{"entities":[{"id":"openai","name":"OpenAI"},{"id":"anthropic","name":"Anthropic"},{"id":"xai","name":"xAI"},{"id":"miri","name":"Machine Intelligence Research Institute"},{"id":"eliezer-yudkowsky","name":"Eliezer Yudkowsky"},{"id":"fsf-2024","name":"Frontier Safety Framework (2024)"},{"id":"rsp-v2-0","name":"Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy — v2.0"},{"id":"rsp-v3-2","name":"Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy — v3.2"},{"id":"faif-2025","name":"xAI Frontier Artificial Intelligence Framework — December 2025 edition"},{"id":"coreweave","name":"CoreWeave"},{"id":"miri-ml-agenda","name":"Alignment for Advanced Machine Learning Systems"},{"id":"openai-recapitalization","name":"Built to benefit everyone — recapitalization announcement (2025)"},{"id":"christian-szegedy","name":"Christian Szegedy"},{"id":"batch-normalization-paper","name":"Batch Normalization (2015 paper)"},{"id":"mistral-ai","name":"Mistral AI"},{"id":"minimax","name":"MiniMax"},{"id":"gpai-code-of-practice-2025","name":"General-Purpose AI Code of Practice (final version, 10 July 2025)"},{"id":"extropy-1991-futique-neologisms","name":"Futique Neologisms"},{"id":"extropians-1996-09-07-clemmensen","name":"Re: SI ultimatum speculation"},{"id":"ai-positive-negative-factor-global-risk","name":"Artificial Intelligence as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk"},{"id":"fast-or-hard-takeoff","name":"Fast or hard takeoff"},{"id":"strategic-concealment","name":"Strategic concealment"},{"id":"next-word-prediction-is-shallow","name":"Next-word prediction is only autocomplete"},{"id":"build-it-before-rivals","name":"Build it before rivals do"},{"id":"lw-2026-only-law-can-prevent-extinction","name":"Only Law Can Prevent Extinction"},{"id":"lw-2026-cat-belling-problems","name":"Cat-Belling Problems"},{"id":"lw-2008-the-magnitude-of-his-own-folly","name":"The Magnitude of His Own Folly"},{"id":"lw-2022-shah-and-yudkowsky-on-alignment-failures","name":"Shah and Yudkowsky on alignment failures"},{"id":"ai-general-purpose-technology-with-lag","name":"AI as a general-purpose technology with lagging productivity"},{"id":"automation-lowers-labour-income","name":"Automation lowers the labour share, wages or employment"},{"id":"task-based-exposure-measurement","name":"Exposure to automation measured from task content"},{"id":"aghion-jones-jones-2017-ai-and-economic-growth","name":"Artificial Intelligence and Economic Growth"},{"id":"agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-economics-of-ai-introduction","name":"Introduction to \"The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda\""},{"id":"acemoglu-restrepo-2018-modeling-automation","name":"Modeling Automation"},{"id":"eloundou-et-al-2023-gpts-are-gpts","name":"GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models"},{"id":"ai-improving-ai-accelerates-capability","name":"Machine intelligence improving itself accelerates its capability growth"},{"id":"arthur-mensch","name":"Arthur Mensch"},{"id":"bytedance-seed","name":"ByteDance Seed / 字节跳动 Seed"},{"id":"kyle-kosic","name":"Kyle Kosic"},{"id":"moonshot-ai","name":"Moonshot AI / 月之暗面"},{"id":"kimi-k2-readme","name":"Kimi-K2 repository README"},{"id":"kimi-vl-a3b-instruct-card","name":"Kimi-VL-A3B-Instruct model card"},{"id":"minimax-m1-licence","name":"MiniMax-M1 licence (Apache License 2.0)"},{"id":"seed-thinking-v15-report","name":"Seed-Thinking-v1.5: Advancing Superb Reasoning Models with Reinforcement Learning"},{"id":"claude-sonnet-4-5-system-card","name":"System Card: Claude Sonnet 4.5"},{"id":"moulange-bdt-governance-2023-11","name":"Towards Responsible Governance of Biological Design Tools"},{"id":"ab-prop-open-weights-bio-risk","name":"Public release of model weights increases biological misuse risk"}],"claims":[{"id":"lineage-ii-miri-published-agenda","statement":"MIRI announces publication of Alignment for Advanced Machine Learning Systems.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Displayed announcement date, not an authenticated archived expression. Publication is not evidence of adoption by a lab.","evidenceIds":["evidence-lineage-ii-miri-published-agenda"]},{"id":"capital-ii-openai-coreweave-expansion-2025","statement":"CoreWeave reports an additional May 2025 OpenAI reserved-capacity agreement with a payment commitment of up to $4 billion through April 2029.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Conditional contract ceiling, not cash paid, recognised revenue or delivered capacity. Signing day is unspecified. Do not combine this ceiling with earlier commitments as realised spending.","evidenceIds":["evidence-capital-ii-openai-coreweave-expansion-2025"],"attributes":{"transactionType":"compute_capacity","relationshipContext":"external","period":"Through April 2029.","conditions":"Satisfaction of delivery and availability-of-service requirements.","transactionStage":"contracted","amount":{"value":4000000000,"currency":"USD","bound":"up_to","scope":"transaction"}}},{"id":"atlas-openai-recapitalization","statement":"OpenAI published its account of a completed recapitalization, with OpenAI Foundation controlling OpenAI Group PBC.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Completion reported by OpenAI, not independently audited here. This does not establish every contractual term or later continuity.","evidenceIds":["evidence-atlas-openai-recapitalization"]},{"id":"xm-szegedy-batch-normalization","statement":"Christian Szegedy co-authored the Batch Normalization paper.