{"entities":[{"id":"openai","name":"OpenAI"},{"id":"rsp-2023","name":"Responsible Scaling Policy (2023)"},{"id":"google","name":"Google"},{"id":"rsp-v2-0","name":"Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy — v2.0"},{"id":"rsp-v2-2","name":"Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy — v2.2"},{"id":"rsp-v3-1","name":"Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy — v3.1"},{"id":"rsp-v3-2","name":"Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy — v3.2"},{"id":"fsf-v3-1","name":"Google DeepMind Frontier Safety Framework — v3.1"},{"id":"preparedness-v2","name":"OpenAI Preparedness Framework — Version 2"},{"id":"faif-2026","name":"xAI Frontier Artificial Intelligence Framework — June 2026 edition"},{"id":"john-schulman","name":"John Schulman"},{"id":"stripe","name":"Stripe"},{"id":"alibaba-group","name":"Alibaba Group / 阿里巴巴集团"},{"id":"qwen-team","name":"Qwen Team / 通义千问"},{"id":"tsinghua","name":"Tsinghua University / 清华大学"},{"id":"zhang-peng","name":"Zhang Peng / 张鹏"},{"id":"ms-fgf-2025","name":"Microsoft Frontier Governance Framework — Version 1 (February 2025)"},{"id":"california-sb-53","name":"California SB 53 (2025): Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, as chaptered"},{"id":"openai-inc","name":"OpenAI, Inc. (OpenAI Foundation)"},{"id":"bret-taylor","name":"Bret Taylor"},{"id":"wh-voluntary-ai-commitments-2023-07","name":"Ensuring Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy AI: voluntary AI commitments (July 2023)"},{"id":"rlo-2019-introduction","name":"Risks from Learned Optimization: Introduction"},{"id":"developers-know-what-they-are-doing","name":"The developers know what they are doing"},{"id":"sl4-2006-02-15-yudkowsky-0602-14096","name":"Re: Singularity Institute: Likely to win the race to build GAI?"},{"id":"eu-ai-act-2024","name":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), as published in the Official Journal"},{"id":"compensating-policy-for-ai","name":"Compensating policy for AI’s distributional effects"},{"id":"benzell-et-al-2015-robots-are-us","name":"Robots Are Us: Some Economics of Human Replacement"},{"id":"korinek-stiglitz-2017-ai-income-distribution","name":"Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment"},{"id":"pratt-2015-cambrian-explosion-robotics","name":"Is a Cambrian Explosion Coming for Robotics?"},{"id":"bresnahan-brynjolfsson-hitt-1999-it-workplace-organization","name":"Information Technology, Workplace Organization and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm-Level Evidence"},{"id":"ai-developer-incentives-and-safety","name":"AI developers’ incentives matter for safety"},{"id":"agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2025-genius-on-demand","name":"Genius on Demand: The Value of Transformative Artificial Intelligence"},{"id":"gans-2023-socially-minded-governance-agi","name":"Can Socially-Minded Governance Control the AGI Beast?"},{"id":"character-ai","name":"Character.AI"},{"id":"noam-shazeer","name":"Noam Shazeer"},{"id":"rahul-patil","name":"Rahul Patil"},{"id":"timothy-bresnahan","name":"Timothy Bresnahan"},{"id":"joshua-s-gans","name":"Joshua S. Gans"},{"id":"anton-korinek","name":"Anton Korinek"},{"id":"joar-skalse","name":"Joar Skalse"},{"id":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024","name":"Artificial Intelligence Safety Commitments (人工智能安全承诺), December 2024"},{"id":"iflytek","name":"iFlytek / 科大讯飞"},{"id":"batalis-ai-biorisk-explainer-2023-12","name":"AI and Biorisk: An Explainer"},{"id":"ab-prop-design-tools-distinct","name":"Biological design tools pose risks distinct from those of language models"}],"claims":[{"id":"john-schulman-openai-founding-2015","statement":"OpenAI’s launch announcement names John Schulman among its founding members.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The predicate means participation in founding; the source wording is founding member, not a statement of legal founder status.","evidenceIds":["evidence-john-schulman-openai-founding-2015"]},{"id":"cn-qwen-alibaba","statement":"The 2023 Qwen report identifies Qwen Team under Alibaba Group.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Research-team affiliation only; neither separate legal subsidiary nor exact organisational reporting lines are established.","evidenceIds":["evidence-cn-qwen-alibaba"]},{"id":"prov-rsp-v2-2-ceo-rso-decision-board-ltbt-informed","statement":"RSP v2.2 states that if the CEO and RSO decide to proceed with deployment and training, they will share their decision, with the underlying Safeguards Report and internal and any external feedback, with the Board of Directors and the Long-Term Benefit Trust before moving forward.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"What the edition states, quoted from the cited expression. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness.","evidenceIds":["evidence-prov-rsp-v2-2-ceo-rso-decision-board-ltbt-informed"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"decision_authority","key":"rsp-ceo-rso-decision-board-ltbt-informed","parties":[{"role":"decides","actor":"CEO"},{"role":"decides","actor":"Responsible Scaling Officer"},{"role":"informed","actor":"Board of Directors"},{"role":"informed","actor":"Long-Term Benefit Trust"}]}}},{"id":"absent-faif-2026-mask-acceptance-criterion","statement":"No passage stating the provision “Deployment criterion: MASK dishonesty rate below 1 in 2” was found in FAIF · June 2026 edition within the inspected scope.","derivation":"inferred","resolution":"supported","inferenceRationale":"Premises: FAIF · December 2025 edition states this provision. The inspected scope of FAIF · June 2026 edition was: June 2026 edition, PDF pp. 1–9, whole document: §1 Introduction; §2 Risk Management Framework with §2.1 (a)–(c), §2.2, both sections numbered 2.3 and §2.4; §3 Incident reporting; §4 Governance. Method: Read the whole