{"entities":[{"id":"openai","name":"OpenAI"},{"id":"anthropic","name":"Anthropic"},{"id":"google-deepmind","name":"Google DeepMind"},{"id":"xai","name":"xAI"},{"id":"google-brain","name":"Google Brain"},{"id":"eliezer-yudkowsky","name":"Eliezer Yudkowsky"},{"id":"rsp-v2-0","name":"Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy — v2.0"},{"id":"rsp-v3-0","name":"Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy — v3.0"},{"id":"faif-2025","name":"xAI Frontier Artificial Intelligence Framework — December 2025 edition"},{"id":"andrej-karpathy","name":"Andrej Karpathy"},{"id":"daniel-levy","name":"Daniel Levy"},{"id":"ssi","name":"Safe Superintelligence Inc."},{"id":"scaling-laws","name":"Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models"},{"id":"large-batch-training","name":"An Empirical Model of Large-Batch Training"},{"id":"meta-faf-v1-1","name":"Meta Frontier AI Framework — Version 1.1"},{"id":"meta-aasf-v2-0","name":"Meta Advanced AI Scaling Framework — Version 2"},{"id":"ms-fgf-2026","name":"Microsoft Frontier Governance Framework — February 2026"},{"id":"openai-inc","name":"OpenAI, Inc. (OpenAI Foundation)"},{"id":"dartmouth-proposal-1955","name":"A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence"},{"id":"vinge-1993-coming-technological-singularity","name":"The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era"},{"id":"seed-ai","name":"Seed AI"},{"id":"recursive-self-improvement","name":"Recursive self-improvement"},{"id":"many-ais-balance","name":"Many AIs will keep each other in check"},{"id":"extropians-1996-12-08-yudkowsky-3761","name":"Re: Trans- vs. Non-human"},{"id":"lw-2026-irretrievability-or-murphys-curse-of-oneshotness","name":"Irretrievability; or, Murphy's Curse of Oneshotness upon ASI"},{"id":"long-run-history-suggests-acceleration","name":"Long-run history suggests a further acceleration"},{"id":"automation-as-ordinary-technical-change","name":"Computers and AI as ordinary technical change"},{"id":"ai-as-task-automation","name":"AI as the automation of tasks"},{"id":"nordhaus-2015-economic-singularity","name":"Are We Approaching an Economic Singularity? Information Technology and the Future of Economic Growth"},{"id":"roodman-2020-modeling-the-human-trajectory","name":"Modeling the Human Trajectory"},{"id":"krueger-1991-computers-wage-structure","name":"How Computers Have Changed the Wage Structure: Evidence from Microdata, 1984-89"},{"id":"acemoglu-restrepo-2016-race-between-machine-and-man","name":"The Race Between Machine and Man: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares and Employment"},{"id":"agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-economics-of-ai-introduction","name":"Introduction to \"The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda\""},{"id":"technology-and-the-american-economy-1966","name":"Technology and the American Economy: Report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Volume I"},{"id":"us-ai-safety-institute","name":"U.S. AI Safety Institute"},{"id":"ai-improving-ai-accelerates-capability","name":"Machine intelligence improving itself accelerates its capability growth"},{"id":"economics-engagement-with-superintelligence","name":"Economics’ engagement with superintelligence, AGI and the singularity"},{"id":"jony-ive","name":"Jony Ive"},{"id":"openai-safety-security-committee","name":"OpenAI Safety and Security Committee"},{"id":"yi-tay","name":"Yi Tay"},{"id":"zihang-dai","name":"Zihang Dai"},{"id":"william-d-nordhaus","name":"William D. 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No OpenAI-to-SSI corporate descent inferred.","evidenceIds":["evidence-daniel-levy-ssi-cofounder-2024"]},{"id":"lineage-scaling-cites-batch","statement":"Scaling Laws cites An Empirical Model of Large-Batch Training.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"An explicit work-level reference only; neither agreement nor a causal influence claim. The citing text does not identify a particular arXiv revision of the target.","evidenceIds":["evidence-lineage-scaling-cites-batch"]},{"id":"prov-faif-2025-bio-chem-acceptance-criterion","statement":"FAIF (December 2025) states that xAI developed an internal benchmark of benign and restricted biology and chemistry related queries in collaboration with SecureBio and that its risk acceptance criteria for system deployment is maintaining an answer rate of less than 1 out of 20 on restricted queries.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"What the edition states, quoted from the cited expression. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness.","evidenceIds":["evidence-prov-faif-2025-bio-chem-acceptance-criterion"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"threshold","key":"faif-bio-chem-acceptance-criterion"}}},{"id":"prov-meta-faf-v1-1-critical-pause-investigation","statement":"Frontier AI Framework v1.1 states that if a model appears to uniquely enable the execution of a threat scenario, Meta will pause development while it investigates whether barriers to realizing the catastrophic outcome remain.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"What the edition states, quoted from the cited expression. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness.","evidenceIds":["evidence-prov-meta-faf-v1-1-critical-pause-investigation"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"required_action","key":"meta-critical-pause-investigation"}}},{"id":"absent-meta-aasf-v2-0-critical-pause-investigation","statement":"No passage stating the provision “Pause development to investigate remaining barriers” was found in Meta AASF · v2 within the inspected scope.","derivation":"inferred","resolution":"supported","inferenceRationale":"Premises: Meta FAF · v1.1 states this provision. The inspected scope of Meta AASF · v2 was: PDF pp. 1–44, all sections, including Table 1 (PDF p. 15), §3.3 Risk Thresholds (PDF pp. 15–17), §4.2 Evaluation and mitigation (PDF pp. 25–38) and Appendix II – Change log (PDF p. 44). Method: Read Table 1 and §3.3; searched the text layer for 'pause', 'barrier', 'investigat' and 'uniquely enable'. No passage stating that development is paused while Meta investigates whether barriers to the catastrophic outcome remain was found; 'investigat' occurs only in the context of emerging outcomes warranting investigation (§4.2.4) and further real-world testing; v2's critical-threshold measure is recorded under a separate provision record. The conclusion is bounded by that scope and method.","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A recorded absence within the stated scope: not a claim that the provision was deleted, and not a statement about practice or intent.","evidenceIds":["evidence-absent-meta-aasf-v2-0-critical-pause-investigation"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"required_action","key":"meta-critical-pause-investigation"}}},{"id":"cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence","statement":"Anthropic’s Long-Term Benefit Trust has sufficient independence from stockholders to exercise effective public-interest oversight of Anthropic in practice.","derivation":"posed","resolution":"unresolved","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The unresolved question is whether the Trust can exercise effective public-interest oversight when stockholder preferences conflict with that oversight. Anthropic describes financially disinterested Trustees, an intended independent design and a checking role; its Transparency Hub says the Trust’s authority to elect directors helps insulate the mission from short-term commercial and shareholder pressures, and its April 2026 announcement says Trust-appointed directors then formed a board majority. Appointment power is distinct from independence against removal. Stein-Perlman’s 2024 analysis tentatively identifies possible stockholder subordination under incompletely disclosed failsafe terms. Fried and Reiter describe partial investor insulation and favour constraints on guardian overreach; they do not simply deny an effective checking role. Outside counsel describe the arrangement’s accountability and amendment mechanisms. Source dates and subsequent phase-in must be distinguished. The inspected public descriptions do not settle practical effectiveness; no side or legal conclusion is adopted.","evidenceIds":["evidence-cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence-1","evidence-cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence-2","evidence-cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence-3","evidence-cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence-4","evidence-cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence-5","evidence-cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence-6","evidence-cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence-7"]},{"id":"ts-a2-dartmouth-1955-context","statement":"The 1955 Dartmouth proposal lists self-improvement as a research topic: a truly intelligent machine will probably carry out activities best described as self-improvement.