 2000-09-05 (4277)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 2000-09-05 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Why would AI want to be friendly? (Was: Congratulations to Eli,Brian ...)”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-2000-09-05-yudkowsky-4277" ] }, { "id": "extropians-2000-09-05-yudkowsky-4292", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Why would AI want to be friendly? (Was: Congratulations to Eli,Brian ...)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 2000-09-05 (4292)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 2000-09-05 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Why would AI want to be friendly? (Was: Congratulations to Eli,Brian ...)”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-2000-09-05-yudkowsky-4292" ] }, { "id": "extropians-2000-09-28-yudkowsky", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Frontiers of Friendly AI", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 2000-09-28", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer S. Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 2000-09-28 by its Sent header, in the thread \"Frontiers of Friendly AI\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-2000-09-28-yudkowsky" ] }, { "id": "extropians-2000-09-29-yudkowsky-6073", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Eugene's nuclear threat", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 2000-09-29 (6073)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 2000-09-29 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Eugene's nuclear threat”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-2000-09-29-yudkowsky-6073" ] }, { "id": "extropians-2000-09-29-yudkowsky-6080", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Eugene's nuclear threat", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Extropians message of 2000-09-29 (6080)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the Extropians mailing list, dated 2000-09-29 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Eugene's nuclear threat”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-2000-09-29-yudkowsky-6080" ] }, { "id": "extropy-1990-opening-transhuman-mind", "type": "document", "subtype": "Magazine article", "name": "The Opening of the Transhuman Mind", "shortName": "The Opening of the Transhuman Mind (Extropy 6, 1990)", "aliases": [], "description": "An essay under the byline M.P.-Infinity in Extropy no. 6 (Summer 1990), pp. 15–16, read in a later electronic edition of the issue.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropy-06-electronic" ] }, { "id": "extropy-1991-futique-neologisms", "type": "document", "subtype": "Glossary", "name": "Futique Neologisms", "shortName": "Futique Neologisms (Extropy 7, 1991)", "aliases": [], "description": "A glossary of new words in Extropy no. 7 (Winter/Spring 1991), p. 36, whose entry for singularity is credited to Vernor Vinge.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropy-07-scan" ] }, { "id": "extropy-1992-futique-neologisms-2", "type": "document", "subtype": "Glossary", "name": "Futique Neologisms 2", "shortName": "Futique Neologisms 2 (Extropy 8, 1991–92)", "aliases": [], "description": "A second glossary of new words in Extropy no. 8 (Winter 1991/92), p. 34, whose entry for singularitarian is credited to Mark Plus, August 1991.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropy-08-scan" ] }, { "id": "facebook-company", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Institutional referent", "name": "Facebook (company, historical name)", "aliases": [], "description": "Historical parent-company name, distinct from the Facebook service. The 2021 branding transition record is not a claim of legal succession between separate companies.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xm-meta-name", "source-xm-fair-paris" ] }, { "id": "faif-2025", "type": "document", "subtype": "Framework version", "name": "xAI Frontier Artificial Intelligence Framework — December 2025 edition", "shortName": "FAIF · December 2025 edition", "aliases": [ "Frontier Artificial Intelligence Framework December 2025 edition" ], "description": "The December 2025 edition expression of xAI’s Frontier Artificial Intelligence Framework. Its stated dates and obligations describe this document, not independently established implementation.", "sourceIds": [ "source-faif-2025" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "The printed update date is retained; it is not silently treated as publication. The URL filename says December 31; the visible document says last updated December 30.", "family": "xai-faif", "label": "December 2025 edition", "publisherId": "xai", "revisedAt": "2025-12-30" } }, { "id": "faif-2026", "type": "document", "subtype": "Framework version", "name": "xAI Frontier Artificial Intelligence Framework — June 2026 edition", "shortName": "FAIF · June 2026 edition", "aliases": [ "Frontier Artificial Intelligence Framework June 2026 edition" ], "description": "The June 2026 edition expression of xAI’s Frontier Artificial Intelligence Framework. Its stated dates and obligations describe this document, not independently established implementation.", "sourceIds": [ "source-faif-2026" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "The stated effective date is retained; a separate publication day is not inferred.", "effectiveAt": "2026-06-30", "family": "xai-faif", "label": "June 2026 edition", "publisherId": "xai" } }, { "id": "fair", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Research unit", "name": "FAIR", "aliases": [], "description": "Research unit launched in 2013 as Facebook AI Research and described in Meta’s 2023 retrospective as Fundamental AI Research. Not the whole of Meta’s AI organization.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xm-fair-decade", "source-xm-fair-paris" ] }, { "id": "fair-decade-2023", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research document", "name": "FAIR ten-year retrospective (2023)", "aliases": [], "description": "Meta’s retrospective on FAIR’s origins and open-research programme, explicitly distinguishing its research team from broader generative-AI and product teams.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xm-fair-decade" ] }, { "id": "fast-or-hard-takeoff", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Fast or hard takeoff", "aliases": [ "hard takeoff", "fast takeoff" ], "description": "A proposition about machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code A4 in the human-thought collection). A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-vinge-1993-ntrs", "source-extropians-1998-09-16-vinge", "source-iem" ], "proposition": { "code": "A4", "criterion": "The transition from roughly human-level to far superhuman capability happens over a short period (hours to months), or is named as a “hard” or “fast” takeoff, as opposed to a gradual transition over years or decades. A transition described only as rapid, or rapid relative to biological or historical change, without such a period, does not meet the criterion.", "terms": [ "hard takeoff", "fast takeoff" ] } }, { "id": "feedback-instils-values", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Training on human feedback instils human values", "aliases": [ "Train it on human feedback and it will learn our values." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y05 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-agi-ruin-2022", "source-coherent-extrapolated-volition-2004" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y05", "criterion": "An explicit claim that training an AI system on human feedback will make it learn human values, on the premise that optimising a system for human approval or reward produces internalised human values, or that training instils values as upbringing instils morals in children.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "fidji-simo", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Fidji Simo", "sortName": "Simo, Fidji", "aliases": [], "description": "Instacart CEO announced as an OpenAI board member in March 2024 and as OpenAI’s CEO of Applications in May 2025.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-board-2024", "lg-src-oai-simo-2025" ] }, { "id": "fix-problems-as-they-arise", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Problems can be fixed as they arise", "aliases": [ "We'll fix problems as we go, like with any technology." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y14 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cfai-miri-reprint", "source-time-2023-shut-it-all-down" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y14", "criterion": "An explicit claim that problems with advanced AI can be fixed as they arise, as with other technologies, on the premise that people get to learn from failures with powerful AI and try again.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "formal-verification", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Research concept", "name": "Formal verification", "aliases": [], "description": "Checking specified properties using formal methods; represented here as an explicitly proposed xAI research direction.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xm-research-programme" ] }, { "id": "franzen-1992-real-life-turing-test-reply", "type": "document", "subtype": "Usenet message", "name": "Re: Real-life Turing test (Franzen)", "shortName": "Franzen, Re: Real-life Turing test (1992)", "aliases": [], "description": "A reply by Torkel Franzen (spelled so in the archive) to comp.ai.philosophy dated 11 February 1992.", "sourceIds": [ "source-franzen-1992-real-life-turing-test-reply" ] }, { "id": "frey-osborne-2013-future-of-employment", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?", "shortName": "Frey and Osborne, The Future of Employment (2013)", "aliases": [], "description": "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?, by Carl Benedikt Frey, Michael A. 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The commitment text itself is unchanged between the 2024-05-21 capture and the live page.", "family": "frontier-ai-safety-commitments", "label": "GOV.UK text (May 2024; list updated February 2025)", "publishedAt": "2024-05-21", "publisherId": "dsit", "revisedAt": "2025-02-07" } }, { "id": "frontier-governance-2026", "type": "document", "subtype": "Framework version", "name": "OpenAI Frontier Governance Framework — May 2026 edition", "shortName": "FGF · May 2026 edition", "aliases": [ "Frontier Governance Framework May 2026 edition" ], "description": "The May 2026 edition expression of OpenAI’s Frontier Governance Framework. 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Its stated dates and obligations describe this document, not independently established implementation.", "sourceIds": [ "source-fsf-2-0", "source-fsf-archive" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "The sourced publication date does not establish an implementation or effective date.", "family": "deepmind-fsf", "label": "v2.0", "publishedAt": "2025-02-04", "publisherId": "google-deepmind" } }, { "id": "fsf-v3-0", "type": "document", "subtype": "Framework version", "name": "Google DeepMind Frontier Safety Framework — v3.0", "shortName": "FSF · v3.0", "aliases": [ "Frontier Safety Framework v3.0" ], "description": "The v3.0 expression of Google DeepMind’s Frontier Safety Framework. Its stated dates and obligations describe this document, not independently established implementation.", "sourceIds": [ "source-fsf-3-0", "source-fsf-archive" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "The sourced publication date does not establish an implementation or effective date.", "family": "deepmind-fsf", "label": "v3.0", "publishedAt": "2025-09-22", "publisherId": "google-deepmind" } }, { "id": "fsf-v3-1", "type": "document", "subtype": "Framework version", "name": "Google DeepMind Frontier Safety Framework — v3.1", "shortName": "FSF · v3.1", "aliases": [ "Frontier Safety Framework v3.1" ], "description": "The v3.1 expression of Google DeepMind’s Frontier Safety Framework. Its stated dates and obligations describe this document, not independently established implementation.", "sourceIds": [ "source-fsf-3-1", "source-fsf-archive" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "The sourced publication date does not establish an implementation or effective date.", "family": "deepmind-fsf", "label": "v3.1", "publishedAt": "2026-04-17", "publisherId": "google-deepmind" } }, { "id": "furman-2019-automation-future-past", "type": "document", "subtype": "Book chapter", "name": "Should We Be Reassured If Automation in the Future Looks Like Automation in the Past?", "shortName": "Furman, Should We Be Reassured If Automation in the Future Looks Like Automation in the Past (2019)", "aliases": [], "description": "Should We Be Reassured If Automation in the Future Looks Like Automation in the Past?, by Jason Furman. NBER volume chapter.", "sourceIds": [ "source-furman-2019-automation-future-past" ] }, { "id": "furman-seamans-2018-ai-and-the-economy", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "AI and the Economy", "shortName": "Furman and Seamans, AI and the Economy (2018)", "aliases": [], "description": "AI and the Economy, by Jason Furman, Robert Seamans. NBER Working Paper 24689.", "sourceIds": [ "source-furman-seamans-2018-ai-and-the-economy" ] }, { "id": "g42", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Technology company", "name": "G42", "aliases": [], "description": "Abu Dhabi technology company listed among the organisations agreeing to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments in May 2024.", "sourceIds": [ "source-fasc-2024" ] }, { "id": "gans-2018-self-regulating-agi", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Self-Regulating Artificial General Intelligence", "shortName": "Gans, Self-Regulating Artificial General Intelligence (2018)", "aliases": [], "description": "Self-Regulating Artificial General Intelligence, by Joshua S. Gans. NBER Working Paper 24352.", "sourceIds": [ "source-gans-2018-self-regulating-agi" ] }, { "id": "gans-2023-socially-minded-governance-agi", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Can Socially-Minded Governance Control the AGI Beast?", "shortName": "Gans, Can Socially-Minded Governance Control the AGI Beast (2023)", "aliases": [], "description": "Can Socially-Minded Governance Control the AGI Beast?, by Joshua S. Gans. NBER Working Paper 31924.", "sourceIds": [ "source-gans-2023-socially-minded-governance-agi" ] }, { "id": "gautier-cloix", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Gautier Cloix", "sortName": "Cloix, Gautier", "aliases": [], "description": "Chief Executive Officer of H Company, a role the company dates to 2025.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gw-hcompany-about", "lg-src-gw-hcompany-team" ] }, { "id": "gdm-agi-safety-council", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Safety council", "name": "Google DeepMind AGI Safety Council", "aliases": [ "ASC" ], "description": "Google DeepMind council led by Shane Legg that analyses AGI risk and recommends safety measures, as described by Google DeepMind in April 2025.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gs-gdm-responsible-agi-2025" ] }, { "id": "gdm-responsibility-council", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Internal governance body", "name": "Google DeepMind Responsibility and Safety Council", "aliases": [], "description": "Internal review body described in Google DeepMind’s 2023 summit response.", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-gdm-safety" ] }, { "id": "gdm-safety-summit", "type": "document", "subtype": "Institutional publication", "name": "Google DeepMind safety and responsibility response (2023)", "aliases": [], "description": "Google DeepMind safety and responsibility response (2023)", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-gdm-safety" ] }, { "id": "gemini-app-team", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Product team", "name": "Gemini app team", "aliases": [], "description": "Google team responsible for the Gemini app, announced in October 2024 as joining Google DeepMind.