document, in particular §2.1(b) Addressing Risks of Loss of Control, which mentions benchmarks without naming them, and §2.3; searched the text layer for “MASK”, “dishonest”, “honest”, “out of” and “threshold”. No passage stating a dishonesty-rate criterion on MASK, or any other numeric loss-of-control acceptance criterion, was found within PDF pp. 1–9. The conclusion is bounded by that scope and method.","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A recorded absence within the stated scope: not a claim that the provision was deleted, and not a statement about practice or intent. Text comparison only; no replacement between the editions is asserted by this record.","evidenceIds":["evidence-absent-faif-2026-mask-acceptance-criterion"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"threshold","key":"faif-mask-acceptance-criterion"}}},{"id":"cs-taylor-chair-initial-board-2023","statement":"OpenAI announced on 29 November 2023 that its new initial board would consist of Bret Taylor as chair, Larry Summers and Adam D’Angelo.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A documented board role at the date of the announcement. The post does not name the legal entity; the role is recorded against OpenAI, Inc., whose board OpenAI’s announcement of 17 November 2023 describes as the overall governing body. The same post says that the board would include a non-voting observer for Microsoft (context below); an observer seat is not a control right and is not recorded as one.","evidenceIds":["evidence-cs-taylor-chair-initial-board-2023-1","evidence-cs-taylor-chair-initial-board-2023-2"],"attributes":{"role":"Chair of the board of directors (new initial board)"}},{"id":"cm-wh-2023-07-google","statement":"The White House named Google among the seven companies it convened on 21 July 2023, announcing that it had secured voluntary commitments from them to help move toward safe, secure and transparent development of AI technology.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The fact sheet links the July 2023 commitments text. Listing is the convener’s statement. It is not evidence that the organisation complied with, implemented or still maintains the commitments, and the legal effect of being listed is not recorded.","evidenceIds":["evidence-cm-wh-2023-07-google-1"],"attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"yk-y28-sl4-2006-02-15-yudkowsky-0602-14096-c","statement":"The SL4 message “Re: Singularity Institute: Likely to win the race to build GAI?” (2006-02-15) contests Y28. Replying to Joshua Fox, who asked how SIAI could beat thousands of smart AGI researchers, he argues that AGI projects that do not treat Friendliness as a requirement are bounded in competence.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Premise addressed: The most advanced projects are the most competent to handle safety. Written in part to argue for SIAI's prospects. Predates the 2008 chapter text of ‘Artificial Intelligence as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk’, which itself says 'at the time of this writing in 2006'.","evidenceIds":["evidence-yk-t28-s2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Under the message-level rule, the passage, read with the paragraph, message or dialogue turn it belongs to, gives a reason against the premise that the most advanced projects are the most competent to handle safety."}}}},{"id":"ec-m06b-pratt-2015-cambrian-explosion-robotics-b","statement":"Pratt, “Is a Cambrian Explosion Coming for Robotics?” (2015) bears on M06b. Pratt, a robotics researcher, reviews cloud robotics and deep learning and announces suggestions for addressing economic difficulties from robotics.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Abstract page only; full article not retrieved. Author is a roboticist writing in an economics journal symposium.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-m06b-10"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"The abstract does not say what the 'ways to address potential difficulties' are or tie them to distributional effects.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"JEP (core venue), so tier 1 although Pratt is a roboticist, not an economist."}}}},{"id":"ec-m06b-benzell-et-al-2015-robots-are-us-a","statement":"Benzell et al., “Robots Are Us: Some Economics of Human Replacement” (2015-02) articulates M06b. The conclusion argues that redistributive fiscal policy (taxing high-skilled workers who gain and investing the proceeds) can prevent immiseration, while blunt policies such as restricting labour supply or weakening IP can backfire.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"NBER Working Paper 20941, February 2015, revised October 2018; quoted wording is from the 2018 revision and may not match the 2015 version. Two-good, two-period OLG simulation model, not a forecast. Policy conclusion derived from the model.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-m06b-19"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2018-10","note":"Revision date on the cover of the retrieved PDF; the February 2015 wording was not retrieved."},"tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."},"conditions":"Immiseration requires low saving propensity and low substitutability between capital and code."}}},{"id":"ec-e04-gans-2023-socially-minded-governance-agi-a","statement":"Gans, “Can Socially-Minded Governance Control the AGI Beast?” (2023-11) articulates E04. Abstract: a model under idealised conditions (AGI risks real, safe AGI possible, socially-minded funders exist) motivated by OpenAI's governance. Case in which the for-profit entity is viable in direct competition; 'they' is the socially-minded entity. Conclusion; Gans adds that whether national or global intervention is needed is left to future research, while the results point to the latter.