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A proposal for study, not a design or a forecast of an intelligence explosion.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ts-a2-dartmouth-1955-context"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"A research problem is named, without a seed design or a path to greater intelligence."}}},{"id":"ts-a3-vinge-1993-context","statement":"Vinge’s 1993 paper has greater-than-human intelligence create still more intelligent entities.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Creating more intelligent successors does not meet the criterion, which requires the same system to improve.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ts-a3-vinge-1993-context"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Successively more intelligent entities are created; no system improves its own capacity to improve.","claimed":{"date":"1993-03-30","note":"Presented at the VISION-21 Symposium, 30–31 March 1993. The delivered version was not retrieved, so the proceedings wording is not dated to the presentation."}}}},{"id":"yk-y29-lw-2026-irretrievability-or-murphys-curse-of-oneshotness-c","statement":"The post “Irretrievability; or, Murphy's Curse of Oneshotness upon ASI” (2026-05-04) contests Y29. Answering the proposal that other ASIs would stop a rogue one to preserve a law-abiding equilibrium, he argues that negotiating ASIs would reach an arrangement that gives no weight to sparing Earth.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Premise addressed: Multiple superintelligences will balance each other in humans’ favour.","evidenceIds":["evidence-yk-t29-d"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting","later-restatement"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Under the message-level rule, the passage, read with the paragraph, message or dialogue turn it belongs to, gives a reason against the premise that multiple superintelligences will balance each other in humans’ favour."}}}},{"id":"ec-g03-roodman-2020-modeling-the-human-trajectory-a","statement":"Roodman, “Modeling the Human Trajectory” (2020-06-15) articulates G03. Roodman fits a stochastic super-exponential model to gross world product since prehistory and draws out its instability.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Roodman also writes that he doubts he has \"gained much perspicacity\"; the post presents possibilities, not a forecast.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-g03-c"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2020-06-23","note":"Earliest retrieved capture of the post."},"tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Tier 1 (changed from 2). A long essay (not short-form commentary) presenting the author's own growth model, on a foundation's blog. The author has an established record as an economist: articles in economics journals such as The World Bank Economic Review (2007) and Oxford Review of Economic Policy (2015) (Crossref, searched 2026-10-11). No economics appointment is shown on the page. His linked technical paper (posted to SSRN, Crossref 2026) would also be tier 1; it was not retrieved and holds no record here."}}}},{"id":"ec-m01-krueger-1991-computers-wage-structure-b","statement":"Krueger, “How Computers Have Changed the Wage Structure: Evidence from Microdata, 1984-89” (1991-10) bears on M01. Krueger frames computers as a measurable workplace technology and estimates a wage premium for computer users from CPS and High School and Beyond microdata.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"NBER Working Paper 3858 (October 1991); OCR text layer of the NBER scan has errors, passages chosen from clean stretches. Text-level evidence: computers are treated as an observable input whose wage effect is estimated, with no category for machine cognition; the paper concerns computer use, not AI.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-m01-12"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"States the research question; the framing as technical change is in M01-13.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue); Krueger an economist."}}}},{"id":"ec-m02-technology-and-the-american-economy-1966-b","statement":"National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, “Technology and the American Economy: Report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Volume I” (1966-02) bears on M02. Speaker: Howard R. Bowen, Commission chairman (economist), chairman's introduction (not part of the official report). Bowen's view of where technology should go: towards human, environmental and resource development, with new kinds of work and more leisure.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Programmatic statement in a non-official introduction. Checked against the raw djvu text (.html) only. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv) is expressly outside the official report; it stays under the report's source at tier 2 (maintainer decision, 2026-10-12).","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-m02-02"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Divides work into routine/mechanical (machines) and new human activities, but without a task-allocation model and not about AI.","tier":{"value":2,"basis":"Main Commission report: tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12 (most members were not economists; the chair Bowen and Solow were). Was tier 1. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv, by Bowen) is outside the official report; it stays here at tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12."},"conditions":"Followed by: 'Human resources will be released and available for new activities beyond those that are required for mere subsistence.'."}}},{"id":"ec-m02-acemoglu-restrepo-2016-race-between-machine-and-man-a","statement":"Acemoglu and Restrepo, “The Race Between Machine and Man: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares and Employment” (2016-05) articulates M02. Introduces a task framework in which automation moves labour-performed tasks to capital while new tasks in which labour has comparative advantage are created; motivated by concerns about robotics and AI.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"NBER Working Paper 22252, May 2016, revised June 2017; quoted wording attested from the June 2017 revision, not necessarily the May 2016 original. Published in revised form as AER 2018. The model concerns automation in general; AI is named as one motivating technology.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-m02-10"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2017-06","note":"Revision date on the cover of the retrieved PDF; the May 2016 wording was not retrieved."},"tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."}}}},{"id":"ec-e01-nordhaus-2015-economic-singularity-a","statement":"Nordhaus, “Are We Approaching an Economic Singularity? Information Technology and the Future of Economic Growth” (2015-09) articulates E01. Nordhaus quotes I. J. Good to explain the Singularity idea.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The passage reports a view the author does not state as their own. Nordhaus quotes Good (a non-economist); the view is Good's. Nordhaus then turns to \"the implicit economic assumptions that lie behind it\".","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-e01-14"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"relay","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue); Nordhaus an economist."}}}},{"id":"ec-e05-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-economics-of-ai-introduction-a","statement":"Agrawal, Gans and Goldfarb, “Introduction to \"The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda\"” (2019-05) articulates E05. The editors justify including superintelligence in an economics agenda. The editors characterise how much the volume covers superintelligence.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"(First passage) The editors' own statement; it is conditional and makes no forecast. The conference was in September 2017 and the book was published in May 2019. (Second passage) The editors' own statement: the topic is touched on but is not central.