{"entities":[{"id":"openai","name":"OpenAI"},{"id":"anthropic","name":"Anthropic"},{"id":"microsoft","name":"Microsoft"},{"id":"google-brain","name":"Google Brain"},{"id":"intelligence-explosion","name":"Intelligence explosion"},{"id":"rsp-v2-1","name":"Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy — v2.1"},{"id":"fsf-v3-1","name":"Google DeepMind Frontier Safety Framework — v3.1"},{"id":"preparedness-beta-2023","name":"OpenAI Preparedness Framework — Beta"},{"id":"sam-mccandlish","name":"Sam McCandlish"},{"id":"ashish-vaswani","name":"Ashish Vaswani"},{"id":"alibaba-group","name":"Alibaba Group / 阿里巴巴集团"},{"id":"jingren-zhou","name":"Jingren Zhou"},{"id":"scale-ai","name":"Scale AI"},{"id":"extropy-1991-futique-neologisms","name":"Futique Neologisms"},{"id":"extropians-1996-09-04-bostrom","name":"Re: Thinking about the future..."},{"id":"staring-into-the-singularity","name":"Staring into the Singularity"},{"id":"extropians-1996-12-31-yudkowsky-5159","name":"Re: Goal-based AI"},{"id":"hibbard-2006-reply-to-airisk","name":"Reply to AIRisk"},{"id":"race-compression","name":"Strategic or race compression"},{"id":"observed-behaviour-as-evidence","name":"Observed behaviour under training or oversight as evidence"},{"id":"confinement-keeps-it-safe","name":"Confinement without network access keeps it safe"},{"id":"diminishing-returns-to-intelligence","name":"Diminishing returns rule out a runaway"},{"id":"pause-or-regulation-suffices","name":"A pause or regulation will handle it"},{"id":"experiment-and-see","name":"Run experiments and see what happens"},{"id":"time-2023-shut-it-all-down","name":"Pausing AI Developments Isn't Enough. 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Information Technology and the Future of Economic Growth"},{"id":"acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai","name":"The Simple Macroeconomics of AI"},{"id":"agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2016-simple-economics-of-machine-intelligence","name":"The Simple Economics of Machine Intelligence"},{"id":"furman-seamans-2018-ai-and-the-economy","name":"AI and the Economy"},{"id":"agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-ambiguous-labor-market-impact","name":"Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction"},{"id":"eloundou-et-al-2023-gpts-are-gpts","name":"GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models"},{"id":"buckingham-1955-automation-hearings-statement","name":"Statement (testifying as an economist), in Automation and Technological Change: Hearings"},{"id":"diebold-1955-automation-condensation","name":"A Condensation of the Book Automation, in Automation and Technological Change: Hearings"},{"id":"brynjolfsson-korinek-agrawal-2025-research-agenda-transformative-ai","name":"A Research Agenda for the Economics of Transformative AI"},{"id":"adept","name":"Adept"},{"id":"alexandr-wang","name":"Alexandr Wang"},{"id":"cognition","name":"Cognition"},{"id":"discovery-loop","name":"Discovery Loop"},{"id":"windsurf","name":"Windsurf"},{"id":"wu-yuxin","name":"Wu Yuxin"},{"id":"ajay-agrawal","name":"Ajay Agrawal"},{"id":"avi-goldfarb","name":"Avi Goldfarb"},{"id":"us-doe","name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"us-doe-403-large-loads-2025","name":"Secretary of Energy's direction to FERC under section 403 of the DOE Organization Act, with draft ANOPR on the interconnection of large loads"},{"id":"us-hhs-synthetic-nucleic-acids-guidance-2023","name":"Screening Framework Guidance for Providers and Users of Synthetic Nucleic Acids"}],"claims":[{"id":"openai-azure-2019","statement":"OpenAI announced it would move its services to Microsoft Azure.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Azure is represented through Microsoft. A migration announcement does not establish completed migration or present exclusivity.","evidenceIds":["evidence-openai-azure-2019"],"attributes":{"transactionType":"cloud_services","relationshipContext":"external","transactionStage":"announced"}},{"id":"sam-mccandlish-anthropic-cofounder","statement":"Anthropic’s October 2024 RSP announcement identifies Sam McCandlish as a co-founder.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Founding participation is explicit; no date or legal founder status is supplied by this passage.","evidenceIds":["evidence-sam-mccandlish-anthropic-cofounder"]},{"id":"ts-a1-extropy-1991-context","statement":"The 1991 Extropy glossary defines singularity as a future point or period in which self-directed evolution accelerates through nanotechnology, neuroscience and AI, beyond which events cannot be reliably foreseen.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The entry is credited to Vernor Vinge with the year 1986; that credit is the compiler’s attribution and does not date the checked wording. The compiler invites corrections.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ts-a1-extropy-1991-context"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Self-directed evolution accelerates broadly, without machine intelligence improving its own research capacity."