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Co-authorship is not sole invention; this pre-xAI paper does not establish xAI adoption or influence.","evidenceIds":["evidence-xm-szegedy-batch-normalization"]},{"id":"prov-eu-code-ss-framework","statement":"Commitment 1 of the chapter commits signatories to adopt a state-of-the-art Safety and Security Framework, by creating, implementing and updating it, and to notify the AI Office of it.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"What the text says, not evidence that any framework was adopted or notified. Quoted from the Safety and Security chapter.","evidenceIds":["evidence-prov-eu-code-ss-framework-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"required_action","key":"ss-framework"}}},{"id":"ts-a4-extropy-1991-context","statement":"The 1991 Extropy glossary describes the singularity as enormous acceleration beyond which events cannot be foreseen.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"No period of hours to months.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ts-a4-extropy-1991-context"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Enormous acceleration and a limit to foresight, without a transition period."}}},{"id":"ts-b2-clemmensen-1996-09-07-context","statement":"Clemmensen’s message of 1996-09-07 imagines a benign SI that cannot stop all wars without revealing itself and acts without letting people know.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Not about an AI misleading its developers.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ts-b2-clemmensen-1996-09-07-context"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"The concealment of a benign SI is stipulated as an arbitrary assumption of the scenario, not argued as its strategy."}}},{"id":"yk-y09-lw-2022-shah-and-yudkowsky-on-alignment-failures-c","statement":"The post “Shah and Yudkowsky on alignment failures” (2022-02-28) contests Y09. In a chat with Rohin Shah, he argues that predicting human text about a domain well enough requires the model to learn internally a process that does the work of that domain.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Premise addressed: Next-token prediction is a shallow task that cannot require deep cognition. The quotation is a turn attributed to Yudkowsky in a dialogue. Chat log from the Late 2021 MIRI Conversations (section dated November 13, year implied 2021), published on LessWrong 2022-02-28. Only the labelled Yudkowsky turn is quoted. Conditional: if a model achieved AGI-complete prediction of text about science, it would need internal machinery that does science. Not a claim about current models. Lightly edited transcript of a conversation held before the posting date; the date shown is the publication date.","evidenceIds":["evidence-yk-t09-a"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting","earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Under the message-level rule, the passage, read with the paragraph, message or dialogue turn it belongs to, gives a reason against the premise that next-token prediction is a shallow task that cannot require deep cognition."}}}},{"id":"yk-y24-time-2023-shut-it-all-down-c","statement":"“Pausing AI Developments Isn't Enough. We Need to Shut it All Down” (2023-03-29) contests Y24. Within his proposal for a worldwide moratorium, he rejects framing AI development as a national arms race on the ground that everyone shares the outcome. Discussing a moratorium that might begin in the United States, he describes the technology as one that no country could own and that would kill people in both countries.","evidenceIds":["evidence-yk-t24-a","evidence-yk-t24-b"]},{"id":"yk-y24-ai-positive-negative-factor-global-risk-b","statement":"“Artificial Intelligence as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk” (2006-02-05) bears on Y24. Discussing a possible first-mover effect in superintelligence, which he defines by the makeup of the first mind to cross a key threshold, he argues that the first such AI must be Friendly.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Premise addressed: Whoever builds it controls it. In 2008 he favoured a local strategy in which one project gets Friendly AI right before others build AI to a lower standard. That is a first-mover view, but about the AI's Friendliness, not about a builder or nation controlling the AI. No located later passage explicitly retracts it, so it is recorded as related, not earlier-self. Published 2008 in Global Catastrophic Risks (the text says it was written in 2006); the cached MIRI PDF reprint states it \"contains minor changes\". His 2008 strategic view was that the first AI must be Friendly; this is not an argument for racing, and in 2023 he called anyone talking of arms races \"a fool\" (TIME). Admission check, 2026-10-08: the quoted wording also appears in the draft of 5 February 2006, so the record is dated by the draft.","evidenceIds":["evidence-yk-t24-d","evidence-yk-t24-d-draft"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"A first-mover view about whether the first AI is Friendly; it does not claim that a builder or nation controls the AI or that racing improves the outcome."}}},{"id":"ec-m03-agrawal-gans-goldfarb-2019-economics-of-ai-introduction-b","statement":"Agrawal, Gans, Goldfarb, “Introduction to \"The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda\"” (2019-05) bears on M03. The editors summarise Brynjolfsson, Rock and Syverson (chapter 1), who argue AI is a GPT and attribute low measured productivity growth mainly to implementation lags from missing complementary innovations.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The passage reports a view the author does not state as their own. Editors' report of another chapter's argument (Brynjolfsson, Rock and Syverson), not the editors' own claim; cite chapter 1 directly for the proposition.