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-e05-14","evidence-ec-e05-15"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Chapter of the NBER Economics of AI volume (core venue)."}}}},{"id":"lg-oai-founding-stated-2015","statement":"OpenAI stated in its recapitalization announcement of 28 October 2025 that it was founded in 2015 as a nonprofit.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A retrospective statement by the organisation. It does not give an incorporation date or name the founders.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-oai-founding-stated-2015"]},{"id":"lg-mx-dai-xai-team-2023","statement":"Ars Technica reported on 12 July 2023 that xAI's website listed Zihang Dai among the members of its team at launch.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The record rests on reporting of xAI's launch web page, which was not retrieved directly. Roster membership is not a title or hiring date.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-mx-dai-xai-team-2023"],"attributes":{"role":"Launch-team member"}},{"id":"lg-new-tay-gdm-2024","statement":"Yi Tay wrote on 25 November 2024 that he was returning to Google DeepMind as a senior staff research scientist.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A first-person statement of the role taken; it does not establish a continuing role.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-new-tay-gdm-2024"],"attributes":{"role":"Senior staff research scientist"}},{"id":"lg-oai-ive-design-2025","statement":"OpenAI stated on 9 July 2025 that Jony Ive and LoveFrom remained independent and had assumed deep design and creative responsibilities across OpenAI.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The source states that Ive and LoveFrom remain independent; the record does not establish employment or a title.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-oai-ive-design-2025"],"attributes":{"role":"Deep design and creative responsibilities across OpenAI (with LoveFrom, which remains independent)"}},{"id":"lg-oai-ssc-foundation-committee","statement":"OpenAI’s structure page, as retrieved on 15 October 2026, states that the Safety and Security Committee will remain a committee of the OpenAI Foundation.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A company description of governance; it does not evidence how the committee has exercised its role.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-oai-ssc-foundation-committee"]},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v3-0-d6-competitor","statement":"RSP · v3.0 states a provision on the comparison question “Provisions conditioned on other developers”.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Appendix A ('Commitments Related to Competitors') has three scenarios; the 'Anthropic in the lead' delay is recorded under “Pause, non-deployment or non-training”. §1 says Anthropic cannot unilaterally and unconditionally commit to the industry-wide recommendations, framing the change as a collective action problem. Where a decision relies on marginal risk analysis, Risk Reports add a competitive landscape analysis (§3.3) and need Board and LTBT approval (§3.4). What the edition states, quoted from the cited expression. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-rsp-v3-0-d6-competitor-1","ev-cmp-rsp-v3-0-d6-competitor-2"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"exception","key":"comparison-d6-competitor","facet":{"id":"D6.competitor","status":"stated"}}}},{"id":"cmp-ms-fgf-2026-d4-determination","statement":"Microsoft FGF · Feb 2026 states a provision on the comparison question “Determination of capability or safeguard adequacy”.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"No named role assigns the pre-mitigation score; the Executive Officers are those 'responsible for Microsoft’s AI governance program'. What the edition states, quoted from the cited expression. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-ms-fgf-2026-d4-determination-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"decision_authority","key":"comparison-d4-determination","facet":{"id":"D4.determination","status":"stated"}}}},{"id":"ap-william-d-nordhaus-nordhaus-2015-economic-singularity","statement":"“Are We Approaching an Economic Singularity? Information Technology and the Future of Economic Growth” (2015-09) credits William D. Nordhaus as its author.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Credited authorship of this expression; it says nothing about priority for the ideas discussed.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ap-william-d-nordhaus-nordhaus-2015-economic-singularity"]},{"id":"ap-nathaniel-rochester-dartmouth-proposal-1955","statement":"“A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence” (1955-08-31) credits N. Rochester as one of its 4 authors.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Credited co-authorship; it does not allocate parts of the text between authors or imply agreement with every passage.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ap-nathaniel-rochester-dartmouth-proposal-1955"]},{"id":"ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-extropians-1996-12-08-yudkowsky-3761","statement":"The mailing-list message “Re: Trans- vs. Non-human” (1996-12-08) is sent under the name Eliezer Yudkowsky.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A sender name on a mailing-list message as archived; it does not establish identity beyond the credited name, and quoted text by others inside the message is not the sender’s.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-extropians-1996-12-08-yudkowsky-3761"]},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d8-process","statement":"RSP · v2.0 states a provision on the comparison question “Revision process and approval”.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"What the edition states, paraphrased from the cited expression with its page. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-rsp-v2-0-d8-process-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"revision","key":"comparison-d8-process","facet":{"id":"D8.process","status":"stated"}}}},{"id":"fl-cn-gbt45654-published","statement":"The national standards catalogue lists GB/T 45654-2025, Cybersecurity technology — Basic security requirements for generative artificial intelligence service, as published by SAMR and the Standardization Administration on 25 April 2025, with an implementation date of 1 November 2025.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Catalogue entry only; the standard's text was not retrieved and none of its requirements is recorded. GB/T denotes a recommended standard.","evidenceIds":["evidence-fl-cn-gbt45654-published-1"]},{"id":"fl-us-caisi-security-work-openai","statement":"On 25 September 2025 NIST stated that CAISI had worked with OpenAI to identify security issues with its advanced AI systems, with research and evaluations completed in partnership with the UK AI Security Institute.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"NIST's statement only; the dates of the work are not given. The company's blog post it cites was not inspected; no finding, fix or compliance is recorded. Whether the 2024 agreement was renewed or renegotiated is not stated on the page. The same statement concerns Anthropic (recorded separately).","evidenceIds":["evidence-fl-us-caisi-security-work-openai-1"],"attributes":{"activityStage":"reported_performed","evaluatedSystem":"OpenAI's advanced AI systems (not named)","activityScope":"Identifying security issues and improving the measurement of AI security, in partnership with the UK AI Security Institute (as reported by NIST)"}},{"id":"cpo-ch-cn-ga-ge-2023-items","statement":"Announcement No. 23 of 2023 provides that listed gallium items (including gallium nitride and gallium arsenide) and germanium items (including germanium dioxide) may not be exported without a licence.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A licensing requirement, not a ban; it does not show licences refused or volumes exported.","evidenceIds":["evidence-cpo-ch-cn-ga-ge-2023-items-1","evidence-cpo-ch-cn-ga-ge-2023-items-2"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"required_action","key":"ch-cn-ga-ge-2023-items"}}},{"id":"cpo-ch-bis-gp10-guidance-issued","statement":"The Bureau of Industry and Security issued guidance dated 13 May 2025 warning that use of PRC advanced-computing ICs, including specific Huawei Ascend chips, risks violating US export controls under General Prohibition 10, because such chips were likely developed or produced in violation of those controls.