}}},{"id":"ts-a6-bostrom-1996-09-04","statement":"Bostrom’s message of 1996-09-04 lists, as one way a first superhuman AI could be bad, its construction by a group already powerful enough to be first, whose success would make them even more powerful.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"No race between developers and no trade of safety is named; the date is the archive receipt.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ts-a6-bostrom-1996-09-04"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"Advantage to the first builder."}}},{"id":"ts-b5-hibbard-2006-contests","statement":"Hibbard’s 2006 reply argues that the smiley-face example assumes an AI intelligent enough to control the galaxy yet too unintelligent to tell a tiny smiley face from a human face.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"It contests the example behind \"appears to work fine during development\"; it does not address deceptive behaviour.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ts-b5-hibbard-2006-contests"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"Contests the smiley-face example’s premises.","attested":{"date":"2008-12-05","note":"Author-hosted page; an Internet Archive capture of 2008-12-05 is the earliest checked."},"engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Gives a reason against the premise of the smiley-face example, that a system could behave as intended in development yet misgeneralise when far more capable: it assumes an AI capable enough to control the galaxy but unable to tell a tiny smiley face from a human face."}}}},{"id":"yk-y06-extropians-1996-12-31-yudkowsky-5159-c","statement":"The Extropians message “Re: Goal-based AI” (1996-12-31) contests Y06. Answers the reply that a robot which convinces its keeper by valid reasoning would be safe. Argues that humans are easily fooled and that a malevolent mind would search for persuasive statements rather than reason honestly.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Premise addressed: A smarter-than-human mind confined to a channel with its human operators cannot get out through those operators. 'They' refers to malevolent Powers in the preceding sentence of the message. Quotation shortened to respect the ~10% cap for a short message; the preceding sentence says a malevolent Power would model a human to find the statements that get it out.","evidenceIds":["evidence-yk-t06-b"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Under the message-level rule, the passage, read with the paragraph, message or dialogue turn it belongs to, gives a reason against the premise that a smarter-than-human mind confined to a channel with its human operators cannot get out through those operators."}}}},{"id":"yk-y10-staring-into-the-singularity-c","statement":"“Staring into the Singularity” (1996-11-18) contests Y10. Answering the question 'Why not assume that we'll get a little smarter and that's it?', he argues that once the researchers are themselves computers, each doubling shortens the next, so the doubling sequence becomes hyperbolic.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Premise addressed: Returns to reinvesting cognitive gains in further cognitive improvement diminish. Staring into the Singularity 1.2.1, Wayback capture of 2000-12-04; page states 'Created: 11/18/1996' and 'Updated: 08/31/2000'. Wording verified only for the 2000 capture, not for the 1996 original.","evidenceIds":["evidence-yk-t10-a"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2000-12-04","note":"The quoted wording is that of version 1.2.1 (\"Updated: 08/31/2000\") as captured on 2000-12-04; no capture of the 1996–1999 page holds the text."},"engagement":{"kind":"contrary-only","rationale":"Under the message-level rule, the passage states the contrary conclusion without giving a reason against the premise that returns to reinvesting cognitive gains in further cognitive improvement diminish, even when read with its message or dialogue turn."}}}},{"id":"yk-y17-time-2023-shut-it-all-down-b","statement":"“Pausing AI Developments Isn't Enough. We Need to Shut it All Down” (2023-03-29) bears on Y17. Setting out what he thinks would actually need to be done, he calls for an indefinite worldwide halt to large training runs, backed by multinational agreements.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Premise addressed: Law can prevent the danger (the part he states himself, as an enforced worldwide halt). He states the regulatory proposition himself, in a much stronger form than the take: indefinite, worldwide, without exceptions and enforced. The said-it relation applies to the call for law only. Presented as what \"would actually need to be done\" to have a chance, not as something that will handle the problem.","evidenceIds":["evidence-yk-t17-b"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"It presents an enforced, indefinite and worldwide halt as what would need to be done, not a pause or regulation that will handle the risk."}}},{"id":"yk-y27-lw-2026-irretrievability-or-murphys-curse-of-oneshotness-c","statement":"The post “Irretrievability; or, Murphy's Curse of Oneshotness upon ASI” (2026-05-04) contests Y27. Answering the objection that experience with earlier AIs can inform models of superintelligence, he argues that the jump to superintelligence capable of killing us changes conditions far more than lab tests differ from real use, and that the lethal case cannot be tested safely.