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"(First passage) NBER w31924, November 2023. Result of a stylised investment-race model; harm is a generic externality E, not specifically extinction. (Second passage) NBER w31924, November 2023. (Third passage) NBER w31924, November 2023.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-e04-10","evidence-ec-e04-11","evidence-ec-e04-12"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"A model scenario under stated conditions, not the author’s own claim.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue); Gans is an economist."},"conditions":"(E04-10) Idealised assumptions; non-excludable technology; financial-viability constraint. (E04-11) For-profit entity viable in competition with the socially-minded entity."}}},{"id":"lg-cn-zhang-peng-tsinghua-2005-2020","statement":"Zhipu’s Hong Kong prospectus of 30 December 2025 states that Zhang Peng worked at Tsinghua University from August 2005 to December 2020.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The biography does not name his position or unit at Tsinghua; no KEG membership is inferred from it.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-cn-zhang-peng-tsinghua-2005-2020"],"attributes":{"role":"worked at Tsinghua University (position not stated)"}},{"id":"lg-deal-shazeer-character-ai-departure-2024","statement":"TechCrunch reported on 2 August 2024 that Character.AI co-founder and CEO Noam Shazeer was returning to Google.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The record rests on reporting: TechCrunch relays Character.AI's blog post and a statement by Shazeer; Character.AI's own post on the agreement could not be retrieved (404). His Google DeepMind role is recorded separately.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-deal-shazeer-character-ai-departure-2024","lg-ev-deal-shazeer-character-ai-departure-statement-2024"],"attributes":{"role":"co-founder and CEO"}},{"id":"lg-ant-patil-stripe-cto-prior","statement":"Anthropic's announcement of 7 October 2025 states that Rahul Patil most recently served as CTO of Stripe.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Anthropic's description of a prior role; no start or end date is established.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-ant-patil-stripe-cto-prior"],"attributes":{"role":"CTO"}},{"id":"cmp-rsp-2023-d6-competitor","statement":"RSP · 2023 states a provision on the comparison question “Provisions conditioned on other developers”, in a weaker form than the question’s criterion.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Stated, partly: the passage has what the question’s criterion asks for, but in a weaker form than the criterion’s own words. The first entry declines to condition ASL classification on other developers' models; the second conditions a possible loosening on another actor's (not necessarily a developer's) reckless scaling. What the edition states, quoted from the cited expression. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-rsp-2023-d6-competitor-1","ev-cmp-rsp-2023-d6-competitor-2"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"exception","key":"comparison-d6-competitor","facet":{"id":"D6.competitor","status":"partly"}}}},{"id":"ap-timothy-bresnahan-bresnahan-brynjolfsson-hitt-1999-it-workplace-organization","statement":"“Information Technology, Workplace Organization and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm-Level Evidence” (1999-05) credits Timothy F. Bresnahan as one of its 3 authors.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Credited co-authorship; it does not allocate parts of the text between authors or imply agreement with every passage.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ap-timothy-bresnahan-bresnahan-brynjolfsson-hitt-1999-it-workplace-organization"]},{"id":"ap-joshua-s-gans-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2025-genius-on-demand","statement":"“Genius on Demand: The Value of Transformative Artificial Intelligence” (2025-10) credits Joshua S. Gans as one of its 3 authors.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Credited co-authorship; it does not allocate parts of the text between authors or imply agreement with every passage.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ap-joshua-s-gans-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2025-genius-on-demand"]},{"id":"ap-anton-korinek-korinek-stiglitz-2017-ai-income-distribution","statement":"“Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment” (2017-12) credits Anton Korinek as one of its 2 authors.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Credited co-authorship; it does not allocate parts of the text between authors or imply agreement with every passage.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ap-anton-korinek-korinek-stiglitz-2017-ai-income-distribution"]},{"id":"ap-joar-skalse-rlo-2019-introduction","statement":"“Risks from Learned Optimization: Introduction” (2019-05-31) credits Joar Skalse as one of its 5 authors.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Credited co-authorship; it does not allocate parts of the text between authors or imply agreement with every passage.