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Guidance, not a rule: it states BIS’s view of how an existing prohibition applies. It does not show any enforcement action. BIS’s accompanying press release was not retrieved; the PDF as served on 2026-10-28 is the version quoted.","evidenceIds":["evidence-cpo-ch-bis-gp10-guidance-issued-1"]},{"id":"ab-arg-d1-mouton-contests","statement":"RAND's report on the operational risks of AI in large-scale biological attacks (RR-A2977-2, 25 January 2024) states that it found no statistically significant difference in the overall viability of biological weapon attack plans generated with or without the aid of the large language models it tested, and that such planning is beyond the capability frontier of the models available in summer 2023.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The record documents what this report states, with the report's own scope: the two models it tested, as available in summer 2023, and the viability of written plans as its measure. The report states that it does not quantify how far beyond the frontier the task lies. The record is not evidence that the proposition is false, does not generalise to other models or later dates, and implies no influence between texts. Earliest located contesting text among those searched in this pass; not a claim that no earlier one exists. The report is the dataset document the evaluations records also cite: both strands of the pack retrieved the same file, and the admission keeps one document and one source for it. The report's body discusses specific agents and delivery considerations. 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Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"source-acemoglu-restrepo-2016-race-between-machine-and-man","title":"The Race Between Machine and Man: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares and Employment","authors":["Daron Acemoglu","Pascual Restrepo"],"publisher":"NBER Working Paper 22252","publicationDate":"2016-05","version":"Full text (revised version). Current copy retrieved directly on 2026-10-09; no archive capture (Wayback unreachable), so earlier bytes are not authenticated. SHA-256 441d01202afd56ef8002fc24ffc2beb51191741c0b5accb11d2534620dd616b7. Journal version not retrieved. Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2018). The race between man and machine: Implications of technology for growth, factor shares, and employment. 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Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"source-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-economics-of-ai-introduction","title":"Introduction to \"The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda\"","authors":["Ajay Agrawal","Joshua Gans","Avi Goldfarb"],"publisher":"NBER volume chapter (University of Chicago Press)","publicationDate":"2019-05","version":"Full text. Current copy retrieved directly on 2026-10-09; no archive capture (Wayback unreachable), so earlier bytes are not authenticated. SHA-256 176dbcbd8a7e924d0f6d7506a9c04fb862a37a99ff3abe07670e7ba892a62839.","canonicalUrl":"https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c14005/c14005.pdf","evidenceUrl":"https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c14005/c14005.pdf","language":"en","accessedAt":"2026-10-09","reuse":{"attribution":"Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, Avi Goldfarb, “Introduction to \"The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda\"”, NBER volume chapter (University of Chicago Press), 2019-05.","licence":"No open redistribution licence asserted","note":"Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"source-technology-and-the-american-economy-1966","title":"Technology and the American Economy: Report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Volume I","authors":["National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress"],"publisher":"Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1966, xiv + 115 pp.; ERIC ED 023 803","publicationDate":"1966-02","version":"Internet Archive OCR text (djvu.txt) of a scanned copy, retrieved 2026-10-09 from https://dn790006.ca.archive.org/0/items/ERICED023803/ERICED023803djvu.txt; OCR errors possible; quotes checked only against clean stretches. Current copy; no earlier capture compared. SHA-256 d23de21a0c05416f957dda13acb680f1baa77ee88e3c094966e8eaba50db637b.","canonicalUrl":"https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED023803","evidenceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED023803","language":"en","accessedAt":"2026-10-09","reuse":{"attribution":"National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, “Technology and the American Economy: Report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Volume I”, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1966, xiv + 115 pp.; ERIC ED 023 803, 1966-02.","licence":"No open redistribution licence asserted","note":"Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"lg-src-new-yitay-return-2024","title":"Returning to Google DeepMind","authors":["Yi Tay"],"publisher":"Yi Tay (personal blog)","publicationDate":"2024-11-25","version":"Dated post, retrieved on 2026-10-15 (SHA-256 4ec45c8dded10bc443e90cdc4a206caa5ad18d4d12e8a770ef86c79f2ce5cd1f) directly from the publisher.","canonicalUrl":"https://www.yitay.net/blog/returning-to-google-deepmind","evidenceUrl":"https://www.yitay.net/blog/returning-to-google-deepmind","language":"en","archivedUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260107193604/https://www.yitay.net/blog/returning-to-google-deepmind","archivedAt":"2026-01-07","accessedAt":"2026-10-15","reuse":{"attribution":"Yi Tay, “Returning to Google DeepMind”, 2024-11-25.","licence":"No open redistribution licence asserted","note":"Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"lg-src-oai-io-2025","title":"Sam & Jony introduce io","authors":["Sam Altman","Jony Ive"],"publisher":"OpenAI","publicationDate":"2025-05-21","version":"Dated page, retrieved on 2026-10-15 (SHA-256 6470c8d8dd0d1e8a80356bcc6cfcd645cbaffef2b50141ca4e1b794f2e052c23) through the third-party reader relay r.jina.ai, which renders the publisher’s current page (the publisher refused direct retrieval); not an archive copy. 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Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"source-nist-caisi-openai-anthropic-2025","title":"CAISI Works with OpenAI and Anthropic to Promote Secure AI Innovation (September 25, 2025)","authors":["National Institute of Standards and Technology (Center for AI Standards and Innovation)"],"publisher":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","publicationDate":"2025-09-25","version":"Retrieved on 2026-10-27 (SHA-256 52ed93923fd4fa2cd05cc77136601f1d09680e63196801d7b633581016704231). The cross-family check of 2026-10-28 opened the Internet Archive capture linked here and matched the quoted wording in it, the release-period expression (decision 9); a capture shows only what the archive retrieved that day. 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Retrieved again at admission on 2026-10-30 (SHA-256 2770879e8e990d64617a2daed2c924702b0a4562fbab3463537708244c4c03f5, the same bytes).","canonicalUrl":"https://www.bis.gov/media/documents/general-prohibition-10-guidance-may-13-2025.pdf","evidenceUrl":"https://www.bis.gov/media/documents/general-prohibition-10-guidance-may-13-2025.pdf","language":"en","accessedAt":"2026-10-28","reuse":{"attribution":"Bureau of Industry and Security, U.S. Department of Commerce, “Guidance on Application of General Prohibition 10 (GP10) to People's Republic of China (PRC) Advanced-Computing Integrated Circuits (ICs)”, 2025-05-13.","licence":"No open redistribution licence asserted","note":"Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"source-cpo-ch-mofcom-ga-ge-2023","title":"商务部 海关总署公告2023年第23号 关于对镓、锗相关物项实施出口管制的公告","authors":["商务部 海关总署"],"publisher":"中华人民共和国商务部（安全与管制局）/ Ministry of Commerce of the PRC (Bureau of Industry Security, Import and Export Control), page on aqygzj.mofcom.gov.cn","publicationDate":"2023-07-03","version":"Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 45b4de6feaf3796e6352f73d29dc3dc0a1f6be663a4062e233021e767239e0ba). Announcement as served on the MOFCOM Bureau of Industry Security subsite on 2026-10-28; dated 