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-goo-pichai-2024-10" ] }, { "id": "gemini-report", "type": "document", "subtype": "Institutional publication", "name": "Gemini — Google DeepMind research introduction (2023)", "aliases": [], "description": "The December 2023 institutional introduction by Demis Hassabis on behalf of the Gemini team, distinct from later arXiv report expressions.", "sourceIds": [ "source-gemini-launch-2023" ] }, { "id": "gemini-training-fleet", "type": "infrastructure", "subtype": "Internal training fleet", "name": "Gemini 1.0 training infrastructure", "aliases": [ "Gemini TPU fleet" ], "description": "Google’s TPU v4/v5e infrastructure used for Gemini 1.0 training. A scoped fleet referent, not a single datacenter, external purchase or fleet-wide chip count.", "sourceIds": [ "source-gemini-launch-2023", "source-gemini-report-v1" ] }, { "id": "give-it-human-values", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Giving it good human values", "aliases": [ "Just give it good human values." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y16 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. 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The inspected scan contains the intelligence-explosion argument on printed page 33.", "sourceIds": [ "source-good" ] }, { "id": "google", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Technology company", "name": "Google", "aliases": [], "description": "The acquirer of DeepMind in the 2014 founder-authored account and organisation announcing the 2023 research-unit combination.", "sourceIds": [ "source-legg-deepmind-2014", "source-google-combination-2023" ] }, { "id": "google-brain", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Predecessor research team", "name": "Google Brain", "aliases": [ "Brain team" ], "description": "The Brain team within Google Research, named in the 2023 Google DeepMind combination.", "sourceIds": [ "source-deepmind-combination" ] }, { "id": "google-deepmind", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI laboratory", "name": "Google DeepMind", "aliases": [ "GDM" ], "description": "The research unit announced in 2023 through the combination of DeepMind and Google Research’s Brain team.", "sourceIds": [ "source-deepmind-combination" ] }, { "id": "google-research", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Internal research organisation", "name": "Google Research", "aliases": [], "description": "Google’s research organisation, within which Brain was described as a team; separately identified in the 2023 announcement.", "sourceIds": [ "source-brain-research-2017", "source-google-combination-2023" ] }, { "id": "google-research-model-building-teams", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Research teams", "name": "Model-building teams in Google Research", "aliases": [], "description": "The Google Research teams focused on building models, announced in April 2024 as consolidated into Google DeepMind.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-goo-pichai-2024-04" ] }, { "id": "google-research-responsible-ai-teams", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Research teams", "name": "Responsible AI teams in Google Research", "aliases": [], "description": "Google Research's Responsible AI teams, announced in April 2024 as moving to Google DeepMind.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-goo-pichai-2024-04" ] }, { "id": "governor-of-california", "type": "public_body", "subtype": "State executive office", "name": "Governor of California", "aliases": [ "Office of the Governor of California" ], "description": "The office of the Governor of the State of California. Records name the office that approved or vetoed a bill, not the office-holder.", "sourceIds": [ "source-ca-sb53-chaptered", "source-ca-governor-sb53-release" ] }, { "id": "governor-of-new-york", "type": "public_body", "subtype": "State executive office", "name": "Governor of New York", "aliases": [ "Office of the Governor of New York" ], "description": "The office of the Governor of the State of New York. Records name the office that announced a signing, not the office-holder.", "sourceIds": [ "source-ny-governor-raise-signing" ] }, { "id": "gpai-code-of-practice-2025", "type": "document", "subtype": "Code of practice (voluntary instrument under the EU AI Act)", "name": "General-Purpose AI Code of Practice (final version, 10 July 2025)", "shortName": "EU GPAI Code of Practice", "aliases": [ "GPAI Code of Practice", "EU Code of Practice" ], "description": "The EU General-Purpose AI Code of Practice, received and published by the European Commission on 10 July 2025. It consists of three separately authored chapters (Transparency, Copyright, and Safety and Security); provisions are quoted from each. Signing it is not evidence of compliance.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eu-code-safety-security", "source-eu-code-transparency-chapter", "source-eu-code-copyright-chapter" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "Publication date given by the Commission’s press release and Code page. The chapter PDF now served is a re-rendered file with the same words.", "family": "eu-gpai-code-of-practice", "label": "Final version (10 July 2025)", "publishedAt": "2025-07-10", "publisherId": "european-commission" } }, { "id": "gpt4-system-card-2023", "type": "document", "subtype": "Institutional research document", "name": "GPT-4 System Card", "aliases": [], "description": "The GPT-4 System Card as a work, including ARC evaluation attribution. Source records describe the inspected expression; historical citations do not establish which revision was read.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eval-i-gpt4-card" ] }, { "id": "grace-2014-superintelligence-11", "type": "document", "subtype": "Forum post", "name": "Superintelligence 11: The treacherous turn", "shortName": "Grace, Superintelligence 11: The treacherous turn (2014)", "aliases": [], "description": "Katja Grace’s LessWrong post of 25 November 2014 summarising chapter 8 of Nick Bostrom’s Superintelligence for a LessWrong reading group.", "sourceIds": [ "source-grace-2014-superintelligence-11" ] }, { "id": "grace-2014-superintelligence-reading-group", "type": "document", "subtype": "Forum post", "name": "Superintelligence reading group", "shortName": "Grace, Superintelligence reading group (2014)", "aliases": [], "description": "Katja Grace’s LessWrong post of 31 August 2014 announcing a reading group on Nick Bostrom’s Superintelligence, with its weekly schedule.", "sourceIds": [ "source-grace-2014-superintelligence-reading-group" ] }, { "id": "graham-moreno", "type": "person", "subtype": "Executive", "name": "Graham Moreno", "sortName": "Moreno, Graham", "aliases": [], "description": "Windsurf's VP of Global Sales, who Windsurf announced in July 2025 had stepped into the role of President.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-windsurf-next-stage-2025" ] }, { "id": "greg-brockman", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher / institutional actor", "name": "Greg Brockman", "sortName": "Brockman, Greg", "aliases": [], "description": "Named as OpenAI CTO and former Stripe CTO in OpenAI’s 2015 launch announcement.", "sourceIds": [ "source-openai-launch" ] }, { "id": "greg-corrado", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Greg Corrado", "sortName": "Corrado, Greg", "aliases": [], "description": "Google researcher whose Google Research profile describes him as a founding member and co-technical lead of Google's large-scale deep neural networks project.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-goo-research-corrado" ] }, { "id": "greg-yang", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher", "name": "Greg Yang", "sortName": "Yang, Greg", "aliases": [], "description": "Named on xAI’s 2023 launch roster; his personal biography records prior Microsoft Research work.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xai-team-2023", "source-yang-bio" ] }, { "id": "gudeman-1991-awareness", "type": "document", "subtype": "Usenet message", "name": "Awareness", "shortName": "Gudeman, Awareness (1991)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by David Gudeman to sci.philosophy.tech and comp.ai.philosophy dated 27 November 1991.", "sourceIds": [ "source-gudeman-1991-awareness" ] }, { "id": "guillaume-lample", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Guillaume Lample", "sortName": "Lample, Guillaume", "aliases": [], "description": "Co-founder and chief science officer of Mistral AI; earlier a Meta AI author of the first LLaMA paper.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-new-mistral-about", "source-xm-llama-paper" ] }, { "id": "guodong-zhang", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher / institutional actor", "name": "Guodong Zhang", "sortName": "Zhang, Guodong", "aliases": [], "description": "Researcher whose CV records Google Brain and DeepMind internships; named on xAI’s 2023 launch roster.", "sourceIds": [ "source-zhang-cv", "source-xai-team-2023" ] }, { "id": "gym-announcement", "type": "document", "subtype": "Institutional publication", "name": "OpenAI Gym Beta (2016)", "aliases": [], "description": "OpenAI Gym Beta (2016)", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-gym" ] }, { "id": "h-company", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI company", "name": "H Company", "aliases": [ "H", "Holistic AI" ], "description": "Paris-based AI company that dates its founding to 2023; reported as founded by Charles Kantor and four former DeepMind researchers, three of whom were reported in August 2024 to be leaving.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gw-hcompany-about", "lg-src-gw-tc-h-2024", "lg-src-gw-sifted-h-2024" ] }, { "id": "hannah-pritchett", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Hannah Pritchett", "sortName": "Pritchett, Hannah", "aliases": [], "description": "Listed as Anthropic's Chief People Officer on its Leadership page.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-ant-leadership-2026" ] }, { "id": "hanson-1994-if-uploads-come-first", "type": "document", "subtype": "Magazine article", "name": "If Uploads Come First: The Crack of a Future Dawn", "shortName": "Hanson, If Uploads Come First (1994)", "aliases": [], "description": "Robin Hanson’s article in Extropy no. 13 (third quarter 1994), printed pp. 10–15.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropy-13-scan", "source-hanson-1994-uploads-web-reprint" ] }, { "id": "hanson-1998-is-a-singularity-just-around-the-corner", "type": "document", "subtype": "Journal article", "name": "Is a Singularity Just Around the Corner? What it takes to get explosive economic growth", "shortName": "Hanson, Is a Singularity Just Around the Corner (1998)", "aliases": [], "description": "Is a Singularity Just Around the Corner? What it takes to get explosive economic growth, by Robin Hanson. Journal of Transhumanism 2, June 1998.", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-1998-is-a-singularity-just-around-the-corner" ] }, { "id": "hanson-1998-some-skepticism", "type": "document", "subtype": "Online symposium comment", "name": "Some Skepticism (comment in \"A Critical Discussion of Vinge's Singularity Concept\")", "shortName": "Hanson, Some Skepticism (comment in \"A Critical Discussion of Vinge's Singularity Concept\") (1998)", "aliases": [], "description": "Some Skepticism (comment in \"A Critical Discussion of Vinge's Singularity Concept\"), by Robin Hanson. Online symposium of comments on Vernor Vinge's singularity essay, hosted on the author's site; the page carries \"©1998 by Robin Hanson\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-1998-some-skepticism" ] }, { "id": "hanson-2000-long-term-growth-exponential-modes", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Long-Term Growth As A Sequence of Exponential Modes", "shortName": "Hanson, Long-Term Growth As A Sequence of Exponential Modes (2000)", "aliases": [], "description": "Long-Term Growth As A Sequence of Exponential Modes, by Robin Hanson. Working paper, George Mason University (submitted to Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization per the author's December 2000 vita)", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-2000-long-term-growth-exponential-modes" ] }, { "id": "hanson-2008-ai-go-foom", "type": "document", "subtype": "Blog post", "name": "AI Go Foom", "shortName": "Hanson, AI Go Foom (2008)", "aliases": [], "description": "A post by Robin Hanson on Overcoming Bias, dated 2008-11-20, in the Hanson–Yudkowsky debate; read in MIRI’s 2013 compilation of the debate (chapter 10).", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-2008-ai-go-foom-miri-2013" ] }, { "id": "hanson-2008-emulations-go-foom", "type": "document", "subtype": "Blog post", "name": "Emulations Go Foom", "shortName": "Hanson, Emulations Go Foom (2008)", "aliases": [], "description": "A post by Robin Hanson on Overcoming Bias, dated 2008-11-22, in the Hanson–Yudkowsky debate; read in MIRI’s 2013 compilation of the debate (chapter 15).", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-2008-emulations-go-foom-miri-2013" ] }, { "id": "hanson-2008-friendliness-factors", "type": "document", "subtype": "Blog post", "name": "Friendliness Factors", "shortName": "Hanson, Friendliness Factors (2008)", "aliases": [], "description": "A post by Robin Hanson on Overcoming Bias, dated 2008-11-16, in the Hanson–Yudkowsky debate; read in MIRI’s 2013 compilation of the debate (chapter 4).", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-2008-friendliness-factors-miri-2013" ] }, { "id": "hanson-2008-friendly-projects-vs-products", "type": "document", "subtype": "Blog post", "name": "Friendly Projects vs. Products", "shortName": "Hanson, Friendly Projects vs. Products (2008)", "aliases": [], "description": "A post by Robin Hanson on Overcoming Bias, dated 2008-12-05, in the Hanson–Yudkowsky debate; read in MIRI’s 2013 compilation of the debate (chapter 42).", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-2008-friendly-projects-vs-products-miri-2013" ] }, { "id": "hanson-2008-setting-the-stage", "type": "document", "subtype": "Blog post", "name": "Setting the Stage", "shortName": "Hanson, Setting the Stage (2008)", "aliases": [], "description": "A post by Robin Hanson on Overcoming Bias, dated 2008-11-18, in the Hanson–Yudkowsky debate; read in MIRI’s 2013 compilation of the debate (chapter 6).", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-2008-setting-the-stage-miri-2013" ] }, { "id": "hanson-2008-what-core-argument", "type": "document", "subtype": "Blog post", "name": "What Core Argument?", "shortName": "Hanson, What Core Argument? (2008)", "aliases": [], "description": "A post by Robin Hanson on Overcoming Bias of December 2008, during the Hanson–Yudkowsky debate; reprinted in MIRI’s 2013 collection of the debate.", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-2008-core-argument", "source-hanson-2008-what-core-argument-miri-2013" ] }, { "id": "hanson-2008-wrapping-up", "type": "document", "subtype": "Blog post", "name": "Wrapping Up", "shortName": "Hanson, Wrapping Up (2008)", "aliases": [], "description": "A post by Robin Hanson on Overcoming Bias, dated 2008-12-07, in the Hanson–Yudkowsky debate; read in MIRI’s 2013 compilation of the debate (chapter 46).", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-2008-wrapping-up-miri-2013" ] }, { "id": "hanson-2011-debating-yudkowsky", "type": "document", "subtype": "Blog post", "name": "Debating Yudkowsky", "shortName": "Hanson, Debating Yudkowsky (2011)", "aliases": [], "description": "A post by Robin Hanson on Overcoming Bias, dated 2011-07-03, in the Hanson–Yudkowsky debate; read in MIRI’s 2013 compilation of the debate (chapter 59).", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-2011-debating-yudkowsky-miri-2013" ] }, { "id": "hanson-2013-foom-debate-again", "type": "document", "subtype": "Blog post", "name": "Foom Debate, Again", "shortName": "Hanson, Foom Debate, Again (2013)", "aliases": [], "description": "A post by Robin Hanson on Overcoming Bias, dated 2013-02-18, in the Hanson–Yudkowsky debate; read in MIRI’s 2013 compilation of the debate (chapter 60).", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-2013-foom-debate-again-miri-2013" ] }, { "id": "hanson-economic-growth-given-machine-intelligence", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Economic Growth Given Machine Intelligence", "shortName": "Hanson, Economic Growth Given Machine Intelligence (undated)", "aliases": [], "description": "Economic Growth Given Machine Intelligence, by Robin Hanson. Working paper, author's site (hanson.gmu.edu/aigrow.pdf)", "sourceIds": [ "source-hanson-economic-growth-given-machine-intelligence" ] }, { "id": "harm-requires-hostility", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Without hatred it will not harm us", "aliases": [ "It has no reason to hate us, so it won't hurt us." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y19 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. 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observed performance does not establish an upper bound or a safety certificate.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eval-i-o1-preview" ] }, { "id": "mia-glaese", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Mia Glaese", "sortName": "Glaese, Mia", "aliases": [], "description": "OpenAI VP of research and head of alignment, reported in July 2026 to be taking on an expanded role as VP of research and safety.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gs-wired-heidecke-2026" ] }, { "id": "michie-1968-computer-servant-or-master", "type": "document", "subtype": "Essay", "name": "Computer—servant or master", "shortName": "Michie, Computer—servant or master (1968)", "aliases": [], "description": "Donald Michie’s essay, first published in Theoria to Theory 2 (1968) and reprinted as chapter 20 of Michie’s On Machine Intelligence, second edition (Ellis Horwood, 1986).", "sourceIds": [ "source-michie-1986-on-machine-intelligence" ] }, { "id": "microsoft", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Technology company", "name": "Microsoft", "aliases": [ "Azure" ], "description": "Counterparty in OpenAI’s January 2023 investment and Azure cloud announcement.", "sourceIds": [ "source-microsoft-partnership" ] }, { "id": "microsoft-ai", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Internal research organisation", "name": "Microsoft AI", "aliases": [], "description": "Organisation within Microsoft announced in March 2024, led by Mustafa Suleyman, focused on Copilot and other consumer AI products and research.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-msft-suleyman-2024" ] }, { "id": "microsoft-research", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Internal research organisation", "name": "Microsoft Research", "aliases": [], "description": "The Microsoft research organisation named in Greg Yang’s account of his prior research role.", "sourceIds": [ "source-yang-bio" ] }, { "id": "mike-krieger", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Mike Krieger", "sortName": "Krieger, Mike", "aliases": [], "description": "Co-founder of Instagram, announced by Anthropic as its Chief Product Officer in May 2024 and as joining its Labs team in January 2026.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-ant-krieger-2024", "lg-src-ant-labs-2026" ] }, { "id": "miles-brundage", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Miles Brundage", "sortName": "Brundage, Miles", "aliases": [], "description": "Policy researcher; 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The inspected publisher-hosted PDF has no authenticated historical revision identifier.", "sourceIds": [ "source-miri-ml-agenda", "source-miri-ml-announcement" ] }, { "id": "misha-laskin", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Misha Laskin", "sortName": "Laskin, Misha", "aliases": [], "description": "Named by Sequoia Capital in March 2025 as a co-founder and the CEO of Reflection AI, and as having led reward-model development at DeepMind.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gw-sequoia-reflection-2025" ] }, { "id": "mistral-ai", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI company", "name": "Mistral AI", "aliases": [], "description": "French AI company listed for the Frontier AI Safety Commitments in May 2024 and on the EU Code of Practice signatory list.", "sourceIds": [ "source-fasc-2024" ] }, { "id": "modest-near-term-ai-productivity-effect", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "AI’s near-term aggregate productivity effect is modest", "aliases": [ "AI's near-term aggregate productivity effect is modest" ], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code G08, the explosive-growth debate). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-acemoglu-2024-mit" ], "proposition": { "code": "G08", "criterion": "The text estimates or states that the effect of AI on aggregate productivity or GDP over roughly the next decade will be modest: a small effect on the level of output, not a change in the growth regime.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "mokyr-vickers-ziebarth-2015-technological-anxiety", "type": "document", "subtype": "Journal article", "name": "The History of Technological Anxiety and the Future of Economic Growth: Is This Time Different?", "shortName": "Mokyr, Vickers, Ziebarth, The History of Technological Anxiety and the Future of Economic Growth (2015)", "aliases": [], "description": "The History of Technological Anxiety and the Future of Economic Growth: Is This Time Different?, by Joel Mokyr, Chris Vickers, Nicolas L. Ziebarth. Journal of Economic Perspectives 29(3), Summer 2015, pp. 31–50.", "sourceIds": [ "source-mokyr-vickers-ziebarth-2015-technological-anxiety" ] }, { "id": "moonshot-ai", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI company", "name": "Moonshot AI / 月之暗面", "aliases": [ "月之暗面", "北京月之暗面科技有限公司", "Kimi" ], "description": "AI company that dates its formal establishment to spring 2023; developer of the Kimi models.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-cn-moonshot-about" ] }, { "id": "moravec-1979-todays-computers", "type": "document", "subtype": "Magazine article", "name": "Today’s Computers, Intelligent Machines and Our Future", "shortName": "Moravec, Today’s Computers, Intelligent Machines and Our Future (1979)", "aliases": [], "description": "Hans Moravec’s essay published in Analog 99 (2), February 1979, pp. 59–84, read in the author’s HTML copy, which is dated July 21, 1976, and marked \"this version 1978\".", "sourceIds": [ "source-moravec-1979-analog-html" ] }, { "id": "moravec-1989-genetic-takeover", "type": "document", "subtype": "Book chapter", "name": "Human Culture—A Genetic Takeover Underway", "shortName": "Moravec, Human Culture—A Genetic Takeover Underway (1989)", "aliases": [], "description": "Hans Moravec’s chapter in Artificial Life (Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity VI, 1989), pp. 167–200, read in the author’s file dated July 1988.", "sourceIds": [ "source-moravec-1989-takeover-file" ] }, { "id": "more-1998-singularity-meets-economy", "type": "document", "subtype": "Web page", "name": "Singularity Meets Economy (Comments on Vinge’s Singularity)", "shortName": "More, Singularity Meets Economy (1998)", "aliases": [], "description": "Max More’s comment in the collection \"Comments on Vinge’s Singularity\", gathered by Robin Hanson for Extropy Online in 1998 and kept on Hanson’s website.", "sourceIds": [ "source-vc-comments-2000-capture" ] }, { "id": "mrinank-sharma", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Mrinank Sharma", "sortName": "Sharma, Mrinank", "aliases": [], "description": "Lead of Anthropic's Safeguards Research Team at its announcement in 2025; announced his resignation from Anthropic in February 2026.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gs-ant-safeguards-research-2025", "lg-src-gs-sharma-x-2026" ] }, { "id": "ms-fgf-2025", "type": "document", "subtype": "Framework version", "name": "Microsoft Frontier Governance Framework — Version 1 (February 2025)", "shortName": "Microsoft FGF · Feb 2025", "aliases": [ "Frontier Governance Framework (Microsoft)", "Microsoft Frontier Governance Framework v1" ], "description": "The first edition of Microsoft’s Frontier Governance Framework. Its stated obligations describe the document, not implementation. Distinct from OpenAI’s framework of the same name.", "sourceIds": [ "source-ms-fgf-2025" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "Page footers read “Version 1 (February 2025)” and the change log dates the first version 8 February 2025. No separate dated announcement was located; the earliest archive capture is 2025-02-26, so publication is dated only to the month.", "family": "microsoft-frontier-governance", "label": "Feb 2025 (Version 1)", "publishedAt": "2025-02", "publisherId": "microsoft" } }, { "id": "ms-fgf-2026", "type": "document", "subtype": "Framework version", "name": "Microsoft Frontier Governance Framework — February 2026", "shortName": "Microsoft FGF · Feb 2026", "aliases": [ "Frontier Governance Framework (Microsoft, February 2026)" ], "description": "The February 2026 edition of Microsoft’s Frontier Governance Framework, described in its change log as a one-year update. Its stated obligations describe the document, not implementation.", "sourceIds": [ "source-ms-fgf-2026" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "The edition’s footers and change log date it February 2026. A publication date is not established: the file was last modified 2026-03-24 and first captured 2026-04-24.", "family": "microsoft-frontier-governance", "label": "Feb 2026", "publisherId": "microsoft", "revisedAt": "2026-02" } }, { "id": "mullainathan-spiess-2017-machine-learning-econometric", "type": "document", "subtype": "Journal article", "name": "Machine Learning: An Applied Econometric Approach", "shortName": "Mullainathan and Spiess, Machine Learning (2017)", "aliases": [], "description": "Machine Learning: An Applied Econometric Approach, by Sendhil Mullainathan, Jann Spiess. Journal of Economic Perspectives 31(2), Spring 2017, pp. 87–106.", "sourceIds": [ "source-mullainathan-spiess-2017-machine-learning-econometric" ] }, { "id": "mustafa-suleyman", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Mustafa Suleyman", "sortName": "Suleyman, Mustafa", "aliases": [], "description": "Named by Shane Legg as a DeepMind co-founder in 2010.", "sourceIds": [ "source-legg-deepmind-2014" ] }, { "id": "nat-friedman", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Nat Friedman", "sortName": "Friedman, Nat", "aliases": [], "description": "Former head of GitHub at Microsoft; joined Meta in 2025 to lead AI products and applied research within Meta Superintelligence Labs.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-mx-cnbc-msl-memo", "lg-src-mx-friedman-meta-2025" ] }, { "id": "naver", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Internet company", "name": "Naver", "aliases": [ "NAVER" ], "description": "South Korean internet company listed among the organisations agreeing to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments in May 2024.", "sourceIds": [ "source-fasc-2024" ] }, { "id": "near-protocol", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Blockchain organisation", "name": "NEAR", "aliases": [ "NEAR Protocol" ], "description": "Blockchain project whose site names Illia Polosukhin as co-founder.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-goo-near-home" ] }, { "id": "neil-buddy-shah", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Neil Buddy Shah", "sortName": "Shah, Neil Buddy", "aliases": [ "Buddy Shah" ], "description": "Named in 2023 as an initial Trustee and the Chair of Anthropic's Long-Term Benefit Trust, then CEO of the Clinton Health Access Initiative.", "sourceIds": [ "source-anthropic-ltbt-2023" ] }, { "id": "new-york-raise-act", "type": "document", "subtype": "Statute (announced by the Governor; amended by Chapter 96 of 2026)", "name": "New York RAISE Act (Responsible AI Safety and Education Act), as described by the Governor", "shortName": "New York RAISE Act", "aliases": [ "RAISE Act", "Responsible AI Safety and Education Act", "S6953B/A6453B" ], "description": "New York legislation on large frontier AI developers. The original bill (S6953B/A6453B) is known here only through two announcements by the Governor. The chapter amendment signed on 27 March 2026 (Chapter 96) is recorded separately from the legislature’s bill record. Bill numbers in the Governor’s release are those of the original bill.", "sourceIds": [ "source-ny-governor-raise-signing", "source-ny-governor-raise-implementation", "source-ny-s8828-assembly-record" ] }, { "id": "new-york-raise-act-chapter-96-2026", "type": "document", "subtype": "Statute (chapter amendment)", "name": "New York Senate Bill S8828 / Assembly Bill A9449 (2026): RAISE Act chapter amendment, signed as Chapter 96", "shortName": "New York RAISE Act, Chapter 96 (2026)", "aliases": [ "S8828", "A9449", "Chapter 96 of the Laws of 2026" ], "description": "The bill that repeals and re-adds Article 44-B of the General Business Law (the RAISE Act) and amends section 3 of the 2025 chapter proposed in S.6953-B and A.6453-B. The text inspected is the bill as printed on the Assembly site; the chapter in the session laws was not inspected. Its text describes obligations, not compliance.", "sourceIds": [ "source-ny-s8828-assembly-record" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "The bill record lists the signing as Chapter 96 on 03/27/2026. The printed text shown is dated 8 January 2026 (introduction) and the action list names no amended print. The effective date is the one that section 3 of the 2025 chapter takes as amended by this bill; sections one, two and four take effect on the same date as that chapter.", "effectiveAt": "2027-01-01", "family": "ny-raise-act", "label": "S8828 as printed, signed as Chapter 96 (27 March 2026)", "publishedAt": "2026-03-27", "publisherId": "new-york-state-legislature" } }, { "id": "new-york-state-legislature", "type": "public_body", "subtype": "State legislature", "name": "New York State Legislature", "shortName": "New York Legislature", "aliases": [ "New York Senate and Assembly" ], "description": "The Senate and Assembly of the State of New York. Records name it as the publisher of bills and of the legislative record of their passage, as shown on the Assembly’s public bill-search site.", "sourceIds": [ "source-ny-s8828-assembly-record" ] }, { "id": "newhouse-1966-technological-change-in-banking", "type": "document", "subtype": "Commission appendix study", "name": "Technological Change in Banking", "shortName": "Newhouse, Technological Change in Banking (1966)", "aliases": [], "description": "Technological Change in Banking, by Joseph P. Newhouse. In The Employment Impact of Technological Change, Appendix Volume II (U.S. GPO, February 1966)", "sourceIds": [ "source-newhouse-1966-technological-change-in-banking" ] }, { "id": "next-word-prediction-is-shallow", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Next-word prediction is only autocomplete", "aliases": [ "It's just autocomplete. It predicts the next word." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y09 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-lw-2022-shah-and-yudkowsky-on-alignment-failures", "source-lw-2023-gpts-are-predictors-not-imitators" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y09", "criterion": "An explicit claim that a system trained to predict the next word is only autocomplete, on the premise that next-token prediction is a shallow task that cannot require deep cognition, or that a system trained to predict human text is capped at imitating the people who wrote it.