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-m03-08"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"relay","missing":"The GPT-plus-lag conjunction is attributed to chapter 1's authors; the introduction only reports it.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Chapter of the NBER Economics of AI volume (core venue)."}}}},{"id":"ec-m06a-acemoglu-restrepo-2018-modeling-automation-a","statement":"Acemoglu and Restrepo, “Modeling Automation” (2018-05) articulates M06a. Contrasts task automation with factor-augmenting change: the former always lowers the labour share.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Abstract page only (AEA website, AEA Papers and Proceedings 108, May 2018, pp. 48–53); full article not inspected. Model result.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-m06a-14"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"AEA Papers and Proceedings (core venue)."},"conditions":"Task-based model; the abstract adds that automation \"can reduce the equilibrium wage (for realistic parameter values)\"."}}},{"id":"ec-m07-eloundou-et-al-2023-gpts-are-gpts-a","statement":"Eloundou et al., “GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models” (2023-03-17) articulates M07. The authors estimate the share of US workers whose occupational tasks are exposed to LLMs, from O*NET task descriptions rated by humans and GPT-4. The authors describe their method: rating task exposure using a rubric applied by human annotators and GPT-4.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"(First passage) arXiv v1 (17 March 2023), not peer reviewed; three of four authors affiliated with OpenAI/OpenResearch; 'exposure' measures technical potential, not realised effects. Material quantitative claim. (Second passage) Methodological statement; arXiv v1.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-m07-04","evidence-ec-m07-05"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Scholarly working paper with an economist author: Daniel Rock (D2, 2026-10-11, confirmed); the other three were at OpenAI or OpenResearch, as the paper states."},"conditions":"Exposure measure β (direct plus half of tool-dependent exposure); US occupations; GPT-4-assisted labels."}}},{"id":"ec-e01-aghion-jones-jones-2017-ai-and-economic-growth-c","statement":"Aghion, Jones and Jones, “Artificial Intelligence and Economic Growth” (2017-10) contests E01. The authors list bottlenecks that could prevent a singularity even with complete automation.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A limiting condition, not a rejection: the authors present objections alongside the singularity examples. \"selfimprovement\" reflects the hyphen at a line break in the source.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-e01-18"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located","contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Applies the idea-production parameter φ (fishing out) to the self-improvement equation itself."},"tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."}}}},{"id":"lg-new-mensch-mistral-ceo","statement":"Mistral AI’s company page, as retrieved on 15 October 2026, identifies Arthur Mensch as CEO.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A snapshot of the title on an undated page; it does not establish when the role began.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-new-mensch-mistral-ceo"],"attributes":{"role":"CEO"}},{"id":"lg-mx-kosic-cofounded-xai","statement":"TechCrunch reported on 11 February 2026 that Kyle Kosic was among the members of xAI's 12-person founding team who had left the company.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The record rests on reporting; the source counts a 12-person founding team, while Business Insider (context) describes the cofounders as 11 engineers who helped launch the company alongside Musk. The roster’s composition is not independently established.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-mx-kosic-cofounded-xai","lg-ev-mx-kosic-cofounded-xai-bi"],"attributes":{"role":"Founding-team member"}},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d6-discretion","statement":"RSP · v2.0 states a provision on the comparison question “Other exceptions or discretion”.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"What the edition states, quoted from the cited expression. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-rsp-v2-0-d6-discretion-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"exception","key":"comparison-d6-discretion","facet":{"id":"D6.discretion","status":"stated"}}}},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d4-determination","statement":"No passage meeting the comparison question “Determination of capability or safeguard adequacy” was found in FSF · 2024 within the inspected scope.","derivation":"inferred","resolution":"supported","inferenceRationale":"Premises: the comparison question asks for the following. The person, office or body the edition names as making or approving the determination that a threshold is reached, that safeguards are adequate, or that a model may be deployed. The inspected scope of FSF · 2024 was: Whole text layer, PDF pp. 1–7 (all sections, both tables, footnotes and acknowledgements read). Method: the edition was read in full and its text layer searched case-insensitively for council, approv, decid/decision, determin, govern, board, leadership/executive, review. Hits examined and not counted: PDF p. 2 'We determine CCLs by analyzing several high-risk domains': describes how CCLs are defined, names no person or body that determines a model has reached one. PDF p. 2 'additional risks flagged by the review': no reviewer named. PDF p. 1 'It will be reviewed periodically' concerns the Framework (“Revision process and approval”). PDF p. 7 'under the leadership of' names the Framework's authors, not a decision role. 