2023年7月3日, issued jointly by 商务部 and 海关总署. The main-site address cited by third parties (www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zwgk/gkzcfb/202307/20230703419666.shtml) redirected to an unresolvable mobile host. Retrieved again at admission on 2026-10-30 (SHA-256 55f4054361d76295af66c0c5eb0d822d7eddd757492ec05d4dc820fcba526282).","canonicalUrl":"https://aqygzj.mofcom.gov.cn/qdml/art/2023/art_c2ae3d2061e14e97ba608de1ed565f78.html","evidenceUrl":"https://aqygzj.mofcom.gov.cn/qdml/art/2023/art_c2ae3d2061e14e97ba608de1ed565f78.html","language":"zh-Hans","accessedAt":"2026-10-28","reuse":{"attribution":"商务部 海关总署, “商务部 海关总署公告2023年第23号 关于对镓、锗相关物项实施出口管制的公告”, 2023-07-03.","licence":"No open redistribution licence asserted","note":"Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"source-ab-rand-redteam","title":"The Operational Risks of AI in Large-Scale Biological Attacks: Results of a Red-Team Study (RR-A2977-2)","authors":["RAND Corporation"],"publisher":"RAND Corporation","publicationDate":null,"version":"Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 e09a4103027b4f3c9bd3f8d7e1b7f427fea66f4d636f67c5a254a5f88af9438e). Published PDF of RR-A2977-2, 24 pages, © 2024 Retrieved again at admission on 2026-10-30 (SHA-256 e09a4103027b4f3c9bd3f8d7e1b7f427fea66f4d636f67c5a254a5f88af9438e, the same bytes). 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Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}}],"evidence":[{"id":"evidence-karpathy-brain-intern-2011","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"2011–2015 section, internship paragraph","passage":"Karpathy lists an internship at Google Brain in 2011.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-09-19","note":"Source passage independently inspected by an automated research assistant for this scoped record. Human source review pending."},{"id":"evidence-daniel-levy-ssi-cofounder-2024","sourceRole":"secondary","support":"supports","locator":"Body, company launch and co-founders paragraphs","passage":"Reuters names Daniel Levy among SSI’s co-founders.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-09-19","note":"Source passage independently inspected by an automated research assistant for this scoped record. Human source review pending."},{"id":"evidence-lineage-scaling-cites-batch","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"v1 §5.1, PDF pp. 12–13; References [MKAT18]","passage":"Section 5.1 attributes its critical-batch-size theory to [MKAT18].","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-09-20","note":"Relevant source passage inspected by machine. Primary for what this document states; no independent replication or human review. Existing source access dates are retained; this evidence check has its own date."},{"id":"evidence-prov-faif-2025-bio-chem-acceptance-criterion","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 6 (no printed page numbers), “Addressing Risks of Malicious Use” › “2. Risk Assessment”, paragraph beginning “Thresholds:”, first and second sentences","passage":"We developed an internal benchmark of benign and restricted biology and chemistry related queries in collaboration with SecureBio. 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Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-prov-meta-faf-v1-1-critical-pause-investigation","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 13 (printed p. 13), §3.3 Risk thresholds, Table 1: Risk thresholds for frontier AI, Critical row, Measures column, first bullet, second sentence","passage":"If a model appears to uniquely enable the execution of a threat scenario we will pause development while we investigate whether barriers to realizing the catastrophic outcome remain.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-03","note":"Verbatim excerpt checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-03 against the Internet Archive capture of 2025-02-13, the earliest complete capture (the file is no longer served). Extraction note: Verbatim in both copies (meta-faf-a, meta-faf-b). The same cell then lists the process; its last step says that if additional barriers do not exist, Meta continues to investigate mitigations and does not further develop the model until adequate mitigations have been identified. In that step list meta-faf-a spells 'realising' and meta-faf-b 'realizing' (outside the quote). Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-absent-meta-aasf-v2-0-critical-pause-investigation","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF pp. 1–44, all sections, including Table 1 (PDF p. 15), §3.3 Risk Thresholds (PDF pp. 15–17), §4.2 Evaluation and mitigation (PDF pp. 25–38) and Appendix II – Change log (PDF p. 44)","passage":"Within the inspected scope, no passage stating the provision “Pause development to investigate remaining barriers” was found.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-03","note":"Absence recorded by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-03. Method: Read Table 1 and §3.3; searched the text layer for 'pause', 'barrier', 'investigat' and 'uniquely enable'. No passage stating that development is paused while Meta investigates whether barriers to the catastrophic outcome remain was found; 'investigat' occurs only in the context of emerging outcomes warranting investigation (§4.2.4) and further real-world testing; v2's critical-threshold measure is recorded under meta-critical-development-measure. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"context","locator":"Section “LTBT: Basic Structure and Features”, first paragraph","passage":"The Trust’s arrangements are designed to insulate the Trustees from financial interest in Anthropic and to grant them sufficient independence to balance the interests of the public alongside the interests of Anthropic’s stockholders.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-04","note":"Verbatim quote, re-checked on 2026-10-04 by the integrating session against its own direct fetch of the cited expression (mechanical match after whitespace normalisation). Also matched in the Internet Archive capture of 2023-09-25. The passage was first proposed and machine-verified in the week 4b research pass. Moved from supporting to context on 2026-10-04 after the different-model check (review/week4c-gpt-check-2026-10-04.md): the passage does not directly assess the record’s practical-capability question. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"context","locator":"Paragraph beginning “Anthropic is a Public Benefit Corporation”","passage":"The LTBT exists to help the company responsibly maintain that balance over the long term, providing a check on how Anthropic develops and deploys AI.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-04","note":"Verbatim quote, re-checked on 2026-10-04 by the integrating session against its own direct fetch of the cited expression (mechanical match after whitespace normalisation). The passage was first proposed and machine-verified in the week 4b research pass. Moved from supporting to context on 2026-10-04 after the different-model check (review/week4c-gpt-check-2026-10-04.md): the passage does not directly assess the record’s practical-capability question. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence-3","sourceRole":"secondary","support":"context","locator":"Section “Conclusion”","passage":"Public information is consistent with the Trust being quite subordinate to stockholders, likely to lose their powers if they do anything stockholders dislike.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-04","note":"Verbatim quote, re-checked on 2026-10-04 by the integrating session against its own direct fetch of the cited expression (mechanical match after whitespace normalisation). The passage was first proposed and machine-verified in the week 4b research pass. Moved from contradicting to context on 2026-10-04 after the different-model check (review/week4c-gpt-check-2026-10-04.md): the passage does not directly assess the record’s practical-capability question. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence-4","sourceRole":"secondary","support":"context","locator":"Paragraph beginning “Anthropic’s structure, we explain”","passage":"That switch makes Anthropic’s guardians, unlike OpenAI’s, only partly insulated from investors.