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "nick-frosst", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Nick Frosst", "sortName": "Frosst, Nick", "aliases": [ "Nicholas Frosst" ], "description": "Co-founder of Cohere; earlier a Google Brain Toronto author.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-new-cohere-about", "lg-src-new-capsules-2017" ] }, { "id": "nicole-seligman", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Nicole Seligman", "sortName": "Seligman, Nicole", "aliases": [], "description": "Former Sony general counsel announced as an OpenAI board member in March 2024 and named to its Safety and Security Committee.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-board-2024", "lg-src-oai-ssc-2024" ] }, { "id": "niki-parmar", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher and co-founder", "name": "Niki Parmar", "sortName": "Parmar, Niki", "aliases": [], "description": "Named by David Luan in April 2022 as a co-founder of Adept.", "sourceIds": [ "source-attention-all-you-need-v1", "lg-src-goo-essential-series-a-2023" ] }, { "id": "nilsson-1984-ai-employment-and-income", "type": "document", "subtype": "Magazine article", "name": "Artificial Intelligence, Employment, and Income", "shortName": "Nilsson, Artificial Intelligence, Employment, and Income (1984)", "aliases": [], "description": "Artificial Intelligence, Employment, and Income, by Nils J. Nilsson. AI Magazine 5(2), Summer 1984.", "sourceIds": [ "source-nilsson-1984-ai-employment-and-income" ] }, { "id": "no-body-no-danger", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Without a body it cannot do much", "aliases": [ "Even a superintelligence can't do much without a body." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y26 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-aipnfgr-miri-reprint", "source-agi-ruin-2022" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y26", "criterion": "An explicit claim that even a superintelligence could do little without a body, on the premise that intelligence without physical actuators of its own is not dangerous, or that to act in the physical world it would need human help that people would not give.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "no-current-sign-of-explosive-growth", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Current data show no approach to explosive growth", "aliases": [], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code G06, the explosive-growth debate). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-nordhaus-2015-cowles", "source-davidson-2021-explosive-economic-growth" ], "proposition": { "code": "G06", "criterion": "The text states, on the basis of current or recent economic data, that the economy shows no sign yet of approaching a growth singularity or explosive growth.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "noam-shazeer", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher and co-founder", "name": "Noam Shazeer", "sortName": "Shazeer, Noam", "aliases": [], "description": "Co-founder of Character.AI, reported in August 2024 as its CEO and as returning to Google under the Google agreement.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-cai-introducing-2022", "lg-src-deal-tc-cai-google-2024" ] }, { "id": "nordhaus-2015-economic-singularity", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Are We Approaching an Economic Singularity? Information Technology and the Future of Economic Growth", "shortName": "Nordhaus, Are We Approaching an Economic Singularity (2015)", "aliases": [], "description": "Are We Approaching an Economic Singularity? Information Technology and the Future of Economic Growth, by William D. Nordhaus. Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 2021, Yale University.", "sourceIds": [ "source-nordhaus-2015-cowles", "source-nordhaus-2015-nber" ] }, { "id": "nourse-1955-automation-hearings-statement", "type": "document", "subtype": "Congressional testimony", "name": "Statement (former Chairman, Council of Economic Advisers), in Automation and Technological Change: Hearings", "shortName": "Nourse, Statement (former Chairman, Council of Economic Advisers), in Automation and Technological Change (1955)", "aliases": [], "description": "Statement (former Chairman, Council of Economic Advisers), in Automation and Technological Change: Hearings, by Edwin G. Nourse. U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on the Economic Report, Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization. (1955). Automation and technological change: Hearings … 84th Congress, 1st session, October 14–28, 1955. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, from p. 618.", "sourceIds": [ "source-nourse-1955-automation-hearings-statement" ] }, { "id": "nvidia", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Chip and networking supplier", "name": "NVIDIA", "aliases": [], "description": "The hardware and networking supplier describing the 2024 configuration of xAI’s Colossus.", "sourceIds": [ "source-nvidia-colossus" ] }, { "id": "o1-card-2024", "type": "document", "subtype": "System card", "name": "OpenAI o1 System Card (December 2024)", "shortName": "o1 system card · 2024", "aliases": [ "o1 system card" ], "description": "The system-card page updated on December 5, 2024, which describes safety evaluations and external red teaming.", "sourceIds": [ "source-o1-card" ] }, { "id": "observed-behaviour-as-evidence", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Observed behaviour under training or oversight as evidence", "aliases": [], "description": "A proposition about machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code B5 in the human-thought collection). A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-extropians-1996-12-31-yudkowsky-5142", "source-arbital-context-disaster" ], "proposition": { "code": "B5", "criterion": "An explicit claim that good behaviour or apparent trustworthiness observed while a system is evaluated, trained, tested, confined or overseen is weak or misleading evidence about how it will behave once released, deployed or more capable.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "openai", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI laboratory", "name": "OpenAI", "aliases": [], "description": "An AI research and deployment organisation. This sample covers selected records from its 2015 launch through the 2024 o1 system card.", "sourceIds": [ "source-openai-launch", "source-o1-card" ] }, { "id": "openai-agi-readiness-team", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Research team", "name": "AGI Readiness team (OpenAI)", "aliases": [], "description": "OpenAI team led by Miles Brundage; he wrote in October 2024 that it would be distributed among other teams.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gs-brundage-leaving-2024" ] }, { "id": "openai-charter", "type": "document", "subtype": "Institutional publication", "name": "OpenAI Charter — inspected web expression", "aliases": [], "description": "OpenAI Charter — inspected web expression", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-charter" ] }, { "id": "openai-global-llc", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Limited liability company", "name": "OpenAI Global, LLC", "aliases": [ "OpenAI Global LLC" ], "description": "Listed in the nonprofit’s tax year 2024 filing as a related organisation taxable as a partnership, directly controlled by OpenAI GP LLC; the UK Competition and Markets Authority describes it as a newly formed holding entity.", "sourceIds": [ "source-openai-990-2024-schedule-r" ] }, { "id": "openai-gp-llc", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Limited liability company", "name": "OpenAI GP LLC", "aliases": [ "OpenAI GP, L.L.C." ], "description": "Reported in the nonprofit’s tax filings as a disregarded entity directly controlled by the nonprofit, and described by the UK Competition and Markets Authority as the Manager of OpenAI OpCo, LLC.", "sourceIds": [ "source-openai-990-2019-schedule-r", "source-cma-microsoft-openai-2025" ] }, { "id": "openai-group-pbc", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Public benefit corporation", "name": "OpenAI Group PBC", "aliases": [ "OpenAI Group" ], "description": "Delaware public benefit corporation whose certificate of incorporation was filed on 28 October 2025 (file number 10381551). OpenAI describes it as the for-profit company controlled by the OpenAI Foundation.", "sourceIds": [ "source-openai-group-pbc-certificate" ] }, { "id": "openai-group-pbc-certificate-2025", "type": "document", "subtype": "Certificate of incorporation (filed version)", "name": "Certificate of Incorporation of OpenAI Group PBC (filed 2025-10-28)", "aliases": [], "description": "The certificate of incorporation of OpenAI Group PBC as filed with the Delaware Division of Corporations on 28 October 2025. Identifies this filed expression only; the text describes rights, not how they are exercised.", "sourceIds": [ "source-openai-group-pbc-certificate" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "Filing date and time from the Division of Corporations stamp on page 1 (Delivered 08:06 AM, FILED 08:07 AM 10/28/2025; file number 10381551). No separate effective date is recorded.", "family": "openai-group-pbc-certificate-of-incorporation", "label": "Certificate (filed 2025-10-28)", "publishedAt": "2025-10-28", "publisherId": "openai-group-pbc" } }, { "id": "openai-inc", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Nonprofit corporation", "name": "OpenAI, Inc. (OpenAI Foundation)", "shortName": "OpenAI nonprofit", "aliases": [ "OpenAI Inc", "OpenAI Nonprofit", "OpenAI Foundation" ], "description": "The nonprofit corporation (EIN 81-0861541) at the top of OpenAI’s structure, reported as formed in 2015 with Delaware as its legal domicile. Its tax filing states that OpenAI Inc. changed its name to OpenAI Foundation as of 28 October 2025. 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"document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re:", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2000-09-16 (0086)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2000-09-16 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Re:”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2000-09-16-yudkowsky-0009-0086" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2000-09-17-yudkowsky-0009-0092", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Get it right the first time (Was: )", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2000-09-17 (0092)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2000-09-17 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Get it right the first time (Was: )”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2000-09-17-yudkowsky-0009-0092" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2000-10-03-yudkowsky-0010-0125", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Ben what are your views and concerns", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2000-10-03 (0125)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2000-10-03 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Ben what are your views and concerns”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2000-10-03-yudkowsky-0010-0125" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2000-11-13-yudkowsky-0011-0181", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Ben's \"Extropian Creed\"", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2000-11-13 (0181)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2000-11-13 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Ben's \"Extropian Creed\"”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2000-11-13-yudkowsky-0011-0181" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2000-11-18-yudkowsky-0011-0240", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Evolving minds", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2000-11-18 (0240)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2000-11-18 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Evolving minds”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2000-11-18-yudkowsky-0011-0240" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2000-12-10-yudkowsky-0012-0355", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Revising a Friendly AI", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2000-12-10 (0355)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2000-12-10 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Revising a Friendly AI”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2000-12-10-yudkowsky-0012-0355" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2000-12-12-yudkowsky-0012-0381", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Revising a Friendly AI", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2000-12-12 (0381)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2000-12-12 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Revising a Friendly AI”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2000-12-12-yudkowsky-0012-0381" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2001-01-24-yudkowsky-0101-0452", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Event horizon", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2001-01-24 (0452)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2001-01-24 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Event horizon”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2001-01-24-yudkowsky-0101-0452" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2001-02-04-yudkowsky-0102-0539", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Beyond evolution", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2001-02-04 (0539)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2001-02-04 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Beyond evolution”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2001-02-04-yudkowsky-0102-0539" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2001-02-05-yudkowsky-0102-0542", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Beyond evolution", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2001-02-05 (0542)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2001-02-05 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Beyond evolution”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2001-02-05-yudkowsky-0102-0542" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2001-02-07-yudkowsky-0102-0545", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Learning to be evil", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2001-02-07 (0545)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2001-02-07 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Learning to be evil”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2001-02-07-yudkowsky-0102-0545" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2001-02-25-yudkowsky-0102-0594", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Military in or out?", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2001-02-25 (0594)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2001-02-25 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Military in or out?”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2001-02-25-yudkowsky-0102-0594" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2001-02-26-yudkowsky-0102-0603", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Military in or out?", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2001-02-26 (0603)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2001-02-26 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Military in or out?”