'govern' hits only in a footnote URL (PDF p. 1). No council, board or approval step found. The conclusion is bounded by that scope and method.","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A recorded absence within the stated scope: not a claim that the provision was deleted, and not a statement about practice or intent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-fsf-2024-d4-determination"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"decision_authority","key":"comparison-d4-determination","facet":{"id":"D4.determination"}}}},{"id":"ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-lw-2008-the-magnitude-of-his-own-folly","statement":"“The Magnitude of His Own Folly” (2008-09-30) credits Eliezer Yudkowsky as its author.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Credited authorship of this expression; it says nothing about priority for the ideas discussed.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-lw-2008-the-magnitude-of-his-own-folly"]},{"id":"ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-lw-2026-only-law-can-prevent-extinction","statement":"“Only Law Can Prevent Extinction” (2026-04-13) credits Eliezer Yudkowsky as its author.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Credited authorship of this expression; it says nothing about priority for the ideas discussed.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-lw-2026-only-law-can-prevent-extinction"]},{"id":"ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-lw-2026-cat-belling-problems","statement":"“Cat-Belling Problems” (2026-09-03) credits Eliezer Yudkowsky as its author.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Credited authorship of this expression; it says nothing about priority for the ideas discussed.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-lw-2026-cat-belling-problems"]},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v3-2-d8-process","statement":"RSP · v3.2 states a provision on the comparison question “Revision process and approval”.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The same item says updated versions will be published on or before their effective date, with the differences recorded in the Change Log. The Introduction describes the RSP as a living document to be updated continually, and §2 says Roadmap goals may change. What the edition states, paraphrased from the cited expression with its page. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-rsp-v3-2-d8-process-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"revision","key":"comparison-d8-process","facet":{"id":"D8.process","status":"stated"}}}},{"id":"cmp-faif-2025-d1-autonomy","statement":"FAIF · December 2025 edition states a provision on the comparison question “Autonomy, self-improvement or AI research and development”, in a weaker form than the question’s criterion.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Stated, partly: the passage has what the question’s criterion asks for, but in a weaker form than the criterion’s own words. Loss of control is a named risk category, but it is assessed through propensities (deception and sycophancy, with a MASK threshold; see “Other named domains”), not through autonomy, replication or AI research and development capability thresholds. The edition says scenarios of replication or preventing shutdown assume offensive cyber capabilities that it also tracks (PDF p. 2); automation of AI research and development appears only as a metric it may publish (PDF p. 8). What the edition states, paraphrased from the cited expression with its page. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-faif-2025-d1-autonomy-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"risk_domain","key":"comparison-d1-autonomy","facet":{"id":"D1.autonomy","status":"partly"}}}},{"id":"c2-moonshot-kimi-vl-card","statement":"Moonshot AI published the Kimi-VL-A3B-Instruct model on its moonshotai Hugging Face account, with a model card whose metadata gives the licence as “mit”, at a commit of 9 April 2025.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The licence is recorded as the card’s metadata tag states it; no LICENSE file was inspected for this model.","evidenceIds":["c2-ev-moonshot-kimi-vl-card"]},{"id":"c2-bytedance-seed-thinking-v15-report","statement":"ByteDance Seed posted the Seed-Thinking-v1.5 reasoning-model report to arXiv on 10 April 2025 (version 1); later arXiv versions are titled Seed1.5-Thinking.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The report is credited to 'ByteDance Seed' with a contributions list. Benchmark figures in the abstract are not recorded. The renaming is read from the arXiv listing, not from a Seed statement.","evidenceIds":["c2-ev-bytedance-seed-thinking-v15-report","c2-ev-bytedance-seed-thinking-v15-report-credit","c2-ev-bytedance-seed-thinking-v15-report-stamp"]},{"id":"c2-minimax-m1-licence","statement":"The MiniMax-M1 GitHub repository carries the Apache License, Version 2.0, with a 2025 MiniMax copyright notice, as of a commit of 14 June 2025.