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-04","note":"Verbatim quote, re-checked on 2026-10-04 by the integrating session against its own direct fetch of the cited expression (mechanical match after whitespace normalisation). The passage was first proposed and machine-verified in the week 4b research pass. Moved from contradicting to context on 2026-10-04 after the different-model check (review/week4c-gpt-check-2026-10-04.md): the passage does not directly assess the record’s practical-capability question. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence-5","sourceRole":"primary","support":"context","locator":"Body paragraph beginning “The Trustees’ independence is further balanced by accountability”","passage":"the Trust Agreement also authorizes the Trust to be enforced by the company and by groups of the company’s stockholders who have held a sufficient percentage of the company’s equity for a sufficient period of time","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-04","note":"Verbatim quote, re-checked on 2026-10-04 by the integrating session against its own direct fetch of the cited expression (mechanical match after whitespace normalisation). Written by Anthropic’s outside counsel for the arrangement. The passage was first proposed and machine-verified in the week 4b research pass. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence-6","sourceRole":"primary","support":"context","locator":"Section “Corporate Governance and Financing Transparency”, second paragraph, second sentence","passage":"The Trust holds the authority to elect — and over time to appoint a majority of — the members of our Board of Directors, helping ensure our mission is insulated from short-term commercial and shareholder pressures.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-04","note":"Verbatim quote, checked on 2026-10-04 by the integrating session against its own direct fetch of the cited expression (mechanical match after whitespace normalisation). Also matched in the Internet Archive capture of 2026-09-29 (20:14 UTC), which carries the same “Last updated July 23, 2026” line; read in a browser because direct retrieval of the capture was rate-limited. Added as context on 2026-10-04 after the different-model check (review/week4c-gpt-check-2026-10-04.md). Human editorial review is pending. The page changes over time; the passage is cited from the version marked “Last updated July 23, 2026”. Its “over time” wording postdates the April 2026 announcement that Trust-appointed directors already formed a majority."},{"id":"evidence-cs-assessed-anthropic-ltbt-independence-7","sourceRole":"primary","support":"context","locator":"Third paragraph","passage":"With Narasimhan's appointment, Trust-appointed directors now make up a majority of the Board.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-04","note":"Verbatim quote, checked on 2026-10-04 by the integrating session against its own direct fetch of the cited expression (mechanical match after whitespace normalisation). Also matched in the Internet Archive capture of 2026-04-14. Added as context on 2026-10-04 after the different-model check (review/week4c-gpt-check-2026-10-04.md). Human editorial review is pending. The same passage supports the separate appointment record."},{"id":"evidence-ts-a2-dartmouth-1955-context","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Numbered section 5, Self-Improvement, printed p. 3 (PDF page 4)","passage":"The proposal expects intelligent machines to undertake activities describable as self-improvement, and suggests studying existing schemes and treating the problem abstractly.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-06","note":"Paraphrase from the pre-1996 candidate search, checked against its facsimile; not re-read for this collection."},{"id":"evidence-ts-a3-vinge-1993-context","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Printed p. 12 (PDF page 2)","passage":"When greater-than-human intelligence drives progress, that progress will be much more rapid. In fact, there seems no reason why progress itself would not involve the creation of still more intelligent entities -- on a still-shorter time scale.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-06","note":"The same passage as the A1 record."},{"id":"evidence-yk-t29-d","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"footnote 8 (attached to the reply to the objection 'we can have more than one ASI')","passage":"If you do not know how to align any ASI, after their negotiations among themselves arrive at a near-Pareto equilibrium, its near-Pareto property means that it will not have all the agents going out of their way to spare the Earth","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-06","note":"Candidate pack passage T29-d. The quotation (41 words) matched the retrieved expression (SHA-256 18e1a43a5ee28ef823852fcc8736f22dd63e605458b8e8c069c97799f0dd6870) when checked on 2026-10-06. It also matched the posting-day version 1.0.0. Pack version note: edited post, current version 1.11.0; posting-day check pending."},{"id":"evidence-ec-g03-c","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Introduction, paragraph beginning \"Having now labored long on the task\"","passage":"I did come to appreciate that any system whose rate of growth rises with its size is inherently unstable. The human future might be one of explosion, perhaps an economic upwelling that eclipses the industrial revolution as thoroughly as it eclipsed the agricultural revolution.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-08","note":"Candidate pack passage G03-c (research/economics-growth). The quotation (44 words) matched the checked expression (roodman-op-2020) in the pack's verification.","contextOnly":{"reason":"The next sentence gives the opposite possibility, an \"implosion\"; quoting only the explosion branch misstates the passage.","requires":"The following sentence: \"Or the future could be one of implosion…\"."}},{"id":"evidence-ec-m01-12","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"pdf page 2; Abstract","passage":"This paper examines whether employees who use a computer at work earn a higher wage rate than otherwise similar workers who do not use a computer at work.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-14","note":"Candidate pack passage M01-12 (research/economics-mainstream). The quotation (28 words) matched the retrieved current copy (SHA-256 8d9b08fbad59733e3d0674bb8a76cb253e99a8f8d9cda4bedab8b05fdcbd0481) in the pack's verification. Re-checked at admission on 2026-10-14 against a copy retrieved that day."},{"id":"evidence-ec-m02-02","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"printed p. xiii (Introduction)","passage":"In the new technology, machines and automated processes will do the routine and mechanical work.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-14","note":"Candidate pack passage M02-02 (research/economics-mainstream). The quotation (15 words) matched the retrieved current copy (SHA-256 d23de21a0c05416f957dda13acb680f1baa77ee88e3c094966e8eaba50db637b) in the pack's verification. Re-checked at admission on 2026-10-14 against a copy retrieved that day.","contextOnly":{"reason":"Fresh-context audit (A1) judged that the quotation misleads when shown alone.","requires":"Chairman's introduction, stated not to be part of the official report. The paragraph is prescriptive ('The task for the decades ahead is to direct technology...'), not a description of measured effects."}},{"id":"evidence-ec-m02-10","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"pdf page 3; section 1 Introduction (printed p. 1)","passage":"Our main conceptual innovation is to propose a unified framework in which tasks previously performed by labor are automated, while at the same time other new technologies complement labor","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-14","note":"Candidate pack passage M02-10 (research/economics-mainstream). The quotation (29 words) matched the retrieved current copy (SHA-256 441d01202afd56ef8002fc24ffc2beb51191741c0b5accb11d2534620dd616b7) in the pack's verification. Re-checked at admission on 2026-10-14 against a copy retrieved that day."},{"id":"evidence-ec-e01-14","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"NBER WP 21547, sec. II, block quotation of Good (1965), p. 5","passage":"Since the design of machines is one of these intellectual activities, an ultraintelligent machine could design even better machines; there would then unquestionably be an \"intelligence explosion,\"","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-16","note":"Candidate pack passage E01-14 (research/economics-mainstream/esoteric). The quotation (27 words) matched the retrieved current copy (SHA-256 cb481e5e99ef9bad8575d9150bcc8464eda4904722cc5048389ab6159858b062) in the pack's verification of 2026-10-15. Re-checked at admission on 2026-10-16 against a copy retrieved that day.","contextOnly":{"reason":"Fresh-context audit (A1) judged that the quotation misleads when shown alone.","requires":"This is Nordhaus quoting Good (1965). Nordhaus immediately adds: 'Before ourselves falling into the event horizon of accepting the Singularity hypothesis, we need to clarify some of the implicit economic assumptions'. He also says the paper is 'not a tract for or against Singularity'."