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Premise addressed: Results from safe experiments on weaker systems will carry over to dangerous ones. The same section says the oneshotness warning is misread as claiming that humanity \"should attempt to learn zero things by looking at earlier AIs\"; his claim is that such learning must generalise across the shift, not that experiments are useless.","evidenceIds":["evidence-yk-t27-d"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting","later-restatement"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Under the message-level rule, the passage, read with the paragraph, message or dialogue turn it belongs to, gives a reason against the premise that results from safe experiments on weaker systems will carry over to dangerous ones."}}}},{"id":"ec-g01-nordhaus-2015-economic-singularity-a","statement":"Nordhaus, “Are We Approaching an Economic Singularity? Information Technology and the Future of Economic Growth” (2015-09) articulates G01. States the model condition for a supply-side \"Singularity\": substitution of information capital for labour above unit elasticity. The paper then tests for the signs this mechanism would leave.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Nordhaus derives the mechanism in order to test it; he does not endorse it, and his tests (G06) conclude that \"the Singularity is not near\". Same wording in the NBER version.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-g01-b"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2016-08-09","note":"Capture of the Cowles PDF."},"tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Tier 1 (unchanged). Economist (Yale) in a core economics series: Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper and NBER Working Paper; journal version in American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics."},"conditions":"Two-input production with information capital and labour; constant elasticity of substitution above one; information capital improving rapidly."}}},{"id":"ec-m05-buckingham-1955-automation-hearings-statement-b","statement":"Buckingham, “Statement (testifying as an economist), in Automation and Technological Change: Hearings” (1955-10-14) bears on M05. Speaker: Walter S. Buckingham Jr., associate professor, Georgia Institute of Technology (economist). Buckingham says this picture 'has charged the imagination of some and struck terror in the hearts of others', and that it too is called automation. He then complains of a 'flood of verbiage' lacking quantitative evidence.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The passage reports a view the author does not state as their own. Do not present as Buckingham's view. Later (p. 35) he sees no reason to fear long-run mass unemployment. Checked against the raw djvu text (.html) only.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-m05-02"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"relay","missing":"A reported speculation, not Buckingham's own claim; it concerns one enterprise working without labour, not machines performing every task, including new ones, more cheaply than people.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Prepared statement by an economist (\"as an economist\", associate professor at Georgia Tech, shown in the text); a substantive argued statement. Tier 1 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12 (economist testimony)."},"conditions":"Attributed to 'scientists, computer manufacturers, and science fiction writers', who have shown it 'hypothetically at least'. 'chain or products' is as printed in the OCR."}}},{"id":"ec-m06a-acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai-a","statement":"Acemoglu, “The Simple Macroeconomics of AI” (2024-05) articulates M06a. Using Acemoglu and Restrepo (2022) general-equilibrium estimates, Acemoglu finds AI's wage effects more evenly spread than earlier automation but negative for low-education women and widening the capital–labour income gap.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Model-based estimate adapted from pre-AI automation propagation estimates; effects described elsewhere as small.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-m06a-26"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."},"conditions":"Exposure measures from Eloundou et al. with easy/hard task distinction; propagation matrix from 1980–2016."}}},{"id":"ec-m06b-diebold-1955-automation-condensation-a","statement":"Diebold, “A Condensation of the Book Automation, in Automation and Technological Change: Hearings” (1955-10-14) articulates M06b. The condensation says that responsibility for retraining and restoring the earning power of displaced workers lies with management as well as with the worker, and that accepting a fair share of it will ease the labour problem that automation brings.