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The LICENSE file covers the repository, which includes model configuration and weight-index files; the licences of the Hugging Face weight repositories were not separately inspected.","evidenceIds":["c2-ev-minimax-m1-licence","c2-ev-minimax-m1-licence-2"]},{"id":"c2-moonshot-k2-readme","statement":"The README of Moonshot AI’s Kimi-K2 GitHub repository, at the repository’s initial commit dated 11 July 2025, introduced two model variants, Kimi-K2-Base and Kimi-K2-Instruct, and pointed to their checkpoints on Hugging Face.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The README’s description of the variants is the developer’s own; performance tables in the README are out of scope.","evidenceIds":["c2-ev-moonshot-k2-readme","c2-ev-moonshot-k2-readme-2","c2-ev-moonshot-k2-readme-3"]},{"id":"ab-fw-fsf-2024-bio-amateur-enablement-level-1","statement":"The Frontier Safety Framework v1.0 states a Critical Capability Level named “Bio amateur enablement level 1”: capable of significantly enabling a non-expert to develop known biothreats that could increase their ability to cause severe harm compared to other means.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The record states the capability level as the edition words it. It is not a finding about any model, and the edition gives no evaluation result for it. Only the “Critical capability level” column is recorded. The table’s “Rationale” column, which descends to a technical register, was read and excluded.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ab-fw-fsf-2024-bio-amateur-enablement-level-1-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"threshold","key":"fsf-bio-amateur-enablement-1"}}},{"id":"ab-ev-claude-sonnet45-published","statement":"Anthropic published the Claude Sonnet 4.5 system card, dated September 2025 on its cover.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Publication is not evidence that the evaluations described were carried out as described.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ab-ev-claude-sonnet45-published-1"]},{"id":"ab-arg-d6-moulange-articulates","statement":"The preprint of 27 November 2023 identifies, among the challenges of regulating biological design tools, the potential for safeguards to be circumvented by open-sourcing model weights.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The record documents what this paper states about tools for biological design, not about general-purpose language models; it is not evidence that the proposition is true and names no model.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ab-arg-d6-moulange-articulates-1"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"Stated of biological design tools, whose weights the paper says are often released openly."}}}],"sources":[{"id":"source-rsp-2-0","title":"Responsible Scaling Policy — v2.0","authors":["Anthropic"],"publisher":"Anthropic","publicationDate":null,"version":"Responsible Scaling Policy v2.0; effective date 2024-10-15. v2.0 identity is supplied by the official archive and later dated changelogs; the cover is not numbered.","versionDate":"2024-10-15","canonicalUrl":"https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/616dee633636e5bd309cb73aed8622e80fe47839.pdf","evidenceUrl":"https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/616dee633636e5bd309cb73aed8622e80fe47839.pdf","language":"en","archivedUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20241022154907/https://assets.anthropic.com/m/24a47b00f10301cd/original/Anthropic-Responsible-Scaling-Policy-2024-10-15.pdf","archivedAt":"2024-10-22","accessedAt":"2026-09-18","reuse":{"attribution":"Anthropic, Responsible Scaling Policy — v2.0.","licence":"No open redistribution licence asserted","note":"Selekoa practice: metadata, attributed paraphrases and short attributed quotations under the editorial policy (at most 50 words each; at most 400 quoted words per document across the dataset, and about 10% of a document under about 2,000 words). Documents are linked externally, not redistributed. Publisher terms that forbid quotation override this practice."}},{"id":"source-rsp-3-2","title":"Responsible Scaling Policy — v3.2","authors":["Anthropic"],"publisher":"Anthropic","publicationDate":null,"version":"Responsible Scaling Policy v3.2; effective date 2026-04-29.","versionDate":"2026-04-29","canonicalUrl":"https://cdn.sanity.io/files/4zrzovbb/website/28c6241900d90410628a8a2003a5572faae4365a.pdf","evidenceUrl":"https://cdn.sanity.io/files/4zrzovbb/website/28c6241900d90410628a8a2003a5572faae4365a.pdf","language":"en","archivedUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260505141510/https://cdn.sanity.io/files/4zrzovbb/website/28c6241900d90410628a8a2003a5572faae4365a.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-05-05","accessedAt":"2026-09-18","reuse":{"attribution":"Anthropic, Responsible Scaling Policy — v3.2.","licence":"No open redistribution licence asserted","note":"Selekoa practice: metadata, attributed paraphrases and short attributed quotations under the editorial policy (at most 50 words each; at most 400 quoted words per document across the dataset, and about 10% of a document under about 2,000 words). 