}},{"id":"evidence-ec-e05-14","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"NBER volume introduction (2019), p. 3","passage":"The economic and societal impact of machines that surpass human intelligence would be extraordinary. Therefore—whether such an event occurs imminently, in a few decades, in a millennium, or never—it is worth exploring the economic consequences of such an event.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-16","note":"Candidate pack passage E05-14 (research/economics-mainstream/esoteric). The quotation (39 words) matched the retrieved current copy (SHA-256 176dbcbd8a7e924d0f6d7506a9c04fb862a37a99ff3abe07670e7ba892a62839) in the pack's verification of 2026-10-15. Re-checked at admission on 2026-10-16 against a copy retrieved that day."},{"id":"evidence-ec-e05-15","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"NBER volume introduction (2019), p. 3","passage":"While not a focal aspect of any chapter, several of the chapters in this volume touch on the economic consequences of such superintelligent machines.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-16","note":"Candidate pack passage E05-15 (research/economics-mainstream/esoteric). The quotation (24 words) matched the retrieved current copy (SHA-256 176dbcbd8a7e924d0f6d7506a9c04fb862a37a99ff3abe07670e7ba892a62839) in the pack's verification of 2026-10-15. Re-checked at admission on 2026-10-16 against a copy retrieved that day."},{"id":"lg-ev-oai-founding-stated-2015","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Section “Mission at the center”, first sentence","passage":"OpenAI was founded in 2015 as a nonprofit","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-15","note":"Candidate pack passage, lab genealogy (research/lab-genealogy). The quotation (8 words) matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-15 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read through the third-party reader relay r.jina.ai, which renders the publisher’s current page (the publisher refused direct retrieval); not an archive copy. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-16/17) re-read the record’s sources and judged it partly supported; its findings were applied at admission. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"reader_relay"},{"id":"lg-ev-mx-dai-xai-team-2023","sourceRole":"secondary","support":"supports","locator":"Paragraph beginning 'That list includes', second sentence","passage":"Ars Technica lists Zihang Dai among the team named on xAI's website.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-15","note":"Candidate pack passage, lab genealogy (research/lab-genealogy). The paraphrase’s verbatim anchor “Zihang Dai” matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-15 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The paraphrase is Selekoa’s; only the anchor is the source’s wording. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-16/17) re-read the record’s sources and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"lg-ev-new-tay-gdm-2024","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Paragraph 1","passage":"I’ll be returning to report to my previous manager (Quoc Le) as senior staff research scientist.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-15","note":"Candidate pack passage, lab genealogy (research/lab-genealogy). The quotation (16 words) matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-15 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"lg-ev-oai-ive-design-2025","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Update of 9 July 2025, second sentence","passage":"The update says Ive and LoveFrom remain independent and have taken on design and creative responsibilities across OpenAI.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-15","note":"Candidate pack passage, lab genealogy (research/lab-genealogy). The paraphrase’s verbatim anchor “assumed deep design and creative responsibilities across OpenAI” matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-15 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read through the third-party reader relay r.jina.ai, which renders the publisher’s current page (the publisher refused direct retrieval); not an archive copy. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The paraphrase is Selekoa’s; only the anchor is the source’s wording. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-16/17) re-read the record’s sources and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"reader_relay"},{"id":"lg-ev-oai-ssc-foundation-committee","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Section “Our Board”, paragraph on the Safety and Security Committee","passage":"The page states that the Safety and Security Committee will remain a committee of the OpenAI Foundation and continue to provide governance over the safety and security practices of OpenAI, including OpenAI Group.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-15","note":"Candidate pack passage, lab genealogy (research/lab-genealogy). The paraphrase’s verbatim anchor “remain a committee of the OpenAI Foundation” matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-15 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read through the third-party reader relay r.jina.ai, which renders the publisher’s current page (the publisher refused direct retrieval); not an archive copy. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The paraphrase is Selekoa’s; only the anchor is the source’s wording. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-16/17) re-read the record’s sources and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"reader_relay"},{"id":"ev-cmp-rsp-v3-0-d6-competitor-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 16 (printed p. 16), Appendix A: Commitments Related to Competitors, table row 'Competitors have strong safety measures', Commitment column, first sentence","passage":"For our highly capable frontier models, we will meet or exceed the overall risk reduction posture of these competitors, as far as we can tell based on our best efforts to assess that posture.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Existing dataset passage for this edition, which contains the comparison’s shorter quotation, first checked on 2026-10-03. The comparison’s quotation was checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 against the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. Appendix A scenario 'Competitors have strong safety measures'. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-rsp-v3-0-d6-competitor-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 16, Appendix A, table row 'General upleveling', Commitment column, second sentence","passage":"We will make a significant effort to meet or exceed that performance standard. However, we will not necessarily delay AI development and deployment in this scenario.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Passage also quoted in the dataset’s existing evidence for this edition, first checked on 2026-10-03. The comparison’s quotation was checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 against the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. Appendix A scenario 'General upleveling': a competitor has implemented a significantly better risk mitigation that Anthropic could implement at comparable or lower cost. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-ms-fgf-2026-d4-determination-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 10 (printed p. 9), §5 Governance, Risk-informed deployment decision, second paragraph, first sentence","passage":"The Executive Officers (or their delegates) will make the final decision on whether to approve the recommendation for secure and trustworthy deployment.