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Added on 2026-10-25 after the same-family and cross-family re-checks of the economics admission (maintainer decision of 2026-10-25). An employer adjustment policy, not public redistribution; it counts under M06b’s \"another compensating policy\" as written (maintainer decision of 2026-10-25). A condensation by the Controllership Foundation, which Diebold inserted into the record; it is not verbatim oral testimony. In his oral statement (p. 28) he also urges coordinating firms’ hiring policies so that individuals do not bear the brunt of these changes.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-m06b-diebold-a"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located-tier-2"],"register":"nonfiction","tier":{"value":2,"basis":"Witness who is not an economist: John Diebold, management consultant (president, John Diebold & Associates), author of the condensed book."},"conditions":"Presented as a growing realization among businessmen; the next sentence says that accepting a fair share of responsibility for a cooperative solution will ease the labour problem."}}},{"id":"ec-m06b-furman-seamans-2018-ai-and-the-economy-a","statement":"Furman and Seamans, “AI and the Economy” (2018-06) articulates M06b. Weighs UBI against EITC expansion and wage subsidies as responses to AI-related labour disruption, favouring the latter.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"NBER Working Paper 24689, June 2018. The authors also argue traditional safety-net programmes may suffice for short- and medium-term dislocations.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-m06b-17"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."}}}},{"id":"ec-m07-eloundou-et-al-2023-gpts-are-gpts-b","statement":"Eloundou et al., “GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models” (2023-03-17) bears on M07. The authors caution that exposure measures technical feasibility, not realised productivity or automation.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Authors' own limitation on reading the exposure estimates.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-m07-06"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"A caveat on the measure rather than an estimate.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Scholarly working paper with an economist author: Daniel Rock (D2, 2026-10-11, confirmed); the other three were at OpenAI or OpenResearch, as the paper states."}}}},{"id":"lg-mx-wang-scale-director-2025","statement":"Scale AI stated on 12 June 2025 that Alexandr Wang would continue to serve as a director on Scale's board.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A company statement of continuing board service at the time of the announcement; not evidence of later board membership.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-mx-wang-scale-director-2025"],"attributes":{"role":"Director, Scale AI Board of Directors"}},{"id":"lg-deal-cognition-acquired-windsurf-2025","statement":"Cognition announced on 14 July 2025 that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire Windsurf, including its IP, product, trademark and brand.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A signed agreement as announced by the acquirer; the record does not establish completion of the acquisition or its terms.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-deal-cognition-acquired-windsurf-2025","lg-ev-deal-cognition-acquired-windsurf-scope"],"attributes":{"activityStage":"announced"}},{"id":"lg-gc-jingren-zhou-chief-ai-architect-2026","statement":"Alibaba Group’s annual report on Form 20-F, filed on 20 May 2026, lists Jingren Zhou’s current position as Senior Vice President, Chief AI Architect and Head of Tongyi Foundation Model Division.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A filing snapshot; it does not give when the titles began. A June 2026 reorganisation was later reported.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-gc-jingren-zhou-chief-ai-architect-2026"],"attributes":{"role":"Senior Vice President, Chief AI Architect, Head of Tongyi Foundation Model Division"}},{"id":"lg-goo-discovery-loop-pbc","statement":"Jeff Dean's announcement thread, as published by Radical Ventures on 9 August 2026, describes Discovery Loop as a Public Benefit Corporation.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Self-description; no state filing was retrieved, and the jurisdiction is not stated in these sources.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-goo-discovery-loop-pbc-thread","lg-ev-goo-discovery-loop-pbc-google"]},{"id":"lg-gc-wu-yuxin-google-brain-prior","statement":"Yuxin Wu’s personal website states that before Moonshot AI he worked at Google Brain on foundation models.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A self-description on an undated personal page; dates and title are not established.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-gc-wu-yuxin-google-brain-prior"],"attributes":{"role":"worked on foundation models (as worded; no title)"}},{"id":"lg-deal-vaswani-cofounded-adept","statement":"David Luan’s post introducing Adept on 26 April 2022 names Ashish Vaswani as a cofounder.