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2001-02-26-yudkowsky-0102-0603" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2001-04-06-yudkowsky-0104-0956", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Singularity intros (was: Si definition of Friendliess)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2001-04-06 (0956)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2001-04-06 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Singularity intros (was: Si definition of Friendliess)”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2001-04-06-yudkowsky-0104-0956" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2001-04-08-yudkowsky-0104-1019", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Threats (was Theoretical question for the list: publicity?)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2001-04-08 (1019)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2001-04-08 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Threats (was Theoretical question for the list: publicity?)”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2001-04-08-yudkowsky-0104-1019" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2001-04-12-yudkowsky-0104-1076", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Open Source Friendly AI? (was Singularity and the generalpublic)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2001-04-12 (1076)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2001-04-12 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Open Source Friendly AI? (was Singularity and the generalpublic)”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2001-04-12-yudkowsky-0104-1076" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2001-04-19-yudkowsky-0104-1166", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: FW: Group releases \"Friendly AI\"", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2001-04-19 (1166)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2001-04-19 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “FW: Group releases \"Friendly AI\"”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2001-04-19-yudkowsky-0104-1166" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2001-08-01-yudkowsky-0108-2031", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Floppy take-off", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2001-08-01 (2031)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2001-08-01 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Floppy take-off”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2001-08-01-yudkowsky-0108-2031" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2002-03-08-yudkowsky", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "The \"AI Box\" experiment", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2002-03-08", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer S. Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2002-03-08 by its Sent header.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2002-03-08-yudkowsky" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2002-03-09-yudkowsky-0203-3148", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Novamente goal system", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2002-03-09 (3148)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2002-03-09 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Novamente goal system”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2002-03-09-yudkowsky-0203-3148" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2002-03-10-yudkowsky-0203-3160", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Webmind Inc. as social process", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2002-03-10 (3160)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2002-03-10 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Webmind Inc. as social process”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2002-03-10-yudkowsky-0203-3160" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2002-05-03-yudkowsky-0205-3551", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: supergoal stability", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2002-05-03 (3551)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2002-05-03 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “supergoal stability”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2002-05-03-yudkowsky-0205-3551" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2002-06-23-yudkowsky-0206-4208", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Threats to the Singularity.", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2002-06-23 (4208)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2002-06-23 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Threats to the Singularity.”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2002-06-23-yudkowsky-0206-4208" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2002-06-23-yudkowsky-0206-4219", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Seed AI (was: How hard a Singularity?)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2002-06-23 (4219)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2002-06-23 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Seed AI (was: How hard a Singularity?)”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2002-06-23-yudkowsky-0206-4219" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2002-06-27-yudkowsky-0206-4453", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Military Friendly AI", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2002-06-27 (4453)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2002-06-27 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Military Friendly AI”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2002-06-27-yudkowsky-0206-4453" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2002-07-02-yudkowsky-0207-4667", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Seed AI (was: How hard a Singularity?)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2002-07-02 (4667)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2002-07-02 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Seed AI (was: How hard a Singularity?)”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2002-07-02-yudkowsky-0207-4667" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2002-09-10-yudkowsky-0209-5398", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Friendly AI communications issues (was: Consciousness)", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2002-09-10 (5398)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2002-09-10 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Friendly AI communications issues (was: Consciousness)”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2002-09-10-yudkowsky-0209-5398" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2002-09-19-yudkowsky-0209-5571", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: QUES: CFAI [#2]", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2002-09-19 (5571)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2002-09-19 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “QUES: CFAI [#2]”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2002-09-19-yudkowsky-0209-5571" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2003-05-22-yudkowsky-0305-6783", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Flight recorders in AIs", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2003-05-22 (6783)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2003-05-22 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Flight recorders in AIs”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2003-05-22-yudkowsky-0305-6783" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2003-05-29-yudkowsky-0305-6846", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: SIAI's flawed friendliness analysis", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2003-05-29 (6846)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2003-05-29 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “SIAI's flawed friendliness analysis”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2003-05-29-yudkowsky-0305-6846" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2004-05-30-yudkowsky-0405-8843", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: One or more AIs??", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2004-05-30 (8843)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2004-05-30 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “One or more AIs??”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2004-05-30-yudkowsky-0405-8843" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2004-06-01-yudkowsky-0406-8905", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: FAI: Collective Volition", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2004-06-01 (8905)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2004-06-01 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “FAI: Collective Volition”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2004-06-01-yudkowsky-0406-8905" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2004-12-29-yudkowsky-0412-10488", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Conservative Estimation of the Economic Impact of Artificial Intelligence", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2004-12-29 (10488)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2004-12-29 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Conservative Estimation of the Economic Impact of Artificial Intelligence”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2004-12-29-yudkowsky-0412-10488" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2005-01-02-yudkowsky-0501-10512", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Definition of strong recursive self-improvement", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2005-01-02 (10512)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2005-01-02 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Definition of strong recursive self-improvement”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2005-01-02-yudkowsky-0501-10512" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2005-07-13-yudkowsky-0507-11477", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Fighting UFAI", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2005-07-13 (11477)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2005-07-13 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Fighting UFAI”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2005-07-13-yudkowsky-0507-11477" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2005-07-13-yudkowsky-0507-11483", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Fighting UFAI", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2005-07-13 (11483)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2005-07-13 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Fighting UFAI”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2005-07-13-yudkowsky-0507-11483" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2005-07-25-yudkowsky-0507-11765", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: 6 points about Coherent Extrapolated Volition", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2005-07-25 (11765)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2005-07-25 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “6 points about Coherent Extrapolated Volition”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2005-07-25-yudkowsky-0507-11765" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2005-08-09-yudkowsky-0508-11866", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: On Our Duty to Not Be Responsible for Artificial Minds", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2005-08-09 (11866)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2005-08-09 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “On Our Duty to Not Be Responsible for Artificial Minds”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2005-08-09-yudkowsky-0508-11866" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2006-02-15-yudkowsky-0602-14096", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Singularity Institute: Likely to win the race to build GAI?", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2006-02-15 (14096)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2006-02-15 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Singularity Institute: Likely to win the race to build GAI?”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2006-02-15-yudkowsky-0602-14096" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2006-06-06-yudkowsky-0606-15174", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: [agi] Two draft papers: AI and existential risk; heuristics and biases", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2006-06-06 (15174)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2006-06-06 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “[agi] Two draft papers: AI and existential risk; heuristics and biases”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2006-06-06-yudkowsky-0606-15174" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2006-06-13-yudkowsky-0606-15271", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Two draft papers: AI and existential risk; heuristics and biases", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2006-06-13 (15271)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2006-06-13 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Two draft papers: AI and existential risk;\theuristics and biases”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2006-06-13-yudkowsky-0606-15271" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2007-11-24-yudkowsky-0711-17248", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: UCaRtMaAI paper", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2007-11-24 (17248)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2007-11-24 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “UCaRtMaAI paper”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2007-11-24-yudkowsky-0711-17248" ] }, { "id": "sl4-2008-02-11-yudkowsky-0802-17621", "type": "document", "subtype": "Mailing-list message", "name": "Re: Investing in FAI research: now vs. later.", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, SL4 message of 2008-02-11 (17621)", "aliases": [], "description": "A message by Eliezer Yudkowsky to the SL4 mailing list, dated 2008-02-11 by the archive’s author index, in the thread “Investing in FAI research: now vs. later.”.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sl4-2008-02-11-yudkowsky-0802-17621" ] }, { "id": "slow-takeoff-time-to-adjust", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "A slow takeoff will leave time to adjust", "aliases": [ "Takeoff will be slow, so we'll have time to adjust." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y11 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cfai-miri-reprint", "source-yudkowsky-2008-hard-takeoff" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y11", "criterion": "An explicit claim that advanced AI will arrive slowly enough to leave time to adjust, on the premise that capability gains will be gradual and visible, or that slightly weaker predecessor systems will give time and experience before the decisive one.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "softbank-group", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Investment holding company", "name": "SoftBank Group", "aliases": [ "SoftBank" ], "description": "SoftBank counterparty named as a lead partner and initial equity funder in the January 2025 Stargate announcement. No specific investment vehicle is inferred.", "sourceIds": [ "source-stargate-2025" ] }, { "id": "sogou", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Technology company", "name": "Sogou / 搜狗", "aliases": [ "搜狗" ], "description": "Search company named as Wang Xiaochuan’s former employer (as CEO) on Baichuan’s website.