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ap-joar-skalse-rlo-2019-introduction"]},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v3-1-d1-cyber","statement":"No passage meeting the comparison question “Cyber operations” was found in RSP · v3.1 within the inspected scope.","derivation":"inferred","resolution":"supported","inferenceRationale":"Premises: the comparison question asks for the following. The edition names cyber attacks, cyber offence or cybersecurity uplift as a tracked domain. The inspected scope of RSP · v3.1 was: Whole text layer, PDF pp. 1–20 (all sections, appendices and changelog read). Method: the edition was read in full and its text layer searched case-insensitively for cyber, hack, intrusion, exploit, offens, vulnerab, security. Hits examined and not counted: No hits for cyber, hack, intrusion, offens or vulnerab. “exploited” (PDF p. 14, §3.5) occurs in a redaction reason (withholding information whose disclosure could be used to cause harm). “security” hits (PDF pp. 3, 6–8, 12, 14–15, 18–19) concern Anthropic’s own security controls and protection of model weights (for example RAND SL4 and “moonshot R&D for security”), the Roadmap area “Security”, national-security grounds for redaction, and changelog descriptions of earlier ASL security standards; none names cyber offence or cyber uplift as a tracked domain. The example domains of the Automated R&D row are AI itself, energy, robotics and weapons development (PDF p. 8). The conclusion is bounded by that scope and method.","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A recorded absence within the stated scope: not a claim that the provision was deleted, and not a statement about practice or intent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-rsp-v3-1-d1-cyber"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"risk_domain","key":"comparison-d1-cyber","facet":{"id":"D1.cyber"}}}},{"id":"cmp-fsf-v3-1-d1-persuasion","statement":"FSF · v3.1 states a provision on the comparison question “Persuasion or manipulation”.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"One CCL marked exploratory: Harmful manipulation level 1 (Table 2.2.3.a, PDF p. 12). What the edition states, paraphrased from the cited expression with its page. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-fsf-v3-1-d1-persuasion-1","ev-cmp-fsf-v3-1-d1-persuasion-2"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"risk_domain","key":"comparison-d1-persuasion","facet":{"id":"D1.persuasion","status":"stated"}}}},{"id":"cmp-fsf-v3-1-d7-internal","statement":"FSF · v3.1 states a provision on the comparison question “Internal reporting”, in a weaker form than the question’s criterion.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Stated, partly: the passage has what the question’s criterion asks for, but in a weaker form than the criterion’s own words. Submission for review of safety-case updates. §4.1 (PDF p. 16) describes, in general terms, legal, compliance and safety reviews that have escalation procedures, and §5.1 (PDF p. 17) says the updated Framework and the framework assessment will go to the appropriate corporate governance bodies for review. No dedicated internal reporting line or record-keeping requirement is stated. What the edition states, paraphrased from the cited expression with its page. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-fsf-v3-1-d7-internal-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"reporting","key":"comparison-d7-internal","facet":{"id":"D7.internal","status":"partly"}}}},{"id":"cmp-preparedness-v2-d1-cyber","statement":"Preparedness · Version 2 states a provision on the comparison question “Cyber operations”.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"What the edition states, paraphrased from the cited expression with its page. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-preparedness-v2-d1-cyber-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"risk_domain","key":"comparison-d1-cyber","facet":{"id":"D1.cyber","status":"stated"}}}},{"id":"cmp-ms-fgf-2025-d1-autonomy","statement":"Microsoft FGF · Feb 2025 states a provision on the comparison question “Autonomy, self-improvement or AI research and development”.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Capability thresholds in Appendix I (PDF p. 14); the critical level is full automation of the AI research and development pipeline. Loss of control is not named. What the edition states, paraphrased from the cited expression with its page. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-ms-fgf-2025-d1-autonomy-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"risk_domain","key":"comparison-d1-autonomy","facet":{"id":"D1.autonomy","status":"stated"}}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-iflytek","statement":"iFlytek is listed, as 科大讯飞股份有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The list names the legal entity 科大讯飞股份有限公司. The record maps it to the group-level entity iFlytek, which carries that name as an alias; the mapping rests on the company name, and no claim is made about group structure or about which group company is bound. A listing is the publisher’s statement, dated by the post; it is not a signature date and not evidence that the company complied with or implemented the commitments. A later total of 22 signatories is reported, but no later list was retrieved.","evidenceIds":["c2-ev-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-iflytek-1","c2-ev-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-iflytek-2"],"attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art92-evaluations","statement":"Article 92(1) allows the AI Office, after consulting the Board, to conduct evaluations of a general-purpose AI model to assess the provider's compliance where information gathered under Article 91 is insufficient, or to investigate systemic risks at Union level of models with systemic risk.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"States a power; no evaluation is recorded. Article 92(6) requires implementing acts on the arrangements; the Commission's March 2026 draft implementing regulation is recorded separately. Not amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 in the inspected text.","evidenceIds":["evidence-fl-eu-aia-art92-evaluations-1","evidence-fl-eu-aia-art92-evaluations-2"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"decision_authority","key":"aia-art92-1"}}},{"id":"fl-link-rsp-v3-2-sb53","statement":"Anthropic’s Responsible Scaling Policy v3.2 keeps the footnote saying that where laws such as California SB 53 define “catastrophic risk” or similar terms with specific thresholds, Anthropic addresses those requirements in separate compliance frameworks.