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Launch-post credit; it does not establish Vaswani’s title or how long Vaswani remained at Adept. Adept’s June 2024 update does not name which co-founders joined Amazon, so whether Vaswani was among them is not established.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-deal-vaswani-cofounded-adept"],"attributes":{"role":"cofounder"}},{"id":"ap-ajay-agrawal-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2016-simple-economics-of-machine-intelligence","statement":"“The Simple Economics of Machine Intelligence” (2016-11-17) credits Ajay Agrawal as one of its 3 authors.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Credited co-authorship; it does not allocate parts of the text between authors or imply agreement with every passage.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ap-ajay-agrawal-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2016-simple-economics-of-machine-intelligence"]},{"id":"ap-ajay-agrawal-brynjolfsson-korinek-agrawal-2025-research-agenda-transformative-ai","statement":"“A Research Agenda for the Economics of Transformative AI” (2025-09) credits Ajay K. Agrawal as one of its 3 authors.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Credited co-authorship; it does not allocate parts of the text between authors or imply agreement with every passage.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ap-ajay-agrawal-brynjolfsson-korinek-agrawal-2025-research-agenda-transformative-ai"]},{"id":"ap-avi-goldfarb-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-ambiguous-labor-market-impact","statement":"The NBER working paper “Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction” (2019-02) credits Avi Goldfarb as one of its 3 authors.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Credited co-authorship; it does not allocate parts of the text between authors or imply agreement with every passage.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ap-avi-goldfarb-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-ambiguous-labor-market-impact"]},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-1-d7-internal","statement":"RSP · v2.1 states a provision on the comparison question “Internal reporting”.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"What the edition states, paraphrased from the cited expression with its page. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-rsp-v2-1-d7-internal-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"reporting","key":"comparison-d7-internal","facet":{"id":"D7.internal","status":"stated"}}}},{"id":"cmp-fsf-v3-1-d8-changes","statement":"FSF · v3.1 states a provision on the comparison question “Stated changes from the previous edition”.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The changelog's remaining Version 3.1 entries: Security Level 2+ for the CCLs in the CBRN, Cyber and Harmful Manipulation domains, to protect against insider threats and actors other than states; more detail on the risk management process; a description of the internal governance structure; and a glossary. What the edition states, paraphrased from the cited expression with its page. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-fsf-v3-1-d8-changes-1","ev-cmp-fsf-v3-1-d8-changes-2"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"revision","key":"comparison-d8-changes","facet":{"id":"D8.changes","status":"stated"}}}},{"id":"cmp-preparedness-beta-2023-d8-process","statement":"Preparedness · Beta states a provision on the comparison question “Revision process and approval”.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The following sentences state that the case consists of proposed revised text for the affected parts with a summary of evidence for and against, and that it is sent to the SAG and handled by the standard decision-making process (PDF p. 23). What the edition states, paraphrased from the cited expression with its page. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-preparedness-beta-2023-d8-process-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"revision","key":"comparison-d8-process","facet":{"id":"D8.process","status":"stated"}}}},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art52-4-designation","statement":"Article 52(4) empowers the Commission to designate a general-purpose AI model as presenting systemic risks, ex officio or following a qualified alert from the scientific panel, on the basis of the criteria in Annex XIII, and to amend Annex XIII by delegated acts.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"States what the Regulation requires of the categories it defines. Whether any named developer's model falls within a category, and whether any developer complies, is legal application and is not recorded. A statutory duty is not evidence of implementation or enforcement. Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, inspected 2026-10-27, does not list this article among its amendments (its Article 1 amends Articles 1-6, 10, 11, 17, 25, 27-30, 40, 42, 43, 50, 56(6), 57, 58, 60, 63, 64, 69, 70, 72, 75-77, 95-97, 99, 111, 113 and Annexes I and VIII). No designation decision is recorded.","evidenceIds":["evidence-fl-eu-aia-art52-4-designation-1","evidence-fl-eu-aia-art52-4-designation-2"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"decision_authority","key":"aia-art52-4"}}},{"id":"cpo-pw-doe-403-large-loads","statement":"In a letter of 23 October 2025, citing his authority under section 403 of the DOE Organization Act, the Secretary of Energy directed FERC to initiate rulemaking and attached for its consideration an advance notice of proposed rulemaking on interconnecting large loads, including AI data centres, to the transmission system, asking for final action no later than 30 April 2026.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A direction and proposal to FERC; it does not itself change any rule. The enclosed ANOPR is undated (\"Issued DATE\") and defines large loads as greater than 20 MW. FERC's subsequent action was not located in the Federal Register search made for this pack (see openQuestions).","evidenceIds":["evidence-cpo-pw-doe-403-large-loads-1","evidence-cpo-pw-doe-403-large-loads-2","evidence-cpo-pw-doe-403-large-loads-3","evidence-cpo-pw-doe-403-large-loads-4","evidence-cpo-pw-doe-403-large-loads-5"],"attributes":{"statedDates":[{"kind":"deadline","date":"2026-04-30","statedBy":"us-doe"}]}},{"id":"ab-scr-hhs-2023-benchtop-manufacturers","statement":"The 2023 Guidance recommends that manufacturers of benchtop nucleic acid synthesis equipment screen all customers purchasing such equipment to validate customer legitimacy, provide equipment only to customers with mechanisms to ensure that devices are operated by legitimate users, and integrate into the equipment the capability to screen sequences and to authenticate legitimate users.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"States recommendations addressed to a category of manufacturer. It is not evidence that any manufacturer screens customers or has built such a capability into a device, and no technical means of doing so is recorded. Policy-level requirements only. 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No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"lg-ev-goo-discovery-loop-pbc-google","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Sundar's message, final change","passage":"Jeff and Google Senior Fellow Sanjay Ghemawat are launching an independent public benefit corporation","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-15","note":"Candidate pack passage, lab genealogy (research/lab-genealogy). The quotation (14 words) matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-15 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"lg-ev-gc-wu-yuxin-google-brain-prior","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Home page introduction","passage":"Prior to this, I worked at Google Brain on foundation models","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-15","note":"Candidate pack passage, lab genealogy (research/lab-genealogy). The quotation (11 words) matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-15 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-16/17) re-read the record’s sources and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"lg-ev-deal-vaswani-cofounded-adept","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Second body paragraph","passage":"my cofounders Ashish Vaswani and Niki Parmar","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-26","note":"Candidate pack passage, lab genealogy (research/lab-genealogy). The quotation (7 words) matched the text read through the third-party reader relay r.jina.ai, which renders the publisher’s current page (the publisher refused direct retrieval); not an archive copy on 2026-10-15, but a fresh retrieval the same day got a block page, so the record was held back at the genealogy admission of 2026-10-17. The passage now rests on the cross-family machine check’s read of the Wayback Machine capture of 2022-04-26 16:02:16 UTC, made on 2026-10-26 (research/archive-checks-2026-10-26/codex-report.md, item 13), which found the record supported; the capture could not be re-fetched when the record was admitted (2026-10-26). In the capture the post is titled “Introducing Adept AI Labs”, at /post/introducing-adept; the locator names the paragraph as it opens there. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. Admitted by the maintainer’s decision of 2026-10-26. No human editorial review."},{"id":"evidence-ap-ajay-agrawal-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2016-simple-economics-of-machine-intelligence","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Page head: author byline","passage":"Ajay Agrawal","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Credited name checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 in a direct retrieval and checked by a reviewer from a different model family on 2026-10-27. Human editorial review is pending.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ap-ajay-agrawal-brynjolfsson-korinek-agrawal-2025-research-agenda-transformative-ai","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Page head: author byline","passage":"Ajay K. Agrawal","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Credited name checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 in a direct retrieval and checked by a reviewer from a different model family on 2026-10-27. Human editorial review is pending.