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-cn-baichuan-home" ] }, { "id": "solomonoff-1985-time-scale", "type": "document", "subtype": "Journal article", "name": "The Time Scale of Artificial Intelligence: Reflections on Social Effects", "shortName": "Solomonoff, The Time Scale of Artificial Intelligence (1985)", "aliases": [], "description": "Ray J. Solomonoff’s paper in Human Systems Management 5 (1985), pp. 149–153, read in the author’s later typesetting.", "sourceIds": [ "source-solomonoff-1985-author-pdf" ] }, { "id": "soumith-chintala", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Soumith Chintala", "sortName": "Chintala, Soumith", "aliases": [], "description": "Announced in January 2026 as the new chief technology officer of Thinking Machines Lab.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-new-murati-x-2026" ] }, { "id": "spacex", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Institutional referent", "name": "SpaceX", "aliases": [], "description": "Acquirer named in xAI’s February 2026 announcement. The atlas does not establish the later legal identity of each combined business.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xm-spacex" ] }, { "id": "spacexai", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI company brand", "name": "SpaceXAI", "aliases": [ "SpaceX Super Intelligence", "SpaceXSI" ], "description": "Name announced in July 2026 by the former xAI account after SpaceX's acquisition of xAI; the account displayed the name SpaceX Super Intelligence (@SpaceXSI) when retrieved in October 2026.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-mx-spacexai-rebrand" ] }, { "id": "sporn-haggerty-1966-comment", "type": "document", "subtype": "Commission report comment", "name": "Comment by Mr. Sporn, joined by Mr. Haggerty, in Technology and the American Economy, Vol. I", "shortName": "Sporn and Haggerty, Comment by Mr. Sporn, joined by Mr. Haggerty, in Technology and the American Economy, Vol. I (1966)", "aliases": [], "description": "Comment by Mr. Sporn, joined by Mr. Haggerty, in Technology and the American Economy, Vol. I, by Philip Sporn, Patrick E. Haggerty. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1966, xiv + 115 pp.; ERIC ED 023 803.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sporn-haggerty-1966-comment" ] }, { "id": "ssi", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Supporting institution", "name": "Safe Superintelligence Inc.", "aliases": [ "SSI", "Safe Superintelligence" ], "description": "AI research company in the documented post-OpenAI paths of Ilya Sutskever and Daniel Levy.", "sourceIds": [ "source-ssi-launch-reuters-2024", "source-ssi-leadership-2025" ] }, { "id": "stability-ai", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI company", "name": "Stability AI", "aliases": [ "Stability" ], "description": "AI company named “Stability” by the White House among the eight companies of September 2023.", "sourceIds": [ "source-wh-factsheet-2023-09" ] }, { "id": "stargate", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Announced infrastructure venture", "name": "Stargate Project", "aliases": [ "Stargate" ], "description": "Venture described as a new company in January 2025. Later OpenAI announcements also use Stargate for an infrastructure platform; this referent does not imply a verified legal entity or direct investment in OpenAI.", "sourceIds": [ "source-stargate-2025" ] }, { "id": "stargate-abilene", "type": "infrastructure", "subtype": "Data-center site", "name": "Stargate I, Abilene", "aliases": [ "Stargate I" ], "description": "Abilene, Texas site discussed in the July 2025 OpenAI announcement. Distinct from the Stargate venture and its nationwide plans.", "sourceIds": [ "source-oracle-stargate-2025" ] }, { "id": "staring-into-the-singularity", "type": "document", "subtype": "Web page", "name": "Staring into the Singularity", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Staring into the Singularity", "aliases": [], "description": "An essay on Eliezer Yudkowsky’s personal website, first created in 1996 according to the page and announced on the Extropians list that November; read in version 1.2.1 (updated 2000-08-31) as captured in December 2000.", "sourceIds": [ "source-sits-2000-capture", "source-extropians-1996-11-19-yudkowsky" ] }, { "id": "statsig", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Software company", "name": "Statsig", "aliases": [], "description": "Experimentation-platform company whose acquisition by OpenAI was announced in September 2025.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-statsig-2025" ] }, { "id": "stepfun", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI company", "name": "StepFun / 阶跃星辰", "aliases": [ "阶跃星辰", "上海阶跃星辰智能科技" ], "description": "AI company reported as established in April 2023.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-cn-cls-stepfun-2024", "lg-src-cn-qbitai-stepfun-2026" ] }, { "id": "stevenson-2019-ai-income-employment-meaning", "type": "document", "subtype": "Book chapter", "name": "Artificial Intelligence, Income, Employment, and Meaning", "shortName": "Stevenson, Artificial Intelligence, Income, Employment, and Meaning (2019)", "aliases": [], "description": "Artificial Intelligence, Income, Employment, and Meaning, by Betsey Stevenson. NBER volume chapter.", "sourceIds": [ "source-stevenson-2019-ai-income-employment-meaning" ] }, { "id": "strategic-concealment", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Strategic concealment", "aliases": [], "description": "A proposition about machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code B2 in the human-thought collection). A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-vinge-1993-ntrs", "source-agi-ruin-2022" ], "proposition": { "code": "B2", "criterion": "A system deliberately hides its capabilities, intentions or activities, or manipulates people while appearing benign, for its own strategic reasons.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "streams-transition", "type": "document", "subtype": "Institutional publication", "name": "Scaling Streams with Google — transition announcement (2018)", "aliases": [], "description": "Scaling Streams with Google — transition announcement (2018)", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-streams" ] }, { "id": "stripe", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Supporting institution", "name": "Stripe", "aliases": [], "description": "Supporting institution in Greg Brockman’s documented prior CTO role.", "sourceIds": [ "source-openai-launch" ] }, { "id": "sue-desmond-hellmann", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Sue Desmond-Hellmann", "sortName": "Desmond-Hellmann, Sue", "aliases": [], "description": "Former CEO of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announced as an OpenAI board member in March 2024.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-board-2024" ] }, { "id": "summarize-feedback-paper", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research paper (work)", "name": "Learning to summarize from human feedback", "aliases": [], "description": "Work-level identity. Evidence is scoped to the inspected arXiv v1 expression; a citation to this work does not identify which revision the citing author read.", "sourceIds": [ "source-summarize-feedback-paper-v1" ], "externalIds": { "arxiv": "2009.01325" } }, { "id": "sun-tianxiang", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Sun Tianxiang", "sortName": "Sun, Tianxiang", "aliases": [ "孙天祥" ], "description": "Reported in July 2026 as head of Baidu's foundation-model R&D department (BMU).", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gc-guancha-baidu-2026" ] }, { "id": "sunita-verma", "type": "person", "subtype": "Executive", "name": "Sunita Verma", "sortName": "Verma, Sunita", "aliases": [], "description": "Announced in December 2024 as Character.AI's Chief Technology Officer, after roles at Google.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-cai-verma-2024" ] }, { "id": "superalignment-announcement", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research announcement", "name": "Introducing Superalignment", "aliases": [], "description": "The dated 2023 research proposal by Jan Leike and Ilya Sutskever. Its discussion of supervision limits does not demonstrate success or continued operation of the team.", "sourceIds": [ "source-superalignment-announcement" ] }, { "id": "switch-off-if-dangerous", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Switching it off if it becomes dangerous", "aliases": [ "If it gets dangerous, we'll just turn it off." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y01 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cfai-miri-reprint", "source-arbital-instrumental-convergence" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y01", "criterion": "An explicit claim that an advanced AI system that became dangerous could simply be switched off or corrected, on the premise that a capable goal-directed system would not act against its own shutdown or modification, so that a shutdown or correction mechanism can be added to it, or that people would recognise in time when it had become dangerous enough to use one.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "tang-jie", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher", "name": "Tang Jie / 唐杰", "sortName": "Tang, Jie", "aliases": [ "Jie Tang" ], "description": "Tsinghua professor identified at an August 2024 event and named ChatGLM report author. Zhipu’s Hong Kong prospectus of 30 December 2025 describes Tang Jie as a co-founder of the company, recorded separately; the earlier records infer no corporate role.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-zhipu-education", "source-cn-chatglm", "source-cn-zhipu-prospectus" ] }, { "id": "tasha-mccauley", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Tasha McCauley", "sortName": "McCauley, Tasha", "aliases": [], "description": "Listed as a member of the OpenAI Nonprofit board in March 2019 and as an independent director in November 2023.", "sourceIds": [ "source-atlas-openai-lp", "source-openai-leadership-transition-2023" ] }, { "id": "task-based-exposure-measurement", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Exposure to automation measured from task content", "aliases": [ "Occupations' exposure to computerisation or AI can be measured from their task content." ], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code M07, mainstream economics and machine intelligence). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-frey-osborne-2013-future-of-employment", "source-furman-2019-automation-future-past" ], "proposition": { "code": "M07", "criterion": "A text that estimates the share of jobs, occupations or tasks exposed or susceptible to computerisation or AI from task or occupation descriptions.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "tbd-lab", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Internal research organisation", "name": "TBD Lab (Meta)", "aliases": [ "TBD lab" ], "description": "Team within Meta Superintelligence Labs focused on building machine superintelligence, as reported in August 2025.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-mx-cnbc-msl-four" ] }, { "id": "technology-and-the-american-economy-1966", "type": "document", "subtype": "Commission report", "name": "Technology and the American Economy: Report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Volume I", "shortName": "National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Technology and the American Economy (1966)", "aliases": [], "description": "Technology and the American Economy: Report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Volume I, by National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1966, xiv + 115 pp.; ERIC ED 023 803.", "sourceIds": [ "source-technology-and-the-american-economy-1966" ] }, { "id": "technology-innovation-institute", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Research institute", "name": "Technology Innovation Institute", "aliases": [], "description": "Abu Dhabi research institute, described by the UK government as from the UAE, listed among the organisations agreeing to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments in May 2024.", "sourceIds": [ "source-fasc-2024" ] }, { "id": "tencent", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Technology company", "name": "Tencent / 腾讯", "aliases": [ "腾讯", "Tencent Holdings" ], "description": "Technology company that develops the Hunyuan (混元) models.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gc-cls-tencent-2025" ] }, { "id": "tensor-programs-v", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research document", "name": "Tensor Programs V (2022 paper)", "aliases": [], "description": "A paper on transferring hyperparameters across model sizes. Its authorship predates xAI and does not prove adoption there.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xm-tensor-programs-v" ] }, { "id": "tesla", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Supporting institution", "name": "Tesla", "aliases": [], "description": "Supporting institution in Andrej Karpathy’s documented Director of AI tenure.", "sourceIds": [ "source-karpathy-bio" ] }, { "id": "thinking-machines-lab", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Supporting institution", "name": "Thinking Machines Lab", "aliases": [ "Thinking Machines" ], "description": "Supporting research organisation in John Schulman’s professional biography.", "sourceIds": [ "source-schulman-bio" ] }, { "id": "time-2023-shut-it-all-down", "type": "document", "subtype": "Magazine article", "name": "Pausing AI Developments Isn't Enough. We Need to Shut it All Down", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Pausing AI Developments Isn't Enough. We Need to Shut it All Down (2023)", "aliases": [], "description": "Pausing AI Developments Isn't Enough. We Need to Shut it All Down, by Eliezer Yudkowsky, dated 2023-03-29; read in the copy described by its source record.", "sourceIds": [ "source-time-2023-shut-it-all-down" ] }, { "id": "timothee-lacroix", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Timothée Lacroix", "sortName": "Lacroix, Timothée", "aliases": [ "Timothee Lacroix" ], "description": "Co-founder and chief technology officer of Mistral AI; earlier a Meta AI author of the first LLaMA paper.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-new-mistral-about", "source-xm-llama-paper" ] }, { "id": "toby-pohlen", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher", "name": "Toby Pohlen", "sortName": "Pohlen, Toby", "aliases": [], "description": "Researcher named on xAI’s July 2023 launch roster; this record does not establish a current role.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xai-team-2023" ] }, { "id": "tom-brown", "type": "person", "subtype": "Research engineer", "name": "Tom Brown", "sortName": "Brown, Tom", "aliases": [], "description": "The Tom Brown identified in Anthropic’s founder slide as a former OpenAI GPT-3 engineering lead.", "sourceIds": [ "source-anthropic-reinvent-2024" ] }, { "id": "tongyi-foundation-model-division", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Business division", "name": "Tongyi Foundation Model Division / 通义大模型事业部", "aliases": [ "通义大模型事业部" ], "description": "Alibaba Group division named in its 2026 annual report; reported in June 2026 to be merged into a new Token Foundry division.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gc-alibaba-20f-2026", "lg-src-gc-thepaper-alibaba-2026-06" ] }, { "id": "tool-without-goals", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "A tool that wants nothing", "aliases": [ "It's just a tool. It doesn't want anything." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y15 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-lw-2008-the-rhythm-of-disagreement", "source-lw-2008-dreams-of-friendliness" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y15", "criterion": "An explicit claim that an advanced AI system is a tool without wants and is therefore safe, on the premise that a system can be highly capable without having goals or optimising for outcomes, or that a system that only outputs answers or plans, leaving people to act on them, is safe.