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Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"source-ab-moulange-2023","title":"Towards Responsible Governance of Biological Design Tools","authors":["arXiv (preprint; workshop paper, Regulatable Machine Learning at NeurIPS 2023)"],"publisher":"arXiv (preprint; workshop paper, Regulatable Machine Learning at NeurIPS 2023)","publicationDate":null,"version":"Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 9e0f06fab595a615ceac3470dd7690069f1460aac6715d2bf9fefaad8bd6054c). arXiv v1 of 27 November 2023 (per the PDF's arXiv stamp) Retrieved again at admission on 2026-10-30 (SHA-256 9e0f06fab595a615ceac3470dd7690069f1460aac6715d2bf9fefaad8bd6054c, the same bytes).","canonicalUrl":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.15936v1","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.15936v1","language":"en","accessedAt":"2026-10-28","reuse":{"attribution":"arXiv (preprint; workshop paper, Regulatable Machine Learning at NeurIPS 2023), “Towards Responsible Governance of Biological Design Tools”.","licence":"No open redistribution licence asserted","note":"Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"source-ab-claude-sonnet45-card","title":"System Card: Claude Sonnet 4.5","authors":["Anthropic"],"publisher":"Anthropic","publicationDate":null,"version":"Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 d5d1ce28fea101ae3b201a5d4da100090a5d6b73246f7da820cafd7dbb11100e). PDF whose cover reads 'System Card: Claude Sonnet 4.5, September 2025', as served on 2026-10-28; the request redirected to https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd.pdf. No day of the month is stated. 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Re-checked at admission on 2026-10-14 against a copy retrieved that day, whose SHA-256 differs from the recorded one."},{"id":"evidence-ec-m07-04","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"pdf page 1; Abstract","passage":"Our findings indicate that approximately 80% of the U.S. workforce could have at least 10% of their work tasks affected by the introduction of GPTs, while around 19% of workers may see at least 50% of their tasks impacted.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-14","note":"Candidate pack passage M07-04 (research/economics-mainstream). The quotation (39 words) matched the retrieved current copy (SHA-256 f3c91bc909258b4824e2ea101a4f489aaea75d422adaf8508a79883b0d0f74bd) in the pack's verification. Re-checked at admission on 2026-10-14 against a copy retrieved that day.","contextOnly":{"reason":"Misleads when shown alone (GPT cross-family check of 2026-10-12, accepted by the maintainer on 2026-10-12).","requires":"Affected tasks are potential exposure, not jobs lost or realized employment change."}},{"id":"evidence-ec-m07-05","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"pdf page 1; Abstract","passage":"Using a new rubric, we assess occupations based on their correspondence with GPT capabilities, incorporating both human expertise and classifications from GPT-4.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-14","note":"Candidate pack passage M07-05 (research/economics-mainstream). The quotation (22 words) matched the retrieved current copy (SHA-256 f3c91bc909258b4824e2ea101a4f489aaea75d422adaf8508a79883b0d0f74bd) in the pack's verification. 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No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"lg-ev-mx-kosic-cofounded-xai","sourceRole":"secondary","support":"supports","locator":"Paragraph beginning 'On their own'","passage":"TechCrunch says six members of the 12-person founding team have left and names Kosic as the first of them.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-15","note":"Candidate pack passage, lab genealogy (research/lab-genealogy). The paraphrase’s verbatim anchor “12-person founding team” matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-15 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The paraphrase is Selekoa’s; only the anchor is the source’s wording. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-16/17) re-read the record’s sources and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"lg-ev-mx-kosic-cofounded-xai-bi","sourceRole":"secondary","support":"context","locator":"Paragraph 2 (Business Insider, 25 March 2026)","passage":"one of 11 engineers who helped launch the company alongside Elon Musk in 2023","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-15","note":"Candidate pack passage, lab genealogy (research/lab-genealogy). The quotation (14 words) matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-15 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-16/17) re-read the record’s sources and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"ev-cmp-rsp-v2-0-d6-discretion-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 15 (printed p. 11), §7.1, footnote 17","passage":"where this policy is unintentionally ambiguous, we will act in accordance with the Responsible Scaling Officer or CEO’s judgment","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Verbatim excerpt checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 against the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. Other stated discretion: CEO and RSO may approve interim measures (§6.2, PDF p. 14); trusted users may receive a version with reduced safeguards under alternative controls (§4.1 item 6, PDF p. 12); the RSO may limit further training below the default 4x (footnote 9, PDF p. 10). Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-fsf-2024-d4-determination","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"FSF · 2024: Whole text layer, PDF pp. 1–7 (all sections, both tables, footnotes and acknowledgements read)","passage":"Within the inspected scope, no passage meeting the comparison question “Determination of capability or safeguard adequacy” was found.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-26","note":"Absence recorded by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-15 for the framework comparison, audited in a fresh context, checked by a reviewer from a different model family on 2026-10-15 and re-checked on 2026-10-26. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-lw-2008-the-magnitude-of-his-own-folly","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Post author list in the publisher’s post data (LessWrong GraphQL API)","passage":"Eliezer Yudkowsky","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Credited name checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 in a direct retrieval through the publisher’s post data. Human editorial review is pending.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-lw-2026-only-law-can-prevent-extinction","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Post author list in the publisher’s post data (LessWrong GraphQL API)","passage":"Eliezer Yudkowsky","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Credited name checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 in a direct retrieval through the publisher’s post data. Human editorial review is pending.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-lw-2026-cat-belling-problems","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Post author list in the publisher’s post data (LessWrong GraphQL API)","passage":"Eliezer Yudkowsky","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Credited name checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 in a direct retrieval through the publisher’s post data. Human editorial review is pending.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"ev-cmp-rsp-v3-2-d8-process-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 16 (printed p. 15), §4 Governance, item 8 ('Policy changes'), first sentence","passage":"The edition says the CEO and RSO will propose any change to the RSP, and the Board will approve it in consultation with the LTBT.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Explicit paraphrase, written on 2026-10-27 by an automated research assistant after re-reading the passage in the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. The comparison quoted the passage; it is given here as a paraphrase to keep the edition within the quotation limit. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-faif-2025-d1-autonomy-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 1, 'Scope', first sentence","passage":"The edition says it addresses two main categories of AI risk: misuse by malicious actors, and loss of control.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Explicit paraphrase, written on 2026-10-27 by an automated research assistant after re-reading the passage in the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. The comparison quoted the passage; it is given here as a paraphrase to keep the edition within the quotation limit. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"c2-ev-moonshot-kimi-vl-card","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Model card front-matter metadata, field license","passage":"license: mit","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Candidate pack passage, Chinese frontier-AI institutions, second collection (research/china-labs-2). The quotation (2 words), a part of a longer passage that the pack joined across separate fields of the page, matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-27 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The pack had joined this field with others of the same page into one quotation; at admission each field became its own quotation (cross-family check, 2026-10-27). A cross-family machine check (2026-10-27, item K032) re-read the record’s sources and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"c2-ev-bytedance-seed-thinking-v15-report","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Title page, title","passage":"Seed-Thinking-v1.5: Advancing Superb Reasoning Models with Reinforcement Learning","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Candidate pack passage, Chinese frontier-AI institutions, second collection (research/china-labs-2). The quotation (8 words), a part of a longer passage that the pack joined across separate fields of the page, matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-27 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The pack had joined this field with others of the same page into one quotation; at admission each field became its own quotation (cross-family check, 2026-10-27). No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"c2-ev-bytedance-seed-thinking-v15-report-credit","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Title page, author credit","passage":"ByteDance Seed","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Candidate pack passage, Chinese frontier-AI institutions, second collection (research/china-labs-2). The quotation (2 words), a part of a longer passage that the pack joined across separate fields of the page, matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-27 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The pack had joined this field with others of the same page into one quotation; at admission each field became its own quotation (cross-family check, 2026-10-27). No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"c2-ev-bytedance-seed-thinking-v15-report-stamp","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Page 1, arXiv stamp","passage":"arXiv:2504.13914v1 [cs.CL] 10 Apr 2025","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Candidate pack passage, Chinese frontier-AI institutions, second collection (research/china-labs-2). The quotation (5 words), a part of a longer passage that the pack joined across separate fields of the page, matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-27 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The pack had joined this field