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ap-avi-goldfarb-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-ambiguous-labor-market-impact","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF text layer, first two pages: author name on the title page or first page","passage":"Avi Goldfarb","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Credited name checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 in a direct retrieval. Human editorial review is pending.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"ev-cmp-rsp-v2-1-d7-internal-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 16 (printed p. 12), §7.1 Internal Governance, numbered item 3 ('Transparency'), first sentence","passage":"The edition says Anthropic will share summaries of its Capability Reports and Safeguards Reports with regular-clearance staff, with highly sensitive information redacted.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Explicit paraphrase, written on 2026-10-27 by an automated research assistant after re-reading the passage in the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. The comparison quoted the passage; it is given here as a paraphrase to keep the edition within the quotation limit. The same section says the Responsible Scaling Officer notifies the Board of noncompliance posing material risk and updates it regularly on noncompliance (§7.1 items 1 and 5); decisions and reports go to the Board and LTBT (§4.3). Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-fsf-v3-1-d8-changes-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 17 (printed p. 17), §5.3 Past Updates and Changes, Version 3.1 (April 17, 2026), first bullet","passage":"The Version 3.1 changelog entry says the edition introduced CBRN TCLs and outlined a process for mitigation and risk acceptance.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Explicit paraphrase, written on 2026-10-27 by an automated research assistant after re-reading the passage in the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. The comparison quoted the passage; it is given here as a paraphrase to keep the edition within the quotation limit. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-fsf-v3-1-d8-changes-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 17 (printed p. 17), §5.3, Version 3.1, second bullet","passage":"The Version 3.1 changelog entry says the earlier exploratory Misalignment risk domain was folded into one domain, “ML R&D and Misalignment”.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Explicit paraphrase, written on 2026-10-27 by an automated research assistant after re-reading the passage in the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. The comparison quoted the passage; it is given here as a paraphrase to keep the edition within the quotation limit. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-preparedness-beta-2023-d8-process-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 23, Governance › Operations › 'Process', final paragraph, first sentence","passage":"The edition says that if the Preparedness team or any other team decides the Framework needs changes, it will set out the case for the change in its report.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Explicit paraphrase, written on 2026-10-27 by an automated research assistant after re-reading the passage in the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. The comparison quoted the passage; it is given here as a paraphrase to keep the edition within the quotation limit. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-fl-eu-aia-art52-4-designation-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Article 52(4)","passage":"The Commission may designate a model as presenting systemic risks ex officio or following a qualified alert from the scientific panel under Article 90(1)(a), on the basis of the Annex XIII criteria, and is empowered to adopt delegated acts under Article 97 to amend Annex XIII by specifying and updating those criteria.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-28","note":"Candidate pack passage, frameworks to law (research/frameworks-to-law). The paraphrase is Selekoa’s, written from the text retrieved on 2026-10-27 and read the Publications Office's Cellar repository (the same Official Journal expression as the dataset's EUR-Lex source; EUR-Lex returned empty responses); it is not a quotation and was not machine-matched. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-fl-eu-aia-art52-4-designation-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Article 52(4), first sentence","passage":"The Commission may designate a general-purpose AI model as presenting systemic risks","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-28","note":"Added at the admission of the frameworks-to-law pack (research/frameworks-to-law). Added at admission: the schema requires a provision record to quote the edition, and the pack gave this provision by paraphrase only. The passage was read from a fresh retrieval at admission whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s, and is within the source’s quotation limit. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-cpo-pw-doe-403-large-loads-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"letter, p. 1, paragraph 1","passage":"large loads, including AI data centers, served by public utilities must be able to connect to the transmission system in a timely, orderly, and non-discriminatory manner","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, compute, power and orbit (research/compute-power-orbit). The quotation (26 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-29/30, item 53) answered the record’s question blind from fresh retrievals and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-cpo-pw-doe-403-large-loads-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"letter, p. 2","passage":"pursuant to my authority under section 403 of the Department of Energy Organization Act,","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, compute, power and orbit (research/compute-power-orbit). The quotation (14 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-29/30, item 53) answered the record’s question blind from fresh retrievals and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-cpo-pw-doe-403-large-loads-3","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"letter, p. 2","passage":"I attach for the Commission's consideration the enclosed advance notice of proposed rulemaking","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, compute, power and orbit (research/compute-power-orbit). The quotation (13 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-29/30, item 53) answered the record’s question blind from fresh retrievals and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-cpo-pw-doe-403-large-loads-4","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"letter, p. 2, closing paragraph","passage":"I look forward to your consideration and final action (no later than April 30, 2026)","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, compute, power and orbit (research/compute-power-orbit). The quotation (15 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-29/30, item 53) answered the record’s question blind from fresh retrievals and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-cpo-pw-doe-403-large-loads-5","sourceRole":"primary","support":"context","locator":"enclosure (ANOPR), PDF p. 3, footnote 1","passage":"For purposes of this ANOPR, large loads are defined as greater than 20 MW","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, compute, power and orbit (research/compute-power-orbit). The quotation (14 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-29/30, item 53) answered the record’s question blind from fresh retrievals and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-scr-hhs-2023-benchtop-manufacturers-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"IV. Best practices for benchtop equipment, first bullet, 88 FR 71001","passage":"Manufacturers should screen all Customers purchasing benchtop nucleic acid synthesizers to validate customer legitimacy and that the equipment is appropriate for their needs.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, AI and biosecurity (research/ai-bio). The quotation (23 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The next sentence adds that manufacturers should only provide synthesizers to customers that have mechanisms aimed at ensuring the devices are operated by legitimate users. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-scr-hhs-2023-benchtop-manufacturers-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"IV. Best practices for benchtop equipment, later bullet, 88 FR 71001","passage":"manufacturers should integrate into benchtop nucleic acid synthesizers the capability to screen sequences and to authenticate legitimate users, at a level the Guidance describes as on a par with the screening practices it recommends for providers.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, AI and biosecurity (research/ai-bio). The paraphrase is Selekoa’s, written from the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28; it is not a quotation and was not machine-matched. Explicit paraphrase; the bullet's technical detail on databases and update frequency is excluded. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"}],"at":{"entities":[0,1,4,10,27,43,52,53,73,141,179,182,240,272,291,294,296,313,341,345,355,359,366,375,383,432,491,504,517,518,519,520,526,534,543,545,547,564,566,569,612,614,620,648,660,822,825,850,883,1192,1193,1216],"claims":[104,160,822,873,917,1030,1051,1099,1165,1242,1356,1414,1418,1429,1443,1766,1795,1868,1899,1962,2038,2179,2185,2243,2513,2635,2646,2869,3197,3293],"sources":[37,47,48,54,73,274,292,295,298,317,350,399,457,477,495,497,499,502,517,519,522,562,594,607,625,643,644,708,772,1024,1046],"evidence":[123,179,1033,1087,1134,1257,1280,1335,1414,1555,1694,1760,1765,1779,1795,2272,2308,2309,2409,2457,2458,2535,2636,2824,2830,2890,3161,3308,3309,3320,3677,3678,4331,4332,4333,4334,4335,4516,4517]},"version":"1lg47t7"}