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The edition’s own statement about SB 53, quoted from it. It names SB 53 and points to separate compliance frameworks; it does not say that the RSP is a framework under the Act. It is not evidence that the edition satisfies the statute, that its publisher is a frontier developer under it, or of implementation or compliance. The record on v3.0 notes the same footnote in the later editions; this record gives v3.2 its own link, as the dataset does for the White House and Seoul links.","evidenceIds":["evidence-fl-link-rsp-v3-2-sb53-1"],"attributes":{"commitment":{"link":"names"}}},{"id":"ab-fw-rsp-v2-0-cbrn-assessment-baseline","statement":"RSP v2.0 states that it assesses its CBRN weapons Capability Threshold by comparing what potential attackers could achieve with full model access against 2023-level online resources, assuming funding and up to one year of time to invest but no initial specialised expertise.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The record states the comparison the edition sets for itself. The edition’s own footnote says the comparison is hard to make in practice; no assessment of any model is recorded.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ab-fw-rsp-v2-0-cbrn-assessment-baseline-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"threshold","key":"rsp-cbrn-assessment-baseline"}}},{"id":"ab-arg-d4-batalis-articulates","statement":"CSET's explainer of December 2023 treats biological design tools as a separate class from chatbots, stating that their use in its current state requires both scientific and programming expertise.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The record documents what this explainer states, as of its date and about the tools then available; it is not evidence that the proposition is true and implies no influence between texts. The explainer's surrounding passages describe possible misuse of such tools. Only its definitional and expertise sentences are cited; that content was excluded and is not paraphrased.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ab-arg-d4-batalis-articulates-1","evidence-ab-arg-d4-batalis-articulates-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"States the difference as one of required expertise and of the user population."}}}],"sources":[{"id":"source-openai-launch","title":"Introducing OpenAI","authors":["Greg Brockman","Ilya Sutskever","OpenAI"],"publisher":"OpenAI","publicationDate":"2015-12-11","version":"Dated page, inspected at retrieval","canonicalUrl":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-openai/","evidenceUrl":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-openai/","language":"en","archivedUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260917013950/https://openai.com/index/introducing-openai/","archivedAt":"2026-09-17","accessedAt":"2026-09-17","reuse":{"attribution":"OpenAI, Introducing OpenAI (2015-12-11).","licence":"No open redistribution licence asserted","note":"Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and minimal attributed excerpts only. Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"source-rsp-1-0","title":"Responsible Scaling Policy — v1.0","authors":["Anthropic"],"publisher":"Anthropic","publicationDate":"2023-09-19","version":"Responsible Scaling Policy v1.0; effective date 2023-09-19.","versionDate":"2023-09-19","canonicalUrl":"https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/1adf000c8f675958c2ee23805d91aaade1cd4613/responsible-scaling-policy.pdf","evidenceUrl":"https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/1adf000c8f675958c2ee23805d91aaade1cd4613/responsible-scaling-policy.pdf","language":"en","archivedUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230919161730/https://www-files.anthropic.com/production/files/responsible-scaling-policy-1.0.pdf","archivedAt":"2023-09-19","accessedAt":"2026-09-18","reuse":{"attribution":"Anthropic, Responsible Scaling Policy — v1.0.","licence":"No open redistribution licence asserted","note":"Selekoa practice: metadata, attributed paraphrases and short attributed quotations under the editorial policy (at most 50 words each; at most 400 quoted words per document across the dataset, and about 10% of a document under about 2,000 words). Documents are linked externally, not redistributed. 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Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"c2-src-itcloudbd-aisc-2024","title":"守护AI安全，共建行业自律典范 首批17家企业签署《人工智能安全承诺》","authors":["科技云报到"],"publisher":"科技云报到 (itcloudbd.com)","publicationDate":"2024-12-27","version":"Dated page, retrieved on 2026-10-27 (SHA-256 f4d6790217cccacfc6fea787516f4538abb1d4c1bf03b65d3f5123407c0d72f4) directly from the publisher. Tech-media article dated 2024-12-27, read on 2026-10-27. It reproduces the CAICT post's wording and gives the commitments and signatory names as text; its commitment-two wording (红队测试) matches the image in the CAICT post. Its wording can change; earlier wording is not authenticated. The cross-family check (2026-10-27) located the Internet Archive capture linked here; a capture shows only what the archive retrieved that day. English title (machine translation): “First 17 companies sign the AI Safety Commitments”. 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Extraction note: Verifies spacing-only: the v2.2 text layer drops word spaces at formatting boundaries in this sentence ('willshare', 'Report,internal', 'theLong-TermBenefit Trustbefore'); no other v2.2 passage carrying this provision verifies exactly. Wording otherwise identical to v2.1. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-absent-faif-2026-mask-acceptance-criterion","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"June 2026 edition, PDF pp. 1–9, whole document: §1 Introduction; §2 Risk Management Framework with §2.1 (a)–(c), §2.2, both sections numbered 2.3 and §2.4; §3 Incident reporting; §4 Governance","passage":"Within the inspected scope, no passage stating the provision “Deployment criterion: MASK dishonesty rate below 1 in 2” was found.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-03","note":"Absence recorded by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-03. 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Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-cm-wh-2023-07-google-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"First body paragraph after the two subheadings","passage":"Amazon, Anthropic, Google, Inflection, Meta, Microsoft, and OpenAI","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-04","note":"Verbatim quote, re-checked on 2026-10-04 by the integrating session against its own direct fetch of the cited expression (mechanical match after whitespace normalisation). Also matched in the Internet Archive capture of 2023-07-21. The passage was first proposed and machine-verified in the week 4b research pass. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-yk-t28-s2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"message body, paragraph beginning 'If you're a researcher building an…'","passage":"If you're a researcher building an F-less AGI and you're not deliberately out to destroy the world, there are things you can't know, skills you can't have, and a limit on how well you can understand the AI you're trying to build.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-07","note":"Candidate pack passage T28-s2. The quotation (42 words) matched the retrieved expression (SHA-256 e1b07a528bc9f5a37e6bd2145a04d80b7bfde216cb10ccbdabb28eaf5169670d) when checked on 2026-10-07."},{"id":"evidence-ec-m06b-10","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"AEA article page, Abstract (JEP 29(3), Summer 2015, pp. 51-60)","passage":"there has been a significant uptick in concerns about the societal implication of robotics and artificial intelligence. 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No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"lg-ev-deal-shazeer-character-ai-departure-2024","sourceRole":"secondary","support":"supports","locator":"Paragraph 1","passage":"Character.AI co-founder and CEO Noam Shazeer is returning to Google","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-15","note":"Candidate pack passage, lab genealogy (research/lab-genealogy). The quotation (10 words) matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-15 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-16/17) re-read the record’s sources and agreed with the record. 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A cross-family machine check (2026-10-16/17) re-read the record’s sources and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"lg-ev-ant-patil-stripe-cto-prior","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Second paragraph","passage":"he served as CTO of Stripe","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-15","note":"Candidate pack passage, lab genealogy (research/lab-genealogy). The quotation (6 words) matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-15 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"ev-cmp-rsp-2023-d6-competitor-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 5 (printed p. 5), ASL-2 Commitments, footnote 5, third sentence","passage":"to avoid a “race to the bottom”, the latter should not include the effects of other companies’ language models","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Verbatim excerpt checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 against the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. 'The latter' refers to lowering a model's ASL because dangerous information has become more widely available; the footnote excludes other companies' models from that consideration. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-rsp-2023-d6-competitor-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 10 (printed p. 10), Procedural Commitments, item 1 ('Update Process'), second sub-bullet, first sentence","passage":"a clearly bad actor (such as a rogue state) is scaling in so reckless a manner … we could envisage a substantial loosening of these restrictions","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Verbatim excerpt checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 against the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. The condition is a situation of extreme emergency in which such scaling is likely to lead to imminent global catastrophe and AI itself helps in defence; the loosening is described as an emergency response, to be taken only in consultation with governmental authorities, with the case presented publicly to the extent possible. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-ap-timothy-bresnahan-bresnahan-brynjolfsson-hitt-1999-it-workplace-organization","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF cover, author lines beneath the title","passage":"Timothy F. Bresnahan","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Passage and locator as inspected by a reviewer from a different model family on 2026-10-27 in a direct retrieval; the scan has no text layer, so the page was checked visually; the preparer’s matcher had found no text. Human editorial review is pending.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ap-joshua-s-gans-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2025-genius-on-demand","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Page head: author byline","passage":"Joshua S. 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Human editorial review is pending.