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Passage also quoted in the dataset’s existing evidence for this edition, first checked on 2026-10-03. The comparison’s quotation was checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 against the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-ap-william-d-nordhaus-nordhaus-2015-economic-singularity","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF text layer, first two pages: author name on the title page or first page","passage":"William D. Nordhaus","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Credited name checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 in a direct retrieval and checked by a reviewer from a different model family on 2026-10-27. Human editorial review is pending.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ap-nathaniel-rochester-dartmouth-proposal-1955","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Facsimile PDF page 1, title-page author block","passage":"Credited as “N. Rochester” (facsimile PDF page 1, title-page author block).","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Passage and locator as inspected by a reviewer from a different model family on 2026-10-27 in a direct retrieval of the facsimile; the preparer’s retrieval of 2026-10-27 had failed, so the check’s reading replaces a restatement of the source record’s author list; the scan has no text layer, so the page was checked visually. The initials are kept as printed; the full name rests on the 2006 AI Magazine reprint, an identity source of the person record. Given as a labelled paraphrase because the source records no document length against which a quotation can be checked. Human editorial review is pending.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-extropians-1996-12-08-yudkowsky-3761","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Message header, sender name (address not reproduced)","passage":"Eliezer Yudkowsky","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Credited name checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 in a direct retrieval. Human editorial review is pending.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"ev-cmp-rsp-v2-0-d8-process-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 16 (printed p. 12), §7.1 Internal Governance, numbered item 7 ('Policy changes'), first sentence","passage":"The edition says the CEO and the Responsible Scaling Officer will propose changes to the policy and the Board of Directors will approve them, consulting the Long-Term Benefit Trust.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Explicit paraphrase, written on 2026-10-27 by an automated research assistant after re-reading the passage in the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. The comparison quoted the passage; it is given here as a paraphrase to keep the edition within the quotation limit. The item adds that the public version is updated before changes take effect, with differences recorded in a change log. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-fl-cn-gbt45654-published-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Catalogue fields 标准号, 发布日期, 实施日期, 发布单位","passage":"Standard number GB/T 45654-2025; English title Cybersecurity technology — Basic security requirements for generative artificial intelligence service; status 现行; 发布日期 2025-04-25; 实施日期 2025-11-01; 发布单位 SAMR and SAC.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-28","note":"Candidate pack passage, frameworks to law (research/frameworks-to-law). The paraphrase is Selekoa’s, written from the text retrieved on 2026-10-27 and read directly from openstd.samr.gov.cn; it is not a quotation and was not machine-matched. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-28, item 74) answered the record’s question blind from fresh retrievals and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-fl-us-caisi-security-work-openai-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"News page, second paragraph","passage":"CAISI worked with OpenAI and Anthropic to identify security issues with their advanced AI systems","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-28","note":"Candidate pack passage, frameworks to law (research/frameworks-to-law). The quotation (15 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-27 and again at admission on 2026-10-28, in a fresh retrieval of the same address (the page’s bytes had changed). Read directly from www.nist.gov. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-28, item 45) answered the record’s question blind from fresh retrievals and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-cpo-ch-cn-ga-ge-2023-items-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Article 1","passage":"满足以下特性的物项，未经许可，不得出口","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, compute, power and orbit (research/compute-power-orbit). The quotation (17 words, each CJK character counted as one) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval (SHA-256 55f4054361d76295af66c0c5eb0d822d7eddd757492ec05d4dc820fcba526282; the bytes differ from the pack’s retrieval). Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. English machine translation, not verified by a person: “Items with the following characteristics may not be exported without a licence”. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-cpo-ch-cn-ga-ge-2023-items-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Article 1(1), items 2 and 5","passage":"the gallium list includes gallium nitride (氮化镓) and gallium arsenide (砷化镓); the germanium list (Article 1(2)) includes germanium dioxide (二氧化锗).","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, compute, power and orbit (research/compute-power-orbit). The paraphrase is Selekoa’s, written from the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28; it is not a quotation and was not machine-matched. The cross-family check found it faithful. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-cpo-ch-bis-gp10-guidance-issued-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"p. 1, SUMMARY","passage":"This guidance alerts industry to the risks of using PRC advanced-computing ICs, including specific Huawei Ascend chips. These chips were likely developed or produced in violation of U.S. export controls.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, compute, power and orbit (research/compute-power-orbit). The quotation (30 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d1-mouton-contests-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Conclusions, PDF p. 16","passage":"With respect to overall viability, we found no statistically significant difference between the biological weapon attack plans generated with or without the aid of LLMs.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, AI and biosecurity (research/ai-bio). The quotation (25 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The report is the primary source for its own result. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-30, item 110) re-read the record’s sources and found full support. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d1-mouton-contests-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Conclusions, PDF p. 16 (the finding stated)","passage":"Our findings indicate that biological weapon attack planning is beyond the capability frontier of LLMs available in summer 2023.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, AI and biosecurity (research/ai-bio). The quotation (19 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The report's own wording of the finding, with its date bound. The role is `supports` because the record's own proposition is that the report states this finding; the finding contradicts proposition B1, which the record's stance says. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-30, item 110) re-read the record’s sources and found full support. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d1-mouton-contests-3","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Discussion, PDF p. 16","passage":"In this report, we do not quantify the extent to which biological weapon attack planning lies beyond the existing capability frontier of LLMs, only that it does. The durability of this finding in relation to future developments in LLM technology is therefore an open question.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, AI and biosecurity (research/ai-bio). The quotation (45 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The report's own limit, kept with the record so the result is not read more widely than stated. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-30, item 110) re-read the record’s sources and found full support. 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