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "trajtenberg-2018-ai-as-the-next-gpt", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "AI as the Next GPT: A Political-Economy Perspective", "shortName": "Trajtenberg, AI as the Next GPT (2018)", "aliases": [], "description": "AI as the Next GPT: A Political-Economy Perspective, by Manuel Trajtenberg. NBER Working Paper 24245.", "sourceIds": [ "source-trajtenberg-2018-ai-as-the-next-gpt" ] }, { "id": "trammell-korinek-2020-growth-under-transformative-ai", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Economic Growth under Transformative AI: A guide to the vast range of possibilities for output growth, wages, and the labor share", "shortName": "Trammell and Korinek, Economic Growth under Transformative AI (2021)", "aliases": [], "description": "Economic Growth under Transformative AI: A guide to the vast range of possibilities for output growth, wages, and the labor share, by Philip Trammell, Anton Korinek. Global Priorities Institute Working Paper No. 8-2020.", "sourceIds": [ "source-trammell-korinek-2020-growth-under-transformative-ai" ] }, { "id": "trammell-korinek-2023-growth-under-transformative-ai-nber", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Economic Growth under Transformative AI (October 2023 version)", "shortName": "Trammell and Korinek, Economic Growth under Transformative AI (2023)", "aliases": [], "description": "Economic Growth under Transformative AI (October 2023 version), by Philip Trammell, Anton Korinek. NBER Working Paper 31815.", "sourceIds": [ "source-trammell-korinek-2023-growth-under-transformative-ai-nber" ] }, { "id": "trammell-korinek-2026-growth-under-transformative-ai-nber-revision", "type": "document", "subtype": "Working paper", "name": "Economic Growth under Transformative AI", "shortName": "Trammell and Korinek, Economic Growth under Transformative AI (2023)", "aliases": [], "description": "Economic Growth under Transformative AI, by Philip Trammell, Anton Korinek. NBER Working Paper 31815.", "sourceIds": [ "source-trammell-korinek-2026-growth-under-transformative-ai-nber-revision" ] }, { "id": "trapit-bansal", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher", "name": "Trapit Bansal", "sortName": "Bansal, Trapit", "aliases": [], "description": "Researcher described in Meta's June 2025 MSL memo as a co-creator of OpenAI's o-series models, named among new MSL team members.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-mx-cnbc-msl-memo" ] }, { "id": "treacherous-turn", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Treacherous turn", "aliases": [], "description": "A proposition about machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code B1 in the human-thought collection). A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cfai-2001-seed-html", "source-grace-2014-superintelligence-reading-group", "source-cotra-2022-without-specific-countermeasures" ], "proposition": { "code": "B1", "criterion": "A system behaves cooperatively or safely while weak, confined or overseen, and changes course to pursue its own goals once it can do so without effective opposition.", "terms": [ "treacherous turn" ] } }, { "id": "trevor-blackwell", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Trevor Blackwell", "sortName": "Blackwell, Trevor", "aliases": [], "description": "Named among OpenAI’s founding members in its December 2015 launch announcement.", "sourceIds": [ "source-openai-launch" ] }, { "id": "trpo-paper", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research paper (work)", "name": "Trust Region Policy Optimization", "aliases": [], "description": "Work-level identity. Evidence is scoped to the inspected arXiv v1 expression; a citation to this work does not identify which revision the citing author read.", "sourceIds": [ "source-trpo-paper-v1" ], "externalIds": { "arxiv": "1502.05477" } }, { "id": "tsinghua", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "University", "name": "Tsinghua University / 清华大学", "aliases": [], "description": "University connected through explicit research-unit, publication and historical role records.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-keg-search", "source-cn-zhipu-education", "source-cn-chatglm" ] }, { "id": "tsinghua-keg", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "University research laboratory", "name": "Tsinghua Knowledge Engineering Group / 知识工程实验室", "aliases": [ "KEG" ], "description": "Computer science research laboratory credited in Zhipu’s account of its origins; not treated as a corporate parent.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-keg-search", "source-cn-zhipu-profile" ] }, { "id": "turing-1947-lms-lecture", "type": "document", "subtype": "Lecture typescript", "name": "Lecture to the London Mathematical Society", "shortName": "Turing, LMS lecture (1947)", "aliases": [], "description": "Alan Turing’s lecture to the London Mathematical Society of 20 February 1947, held as an annotated typescript photocopy in the Turing Digital Archive (AMT/B/1). It was first printed in 1986.", "sourceIds": [ "source-turing-1947-amt-b-1" ] }, { "id": "turing-1950-computing-machinery", "type": "document", "subtype": "Journal article", "name": "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", "shortName": "Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950)", "aliases": [], "description": "Alan Turing’s paper in Mind, vol. LIX, no. 236 (October 1950), pp. 433–460, read in the original offprint held by the Turing Digital Archive (AMT/B/19).", "sourceIds": [ "source-turing-1950-amt-b-19" ] }, { "id": "turing-1951-can-digital-computers-think", "type": "document", "subtype": "Broadcast script", "name": "Can Digital Computers Think?", "shortName": "Turing, Can Digital Computers Think? (1951)", "aliases": [], "description": "Alan Turing’s script for a talk broadcast on the BBC Third Programme on 15 May 1951, held as an annotated typescript in the Turing Digital Archive (AMT/B/5).", "sourceIds": [ "source-turing-1951-amt-b-5" ] }, { "id": "turing-c1951-heretical-theory", "type": "document", "subtype": "Lecture typescript", "name": "Intelligent Machinery, a Heretical Theory", "shortName": "Turing, Intelligent Machinery, a Heretical Theory (c. 1951)", "aliases": [], "description": "A talk by Alan Turing to the ’51 Society in Manchester, catalogued by the Turing Digital Archive as c. 1951 (AMT/B/4, carbon and typescript versions). It was later printed in Sara Turing’s memoir.", "sourceIds": [ "source-turing-c1951-amt-b-4" ] }, { "id": "uk-aisi-evaluations-2024", "type": "document", "subtype": "Government evaluation report", "name": "UK AISI approach to evaluations (February 2024)", "aliases": [], "description": "Government report crediting METR’s contribution to demonstrations at the November 2023 AI Safety Summit.", "sourceIds": [ "source-eval-i-uk-approach" ] }, { "id": "unautomated-tasks-bottleneck-growth", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Essential unautomated tasks bottleneck growth", "aliases": [], "description": "A proposition about the economics of machine intelligence, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code G04, the explosive-growth debate). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-nordhaus-2015-cowles", "source-aghion-jones-jones-2017-nber-capture" ], "proposition": { "code": "G04", "criterion": "The text states that growth is constrained because essential tasks or inputs remain unautomated or unimproved, or are automated only slowly, so that automating many but not all tasks, or automating them gradually, does not by itself produce explosive growth (Baumol's cost disease; an elasticity of substitution below one between tasks or between information and other inputs). Reasons why automation stays incomplete or slow (technical difficulty, physical-world tasks, training data, regulation of AI training or deployment, slow adoption) belong here.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "understanding-implies-compliance", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "A superintelligence will do what we mean", "aliases": [ "A superintelligence will understand what we actually mean." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y03 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-aipnfgr-miri-reprint", "source-lw-2008-ghosts-in-the-machine" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y03", "criterion": "An explicit claim that a superintelligent system will act on what its makers actually mean, on the premise that an AI that understands what people intend will act on that understanding.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "university-of-toronto", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Supporting institution", "name": "University of Toronto", "aliases": [ "UofT" ], "description": "Academic institution identified on Jimmy Ba’s professional homepage.", "sourceIds": [ "source-ba-bio" ] }, { "id": "us-ai-safety-institute", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Government AI safety institute", "name": "U.S. AI Safety Institute", "shortName": "U.S. AISI", "aliases": [ "U.S. AISI" ], "description": "The U.S. AI Safety Institute under the name used in NIST’s April 2024 announcement, which describes it as housed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Later names, reorganisation and legal continuity are not recorded. It is distinct from the UK AI Safety Institute.", "sourceIds": [ "source-nist-us-aisi-leadership-2024" ] }, { "id": "us-white-house", "type": "public_body", "subtype": "Executive Office of the President of the United States", "name": "The White House", "aliases": [ "White House" ], "description": "Publisher of the 2023 voluntary AI commitments and the related fact sheets under the Biden–Harris administration. Those pages are now served from an archived site.", "sourceIds": [ "source-wh-factsheet-2023-07" ] }, { "id": "varun-mohan", "type": "person", "subtype": "Company leader", "name": "Varun Mohan", "sortName": "Mohan, Varun", "aliases": [], "description": "Reported as co-founder and CEO of Codeium/Windsurf; reported in July 2025 as joining Google DeepMind under the Google–Windsurf agreement.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-tc-codeium-2024", "lg-src-deal-verge-windsurf-2025" ] }, { "id": "vas-narasimhan", "type": "person", "subtype": "Board member", "name": "Vas Narasimhan", "sortName": "Narasimhan, Vas", "aliases": [], "description": "Announced by Anthropic on 14 April 2026 as appointed to its board of directors by the Long-Term Benefit Trust. Recorded here only for documented board roles.", "sourceIds": [ "source-anthropic-narasimhan-2026" ] }, { "id": "vibhu-mittal", "type": "person", "subtype": "Executive", "name": "Vibhu Mittal", "sortName": "Mittal, Vibhu", "aliases": [], "description": "Announced in May 2024 as Inflection AI's Chief Technology Officer.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-inflection-exec-2024" ] }, { "id": "vicki-cheung", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Vicki Cheung", "sortName": "Cheung, Vicki", "aliases": [], "description": "Named among OpenAI’s founding members in its December 2015 launch announcement.", "sourceIds": [ "source-openai-launch" ] }, { "id": "vijaye-raji", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Vijaye Raji", "sortName": "Raji, Vijaye", "aliases": [], "description": "Statsig founder and CEO announced in September 2025 as OpenAI’s CTO of Applications.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-statsig-2025" ] }, { "id": "vinge-1983-first-word", "type": "document", "subtype": "Magazine column", "name": "First Word", "shortName": "Vinge, First Word (Omni, 1983)", "aliases": [], "description": "Vernor Vinge’s column in Omni, January 1983, p. 10, read in a one-page scan; the issue is identified by the author’s own bibliography.", "sourceIds": [ "source-vinge-1983-omni-scan" ] }, { "id": "vinge-1993-coming-technological-singularity", "type": "document", "subtype": "Conference paper", "name": "The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era", "shortName": "Vinge, The Coming Technological Singularity (1993)", "aliases": [], "description": "Vernor Vinge’s paper presented at the VISION-21 Symposium (NASA Lewis Research Center, 30–31 March 1993) and published in its proceedings, NASA Conference Publication 10129, pp. 11–22.", "sourceIds": [ "source-vinge-1993-ntrs" ] }, { "id": "walt-disney-company", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Corporate group", "name": "The Walt Disney Company", "aliases": [ "Disney" ], "description": "Entertainment company that announced Karandeep Anand, then CEO of Character.AI, as its Chief Technology Officer in September 2026.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-disney-anand-2026" ] }, { "id": "wang-haifeng", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Wang Haifeng", "sortName": "Wang, Haifeng", "aliases": [ "王海峰", "Haifeng Wang" ], "description": "Chief technology officer of Baidu since May 2019 according to its 2025 annual report.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gc-baidu-20f-2025", "lg-src-gc-thepaper-baidu-2025" ] }, { "id": "wang-shaolan", "type": "person", "subtype": "Company leader", "name": "Wang Shaolan / 王绍兰", "sortName": "Wang, Shaolan", "aliases": [], "description": "Identified as Zhipu CEO at a June 2021 event. No inferred tenure endpoint or succession date.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-keg-search" ] }, { "id": "wang-xiaochuan", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Wang Xiaochuan", "sortName": "Wang, Xiaochuan", "aliases": [ "王小川" ], "description": "Credited by Baichuan Intelligence as its founder and described there as former CEO of Sogou.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-cn-baichuan-home" ] }, { "id": "warning-signs-in-time", "type": "concept", "subtype": "Proposition", "name": "Clear warning signs will come before danger", "aliases": [ "We'll see clear warning signs before it gets dangerous." ], "description": "A proposition about advanced AI, recorded with one criterion so that texts can be classified against it (code Y08 in the collection of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments). It is phrased generically and attributed to no one. A record says what a text states, not whether the proposition is true.", "sourceIds": [ "source-aipnfgr-miri-reprint", "source-lw-2013-after-critical-event-w-happens-they" ], "proposition": { "code": "Y08", "criterion": "An explicit claim that clear warning signs will appear before advanced AI becomes dangerous, on the premise that a recognisable, consensus-forming signal will come in time to act, that dangerous failure modes will first appear in weaker systems where they can be observed and fixed, or that a warning sign, once seen, will lead to effective action.", "terms": [] } }, { "id": "weak-strong-paper", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research paper (work)", "name": "Weak-to-Strong Generalization: Eliciting Strong Capabilities With Weak Supervision", "aliases": [], "description": "Weak-model supervision experiments presented as an analogy for supervising superhuman models.", "sourceIds": [ "source-weak-strong-paper-v1" ], "externalIds": { "arxiv": "2312.09390" } }, { "id": "wh-voluntary-ai-commitments-2023-07", "type": "document", "subtype": "Voluntary commitment text", "name": "Ensuring Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy AI: voluntary AI commitments (July 2023)", "shortName": "White House commitments (July 2023)", "aliases": [ "Voluntary AI Commitments (July 2023)" ], "description": "The White House text of eight voluntary AI commitments under the headings safety, security and trust, announced on 21 July 2023 with seven companies. A commitment text, not evidence of what any company did.", "sourceIds": [ "source-wh-commitments-2023-07" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "Date of the White House fact sheet that announced the commitments and linked this text; the PDF itself is undated.", "family": "us-voluntary-ai-commitments", "label": "July 2023 text", "publishedAt": "2023-07-21", "publisherId": "us-white-house" } }, { "id": "wh-voluntary-ai-commitments-2023-09", "type": "document", "subtype": "Voluntary commitment text", "name": "Voluntary AI Commitments (September 2023)", "shortName": "White House commitments (Sept. 2023)", "aliases": [], "description": "The White House text of the voluntary AI commitments linked from the fact sheet of 12 September 2023 on the second round of eight companies. Its scope clause differs from the July text.", "sourceIds": [ "source-wh-commitments-2023-09" ], "documentVersion": { "dateNote": "Date of the White House fact sheet that announced the second round and linked this text; the PDF itself is undated.", "family": "us-voluntary-ai-commitments", "label": "September 2023 text", "publishedAt": "2023-09-12", "publisherId": "us-white-house" } }, { "id": "wiener-1960-some-moral-technical", "type": "document", "subtype": "Journal article", "name": "Some Moral and Technical Consequences of Automation", "shortName": "Wiener, Some Moral and Technical Consequences of Automation (1960)", "aliases": [], "description": "Norbert Wiener’s article in Science 131 (3410), 6 May 1960, pp. 1355–1358, adapted from a lecture to the American Association for the Advancement of Science of 27 December 1959.", "sourceIds": [ "source-wiener-1960-science" ] }, { "id": "will-hurd", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Will Hurd", "sortName": "Hurd, Will", "aliases": [], "description": "Former US congressman announced as joining OpenAI’s board of directors in May 2021.