with others of the same page into one quotation; at admission each field became its own quotation (cross-family check, 2026-10-27). No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"c2-ev-minimax-m1-licence","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"LICENSE, heading and appendix","passage":"Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Candidate pack passage, Chinese frontier-AI institutions, second collection (research/china-labs-2). The quotation (6 words) matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-27 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-27, item K036) re-read the record’s sources and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"c2-ev-minimax-m1-licence-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"LICENSE, appendix","passage":"Copyright 2025 MiniMax","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Candidate pack passage, Chinese frontier-AI institutions, second collection (research/china-labs-2). The quotation (3 words) matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-27 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-27, item K036) re-read the record’s sources and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"c2-ev-moonshot-k2-readme","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"README, “Model Variants”","passage":"The foundation model, a strong start for researchers and builders who want full control for fine-tuning and custom solutions.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Candidate pack passage, Chinese frontier-AI institutions, second collection (research/china-labs-2). The quotation (19 words) matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-27 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-27, item K040) re-read the record’s sources and judged it partly supported; its corrections were applied at admission. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"c2-ev-moonshot-k2-readme-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"README, “Model Variants”","passage":"The post-trained model best for drop-in, general-purpose chat and agentic experiences.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Candidate pack passage, Chinese frontier-AI institutions, second collection (research/china-labs-2). The quotation (11 words) matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-27 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-27, item K040) re-read the record’s sources and judged it partly supported; its corrections were applied at admission. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"c2-ev-moonshot-k2-readme-3","sourceRole":"primary","support":"context","locator":"README, “Model Usage” example system prompt","passage":"You are Kimi, an AI assistant created by Moonshot AI.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Candidate pack passage, Chinese frontier-AI institutions, second collection (research/china-labs-2). The quotation (10 words) matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-27 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-27, item K040) re-read the record’s sources and judged it partly supported; its corrections were applied at admission. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-fw-fsf-2024-bio-amateur-enablement-level-1-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 5 (printed p. 5), Critical Capability Levels table, Biosecurity row, “Critical capability level” column, first entry","passage":"Bio amateur enablement level 1: Capable of significantly enabling a non-expert to develop known biothreats that could increase their ability to cause severe harm compared to other means.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, AI and biosecurity (research/ai-bio). The quotation (28 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-ev-claude-sonnet45-published-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 1, cover","passage":"System Card: Claude Sonnet 4.5 September 2025","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, AI and biosecurity (research/ai-bio). The quotation (7 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. Cover lines, run together in the PDF text layer. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-30, item 23) answered the record’s question blind from fresh retrievals and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d6-moulange-articulates-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Introduction, PDF p. 1","passage":"the potential for safeguards to be circumvented by open-sourcing model weights","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, AI and biosecurity (research/ai-bio). The quotation (11 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. One of four regulatory challenges the paper lists. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-30, item 106) re-read the record’s sources and found full support. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"}],"at":{"entities":[0,1,3,11,19,22,42,47,56,66,105,123,146,154,243,248,253,272,293,314,339,343,358,372,413,426,431,441,515,518,520,527,550,559,564,585,632,643,723,747,963,971,978,998,1237,1243,1259],"claims":[244,253,280,330,748,823,877,1049,1143,1145,1345,1402,1442,1493,1927,2005,2053,2098,2445,2473,2475,2563,2672,2780,2781,2786,2797,3251,3400,3422],"sources":[36,41,44,51,105,109,123,147,242,274,294,318,319,380,393,398,408,478,503,512,517,696,712,725,793,801,806,824,1069,1082],"evidence":[265,274,301,352,950,1034,1091,1277,1386,1389,1390,1677,1748,1793,1794,1861,2490,2590,2591,2653,2718,3092,3120,3122,3219,3353,3519,3520,3521,3522,3535,3536,3558,3559,3560,4463,4678,4718]},"version":"1lg47t7"}