Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers
Arthur L. Samuel, “Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers”. IBM Journal of Research and Development 3 (3), pp. 210–229 (published July 1959). Crossref published-print date (published July 1959). Read in a later reprint; the IBM Journal text itself (IEEE Xplore) was not retrieved.
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- Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers IBM Journal of Research and Development (reprint hosted on an MIT CSAIL personal page) · published 1959-07 · Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-29 (SHA-256 210a4e8a61eba7ac079a2ac54c2f81009f36310352d0e4f48bbb1d002d54e1cc). Later reprint, numbered 4.3.3 with printed pp. 535–, in an unidentified collection; it states that the paper was originally published in the IBM Journal, vol. 3, no. 3, July 1959. Scanned PDF with an OCR text layer of uneven quality; quotations avoid garbled passages.
- Crossref record for DOI 10.1147/rd.33.0210 Crossref REST API (bibliographic index; publisher-deposited metadata) · published 1959-07 · Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-29 (SHA-256 86bed5363a7b6962abf756e7ad01ce476f2f1c9ee7228f0ffec80ba8fb8cde48). Index record (JSON) for the IBM Journal article
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- Learning to Predict by the Methods of Temporal DifferencesAccording to Sutton (1988), temporal-difference methods had been used in Samuel's checker player, Holland's bucket brigade and the author's Adaptive Heuristic Critic.1988 · publication · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗Learning to Predict by the Methods of Temporal Differences: document page →
- Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (second edition)According to Sutton and Barto (2018), Samuel (1959) proposed and implemented a learning method that included temporal-difference ideas, in his checkers-playing program.2018 · publication · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (second edition): document page →
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