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-hurd-2021" ] }, { "id": "windsurf", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI company", "name": "Windsurf", "aliases": [ "Codeium", "Exafunction" ], "description": "AI coding company that began as Exafunction in 2021, was known as Codeium and renamed itself Windsurf in April 2025; Cognition announced an agreement to acquire it in July 2025.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-windsurf-rename-2025", "lg-src-deal-cognition-windsurf-2025" ] }, { "id": "wojciech-zaremba", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher / institutional actor", "name": "Wojciech Zaremba", "sortName": "Zaremba, Wojciech", "aliases": [], "description": "Named among OpenAI’s founding research engineers and scientists in December 2015.", "sourceIds": [ "source-openai-launch" ] }, { "id": "wu-tian", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Wu Tian", "sortName": "Wu, Tian", "aliases": [ "吴甜" ], "description": "Reported in November 2025 as head of Baidu's new foundation-model R&D department.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gc-thepaper-baidu-2025" ] }, { "id": "wu-yonghui", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Wu Yonghui", "sortName": "Wu, Yonghui", "aliases": [ "吴永辉", "Yonghui Wu" ], "description": "Reported as Google DeepMind vice president of research before joining ByteDance in 2025 to head foundational research in its Seed team.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gc-jiemian-wu-2025", "lg-src-gc-cls-alibaba-2026-03" ] }, { "id": "wu-yuxin", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Wu Yuxin", "sortName": "Wu, Yuxin", "aliases": [ "吴育昕", "Yuxin Wu" ], "description": "Reported as a co-founder of Moonshot AI; his personal page states earlier work at Google Brain and Facebook AI Research.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gc-36kr-moonshot-2025", "lg-src-gc-yuxin-wu-home" ] }, { "id": "x-company", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Institutional referent", "name": "X (social media company)", "aliases": [], "description": "The social media business identified as X in the March 2025 acquisition announcement. This referent does not resolve its full legal holding structure.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xm-x-acquisition" ] }, { "id": "x-moonshot-factory", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Research and development unit", "name": "X, the moonshot factory", "aliases": [ "Google X", "X Development" ], "description": "Alphabet's research and development unit, named by Google DeepMind as the place where Google Brain started in 2011.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-goo-gdm-about" ] }, { "id": "xai", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI laboratory", "name": "xAI", "aliases": [ "x.ai" ], "description": "The AI organisation named in the 2023 public launch and 2024 financing and Colossus announcements. Later corporate changes are outside this historical slice.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xai-series-b", "source-nvidia-colossus", "source-xai-team-2023" ] }, { "id": "xai-open-weights-2024", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research document", "name": "Grok-1 open-weight release announcement (2024)", "aliases": [], "description": "Release-policy announcement for base weights and architecture under Apache 2.0. It does not establish release of training data or the entire development process.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xm-open-weights" ] }, { "id": "xai-research-programme-2023", "type": "document", "subtype": "Research document", "name": "Announcing Grok / research programme (2023)", "aliases": [], "description": "xAI’s initial public research directions, including scalable oversight and formal verification; an agenda rather than demonstrated results.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xm-research-programme" ] }, { "id": "xu-bin", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Xu Bin", "sortName": "Xu, Bin", "aliases": [ "许斌", "許斌" ], "description": "Named in Zhipu’s December 2025 prospectus as a co-founder.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-zhipu-prospectus" ] }, { "id": "yan-junjie", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Yan Junjie", "sortName": "Yan, Junjie", "aliases": [ "闫俊杰", "Junjie Yan" ], "description": "Named in MiniMax’s December 2025 prospectus as founder, chairman, CEO and CTO; previously at SenseTime.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-cn-minimax-prospectus" ] }, { "id": "yang-zhilin", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Yang Zhilin", "sortName": "Yang, Zhilin", "aliases": [ "杨植麟", "Zhilin Yang" ], "description": "Reported as founder and chief executive of Moonshot AI; his personal page states earlier work at Google Brain and Meta AI.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-cn-scmp-yang-2024", "lg-src-cn-yang-zhilin-home" ] }, { "id": "yann-lecun", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher", "name": "Yann LeCun", "sortName": "LeCun, Yann", "aliases": [], "description": "Research leader documented in FAIR’s early development and as Meta Chief AI Scientist in June 2023. Historical snapshots do not imply a current role.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xm-fair-paris", "source-xm-ijepa" ] }, { "id": "yao-shunyu", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Yao Shunyu", "sortName": "Yao, Shunyu", "aliases": [ "姚顺雨", "Shunyu Yao", "Vinces Yao" ], "description": "Former OpenAI researcher reported as Tencent's Chief AI Scientist from December 2025.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gc-cls-tencent-2025", "lg-src-gc-yao-shunyu-home" ] }, { "id": "yasmin-razavi", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Yasmin Razavi", "sortName": "Razavi, Yasmin", "aliases": [], "description": "General Partner at Spark Capital whose joining of Anthropic's board of directors Anthropic announced in May 2023.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-ant-series-c-2023" ] }, { "id": "yi-tay", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Yi Tay", "sortName": "Tay, Yi", "aliases": [], "description": "Co-founder of Reka who announced his return to Google DeepMind in November 2024.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-new-yitay-return-2024", "lg-src-new-decoder-reka-2023" ] }, { "id": "yin-qi", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Yin Qi", "sortName": "Yin, Qi", "aliases": [ "印奇" ], "description": "Reported in January 2026 as having joined StepFun as chairman.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-cn-qbitai-stepfun-2026" ] }, { "id": "yoav-shoham", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Yoav Shoham", "sortName": "Shoham, Yoav", "aliases": [], "description": "Co-founder and chairman of AI21 Labs; described by AI21 as Google’s former Principal Scientist.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-new-ai21-about" ] }, { "id": "yudkowsky-2008-hard-takeoff", "type": "document", "subtype": "Forum post", "name": "Hard Takeoff", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Hard Takeoff (2008)", "aliases": [], "description": "A post by Eliezer Yudkowsky first published on Overcoming Bias on 2 December 2008, now hosted on LessWrong.", "sourceIds": [ "source-yudkowsky-2008-hard-takeoff" ] }, { "id": "yudkowsky-2008-recursive-self-improvement", "type": "document", "subtype": "Forum post", "name": "Recursive Self-Improvement", "shortName": "Yudkowsky, Recursive Self-Improvement (2008)", "aliases": [], "description": "A post by Eliezer Yudkowsky first published on Overcoming Bias on 1 December 2008 during the debate with Robin Hanson, now hosted on LessWrong.", "sourceIds": [ "source-yudkowsky-2008-recursive-self-improvement", "source-yudkowsky-2008-recursive-self-improvement-miri-2013" ] }, { "id": "yuhuai-wu", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher", "name": "Yuhuai (Tony) Wu", "sortName": "Wu, Yuhuai", "aliases": [ "Tony Wu" ], "description": "Listed on xAI's July 2023 launch team (from the University of Toronto); reported as an xAI co-founder; announced his resignation from xAI in February 2026.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xai-team-2023", "lg-src-mx-wu-departure" ] }, { "id": "yun-yeyi", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Yun Yeyi", "sortName": "Yun, Yeyi", "aliases": [], "description": "Named in MiniMax’s December 2025 prospectus as one of its founders, executive Director and chief operating officer; previously at SenseTime.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-cn-minimax-prospectus" ] }, { "id": "zach-brock", "type": "person", "subtype": "Company leader", "name": "Zach Brock", "sortName": "Brock, Zach", "aliases": [], "description": "Adept's Head of Engineering, announced in June 2024 as taking over as Adept's CEO.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-deal-adept-update-2024" ] }, { "id": "zach-robinson", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Zach Robinson", "sortName": "Robinson, Zach", "aliases": [], "description": "Interim CEO of Effective Ventures US named in 2023 as an initial Trustee of Anthropic's Long-Term Benefit Trust.", "sourceIds": [ "source-anthropic-ltbt-2023" ] }, { "id": "zero-one-ai", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI company", "name": "01.AI", "aliases": [ "01.ai" ], "description": "AI company added on 7 February 2025, as “01.ai”, to the list of organisations agreeing to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.", "sourceIds": [ "source-fasc-2024" ] }, { "id": "zhang-bo", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Zhang Bo", "sortName": "Zhang, Bo", "aliases": [ "张钹", "張鈸" ], "description": "Named in Zhipu’s December 2025 prospectus as chief scientist; academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-cn-zhipu-prospectus-en" ] }, { "id": "zhang-peng", "type": "person", "subtype": "Company leader", "name": "Zhang Peng / 张鹏", "sortName": "Zhang, Peng", "aliases": [], "description": "Identified as Zhipu CEO at an August 2024 university ceremony.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-zhipu-education" ] }, { "id": "zhang-xiangyu", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Zhang Xiangyu", "sortName": "Zhang, Xiangyu", "aliases": [ "张祥雨" ], "description": "Reported in January 2026 as StepFun’s chief scientist.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-cn-qbitai-stepfun-2026" ] }, { "id": "zhipu", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "AI research company", "name": "Zhipu AI / 智谱", "shortName": "Zhipu AI", "aliases": [ "Z.ai", "北京智谱华章科技" ], "description": "Company reporting a 2019 origin in commercialisation of Tsinghua KEG research. Brand usage, university origins and legal ownership are not equated.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-zhipu-profile", "source-cn-zhipu-prospectus" ] }, { "id": "zhipu-profile", "type": "document", "subtype": "Retrospective company profile", "name": "关于智谱 — company history", "aliases": [], "description": "Undated company account reporting a 2019 origin through KEG research commercialisation.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-zhipu-profile" ] }, { "id": "zhou-bowen", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Zhou Bowen", "sortName": "Zhou, Bowen", "aliases": [ "周伯文", "Bowen Zhou" ], "description": "Director and chief scientist of Shanghai AI Laboratory from April 2024 according to his Tsinghua faculty page.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gc-tsinghua-zhou-bowen" ] }, { "id": "zhou-xinyu", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Zhou Xinyu", "sortName": "Zhou, Xinyu", "aliases": [ "周昕宇", "Xinyu Zhou" ], "description": "Reported as a co-founder of Moonshot AI.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gc-36kr-moonshot-2025" ] }, { "id": "zhu-wenjia", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Zhu Wenjia", "sortName": "Zhu, Wenjia", "aliases": [ "朱文佳" ], "description": "Reported as the head of ByteDance's first large-model team from 2023.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-gc-jiemian-wu-2025" ] }, { "id": "zhu-yibo", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Zhu Yibo", "sortName": "Zhu, Yibo", "aliases": [ "朱亦博" ], "description": "Reported as a member of StepFun’s core founding team (system lead) and, in January 2026, as its CTO.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-cn-cls-stepfun-2024", "lg-src-cn-qbitai-stepfun-2026" ] }, { "id": "zhuhai-productivity-fund", "type": "organisation", "subtype": "Investment partnership", "name": "珠海市新質生產力投資基金合夥企業（有限合夥）", "shortName": "Zhuhai fund", "aliases": [ "Zhuhai New Quality Productive Forces Investment Fund" ], "description": "Named contractual lender in Zhipu’s prospectus. Descriptive translation: Zhuhai New Quality Productive Forces Investment Fund partnership; no official English legal name asserted.", "sourceIds": [ "source-cn-zhipu-prospectus" ] }, { "id": "zico-kolter", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher", "name": "Zico Kolter", "sortName": "Kolter, Zico", "aliases": [], "description": "Carnegie Mellon machine-learning department head appointed to OpenAI’s board in August 2024 and named chair of its Safety and Security Committee in September 2024.", "sourceIds": [ "lg-src-oai-kolter-2024", "source-openai-ssc-update-2024" ] }, { "id": "zihang-dai", "type": "person", "subtype": "Researcher", "name": "Zihang Dai", "sortName": "Dai, Zihang", "aliases": [], "description": "Listed on xAI's July 2023 launch team; reported in March 2026 among xAI co-founders who had left since January 2026.", "sourceIds": [ "source-xai-team-2023", "lg-src-mx-bi-kroiss" ] }, { "id": "zoubin-ghahramani", "type": "person", "subtype": "Institutional actor", "name": "Zoubin Ghahramani", "sortName": "Ghahramani, Zoubin", "aliases": [], "description": "Named in the April 2023 Google DeepMind announcement as joining the unit's research leadership team.", "sourceIds": [ "source-deepmind-combination" ] } ]