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ap-joar-skalse-rlo-2019-introduction","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Post author list in the publisher’s post data (LessWrong GraphQL API)","passage":"Joar Skalse","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Credited name checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 in a direct retrieval through the publisher’s post data. Human editorial review is pending.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"ev-cmp-rsp-v3-1-d1-cyber","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"RSP · v3.1: Whole text layer, PDF pp. 1–20 (all sections, appendices and changelog read).","passage":"Within the inspected scope, no passage meeting the comparison question “Cyber operations” was found.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-26","note":"Absence recorded by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-15 for the framework comparison, audited in a fresh context, checked by a reviewer from a different model family on 2026-10-15 and re-checked on 2026-10-26. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-fsf-v3-1-d1-persuasion-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 5 (printed p. 5), §1.3.1 Risk Identification, fourth sentence","passage":"The edition says Google DeepMind has determined, on early research, that significant or severe risks from future models may be likeliest in CBRN, cyber, harmful manipulation, and machine learning R&D and misalignment.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Explicit paraphrase, written on 2026-10-27 by an automated research assistant after re-reading the passage in the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. The comparison quoted the passage; it is given here as a paraphrase to keep the edition within the quotation limit. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-fsf-v3-1-d1-persuasion-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 12 (printed p. 12), §2.2.3 Harmful Manipulation, Note, second sentence","passage":"A note on harmful manipulation says both the CCL and the assessment of risk in this domain are exploratory and open to further research.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Explicit paraphrase, written on 2026-10-27 by an automated research assistant after re-reading the passage in the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. The comparison quoted the passage; it is given here as a paraphrase to keep the edition within the quotation limit. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-fsf-v3-1-d7-internal-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF pp. 10–14 (printed pp. 10 and 14), §2.1.2 and §3.1.2 Deployment Mitigations, numbered step 3, second sentence (identical in both)","passage":"The edition says material safety-case updates will be sent for review to the appropriate governance function.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Explicit paraphrase, written on 2026-10-27 by an automated research assistant after re-reading the passage in the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. The comparison quoted the passage; it is given here as a paraphrase to keep the edition within the quotation limit. The sentence goes on to say such updates might lead to changes in the linked safety case or residual risk assessment. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-preparedness-v2-d1-cyber-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 2 (printed p. 1), opening page, second bullet of the Tracked Categories list","passage":"The edition lists Cybersecurity capabilities as a Tracked Category, describing them as capabilities that can also bring new risks of cyberattacks at scale and of exploiting vulnerabilities.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Explicit paraphrase, written on 2026-10-27 by an automated research assistant after re-reading the passage in the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. The comparison quoted the passage; it is given here as a paraphrase to keep the edition within the quotation limit. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-ms-fgf-2025-d1-autonomy-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 4 (printed p. 3), §2 Capabilities and risks, 'Tracked high-risk capabilities', third bullet","passage":"The edition lists “Advanced autonomy” as a tracked high-risk capability: a model's ability to carry out expert-level tasks on its own, AI research and development among them.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Explicit paraphrase, written on 2026-10-27 by an automated research assistant after re-reading the passage in the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. The comparison quoted the passage; it is given here as a paraphrase to keep the edition within the quotation limit. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"c2-ev-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-iflytek-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Embedded image, list 首批签署《人工智能安全承诺》企业名单 (transcribed from the image; not in the page’s text layer)","passage":"Transcription from the image: the list of initial signatories (首批签署《人工智能安全承诺》企业名单, 17 names, ordered by initial letter) includes 科大讯飞股份有限公司.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Candidate pack passage, Chinese frontier-AI institutions, second collection (research/china-labs-2). Transcription of a name that appears only in the image embedded in the post (the list of initial signatories); it is not in the page’s text layer and was not machine-matched. The drafting pass and the same-family audit read the list visually, and the cross-family check (2026-10-27) read all 17 names and agreed. The paraphrase is Selekoa’s; the listed name is transcribed as printed. No English rendering is given; no human translation review. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-27, item K018) re-read the record’s sources and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"c2-ev-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-iflytek-2","sourceRole":"secondary","support":"supports","locator":"Final paragraph","passage":"智谱华章、第四范式、华为、科大讯飞、蚂蚁集团、360","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Candidate pack passage, Chinese frontier-AI institutions, second collection (research/china-labs-2). The quotation (19 words, each CJK character counted as one) matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-27 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. English machine translation, not verified by a person: “Zhipu Huazhang, 4Paradigm, Huawei, iFlytek, Ant Group, 360”. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-27, item K018) re-read the record’s sources and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-fl-eu-aia-art92-evaluations-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Article 92(1), chapeau","passage":"The AI Office, after consulting the Board, may conduct evaluations of the general-purpose AI model concerned","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-28","note":"Candidate pack passage, frameworks to law (research/frameworks-to-law). The quotation (16 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-27 and again at admission on 2026-10-28, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Read the Publications Office's Cellar repository (the same Official Journal expression as the dataset's EUR-Lex source; EUR-Lex returned empty responses). Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-fl-eu-aia-art92-evaluations-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Article 92(1), points (a) and (b)","passage":"The two purposes are (a) assessing compliance where the information gathered under Article 91 is insufficient and (b) investigating systemic risks at Union level, in particular following a qualified alert from the scientific panel.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-28","note":"Candidate pack passage, frameworks to law (research/frameworks-to-law). The paraphrase is Selekoa’s, written from the text retrieved on 2026-10-27 and read the Publications Office's Cellar repository (the same Official Journal expression as the dataset's EUR-Lex source; EUR-Lex returned empty responses); it is not a quotation and was not machine-matched. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-fl-link-rsp-v3-2-sb53-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Footnote 1 (Introduction), PDF p. 4","passage":"Where laws such as California SB 53 define this or similar terms with specific thresholds, we address those requirements in separate compliance frameworks.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-28","note":"Candidate pack passage, frameworks to law (research/frameworks-to-law). The quotation (23 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-27 and again at admission on 2026-10-28, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Read directly from cdn.sanity.io. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. Same sentence as in v3.0. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-28, item 116) re-read the record’s sources and found full support. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-fw-rsp-v2-0-cbrn-assessment-baseline-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 20 (printed p. 16), Appendix C: Detailed Capability Thresholds, paragraph “Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) weapons”, second sentence","passage":"comparing what potential attackers could achieve with full model access versus 2023-level online resources, assuming they have funding and up to one year of time to invest, but no initial specialized expertise","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, AI and biosecurity (research/ai-bio). The quotation (32 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d4-batalis-articulates-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Biological Design Tools (BDTs), PDF p. 8","passage":"Biological Design Tools (BDTs) engineer, predict, or simulate biological molecules, processes, or systems.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, AI and biosecurity (research/ai-bio). The quotation (13 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The explainer's own definition of the class. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-30, item 108) re-read the record’s sources and found full support. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d4-batalis-articulates-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Scientific Expertise, PDF p. 9","passage":"In their current state, BDT use requires both scientific and programming expertise.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, AI and biosecurity (research/ai-bio). The quotation (12 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The stated difference from chatbot use, in the explainer's own words. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-30, item 108) re-read the record’s sources and found full support. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"}],"at":{"entities":[0,21,39,42,44,46,47,52,54,57,68,79,179,180,188,191,201,205,207,216,250,330,376,485,491,519,537,540,556,581,588,603,605,644,755,772,858,881,890,922,936,959,1234,1257],"claims":[142,366,411,497,636,675,1173,1425,1431,1539,1566,1713,1934,2046,2196,2236,2273,2325,2542,2627,2632,2648,2709,2758,2880,2925,3254,3424],"sources":[0,35,36,38,40,41,47,49,52,74,125,165,183,237,335,452,457,488,492,509,534,552,554,587,601,778,787,1070],"evidence":[161,389,443,528,763,764,852,1424,1772,1781,1922,1923,1924,1962,2174,2175,2498,2644,2645,2841,2883,2920,2972,3194,3296,3297,3304,3323,3403,3481,3482,3696,3697,3779,4466,4722,4723]},"version":"1lg47t7"}