{"entities":[{"id":"openai","name":"OpenAI"},{"id":"anthropic","name":"Anthropic"},{"id":"eliezer-yudkowsky","name":"Eliezer Yudkowsky"},{"id":"rsp-2023","name":"Responsible Scaling Policy (2023)"},{"id":"tom-brown","name":"Tom Brown"},{"id":"rsp-v3-2","name":"Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy — v3.2"},{"id":"preparedness-beta-2023","name":"OpenAI Preparedness Framework — Beta"},{"id":"preparedness-v2","name":"OpenAI Preparedness Framework — Version 2"},{"id":"softbank-group","name":"SoftBank Group"},{"id":"stargate","name":"Stargate Project"},{"id":"adam-paper","name":"Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization"},{"id":"ppo-paper","name":"Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms"},{"id":"instructgpt-paper","name":"Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback"},{"id":"rlhf","name":"Reinforcement learning from human feedback"},{"id":"ms-fgf-2025","name":"Microsoft Frontier Governance Framework — Version 1 (February 2025)"},{"id":"ms-fgf-2026","name":"Microsoft Frontier Governance Framework — February 2026"},{"id":"california-sb-53","name":"California SB 53 (2025): Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, as chaptered"},{"id":"dartmouth-proposal-1955","name":"A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence"},{"id":"drexler-1986-engines-of-creation","name":"Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology"},{"id":"eder-1994-re-the-singularity","name":"Re: The Singularity (Eder)"},{"id":"drexler-1995-future-forecasts","name":"Future Forecasts: Eric Drexler’s comments"},{"id":"extropians-1998-09-07-yudkowsky-2212","name":"SITE: Coding A Transhuman AI (temp)"},{"id":"levels-of-organization-in-general-intelligence","name":"Levels of Organization in General Intelligence"},{"id":"seed-ai","name":"Seed AI"},{"id":"recursive-self-improvement","name":"Recursive self-improvement"},{"id":"fast-or-hard-takeoff","name":"Fast or hard takeoff"},{"id":"ai-automated-ai-research","name":"AI-automated AI research"},{"id":"scheming","name":"Scheming"},{"id":"give-it-human-values","name":"Giving it good human values"},{"id":"coherent-extrapolated-volition-2004","name":"Coherent Extrapolated Volition"},{"id":"sl4-2002-07-02-yudkowsky-0207-4667","name":"Re: Seed AI (was: How hard a Singularity?)"},{"id":"machines-cheaper-at-every-task","name":"Machines cheaper than labour at every task"},{"id":"trammell-korinek-2020-growth-under-transformative-ai","name":"Economic Growth under Transformative AI: A guide to the vast range of possibilities for output growth, wages, and the labor share"},{"id":"benzell-et-al-2015-robots-are-us","name":"Robots Are Us: Some Economics of Human Replacement"},{"id":"us-ai-safety-institute","name":"U.S. AI Safety Institute"},{"id":"dani-yogatama","name":"Dani Yogatama"},{"id":"reka","name":"Reka"},{"id":"anton-korinek","name":"Anton Korinek"},{"id":"cn-ai-content-labelling-measures-2025","name":"Measures for Labelling Artificial Intelligence-Generated Synthetic Content (人工智能生成合成内容标识办法)"},{"id":"tx-sb6-2025","name":"Texas S.B. 6 (89th Legislature): planning for, interconnection and operation of, and costs of serving certain electrical loads"},{"id":"governor-of-texas","name":"Governor of Texas"},{"id":"soice-llm-dual-use-2023-06","name":"Can large language models democratize access to dual-use biotechnology?"},{"id":"ab-prop-synthesis-screening-control-point","name":"Synthesis-order screening is a control point for AI-related biological risk"}],"claims":[{"id":"tom-brown-cofounded-anthropic-2021","statement":"Tom Brown is credited as an Anthropic co-founder in the company’s 2024 founder slide.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Institutional co-founder attribution, not a claim to an exhaustive founding roster or a present executive title.","evidenceIds":["evidence-tom-brown-cofounded-anthropic-2021"]},{"id":"softbank-stargate-2025","statement":"SoftBank was named as an initial equity funder of Stargate.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Named venture funding role; contribution amount, closing and legal vehicle are unspecified. This is not investment in another named participant.","evidenceIds":["evidence-softbank-stargate-2025"],"attributes":{"transactionType":"venture_equity","relationshipContext":"external","transactionStage":"announced"}},{"id":"lineage-ppo-uses-adam","statement":"PPO reports Adam step sizes for its MuJoCo, Roboschool and Atari experiments.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Author-reported use in the specified study, not independent replication, general institutional adoption, sole origin or proof of effectiveness. The target identifies a work; its inspected version is not necessarily the version used by these authors.","evidenceIds":["evidence-lineage-ppo-uses-adam"],"attributes":{"method":"Adam optimisation in the reported benchmark experiments"}},{"id":"lineage-instruct-discusses-rlhf","statement":"InstructGPT discusses reinforcement learning from human feedback as its training approach.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Discussion of the defined procedure; no earliest term use, invention or universal alignment success is asserted.","evidenceIds":["evidence-lineage-instruct-discusses-rlhf"]},{"id":"provchange-preparedness-v2-critical-development-restriction","statement":"Version 2 states that if a model under development reaches a Critical capability threshold, safeguards are also required to sufficiently minimize the associated risks during development, irrespective of deployment plans; the Beta states that only models with a post-mitigation score of “high” or below can be developed further.","derivation":"inferred","resolution":"supported","inferenceRationale":"Premises: Preparedness · Version 2 states the provision as quoted in its provision record (PDF p. 4 (printed p. 3), §1 Introduction, third bullet, third sentence); Preparedness · Beta states it as quoted in its provision record (PDF p. 21 (printed p. 21), Governance › Safety baselines, “Restricting development”, first sentence). The difference described is read directly from the two passages.","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A textual difference between the two editions’ wording of this keyed provision. It is not an assessment of whether the change strengthened or weakened the framework, and not evidence of implementation. Comparison only; it does not assert that Version 2 replaces the Beta.","evidenceIds":["evidence-provchange-preparedness-v2-critical-development-restriction-later","evidence-provchange-preparedness-v2-critical-development-restriction-earlier"],"attributes":{"changeBasis":"document_comparison","provision":{"kind":"required_action","key":"pf-critical-development-restriction"}}},{"id":"sb-calcompute-conditional-operation","statement":"SB 53's CalCompute section (Gov. Code § 11546.8, which establishes a consortium to develop a framework for a public cloud computing cluster) becomes operative only upon an appropriation in a budget act or other measure.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"What the enacted text states, quoted from the chaptered expression. It is not evidence that the statute applies to any named developer, or of compliance, enforcement or effect. Whether an appropriation has been made was not checked, so this record does not establish that CalCompute is operative. The section imposes no obligation on frontier developers.","evidenceIds":["evidence-sb-calcompute-conditional-operation-1","evidence-sb-calcompute-conditional-operation-2"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"exception","key":"sb53-calcompute-operative-condition"}}},{"id":"ts-a3-dartmouth-1955-context","statement":"The 1955 Dartmouth proposal names self-improvement as a problem for study.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"No mechanism is given.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ts-a3-dartmouth-1955-context"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Self-improvement is proposed for study, but no improvement of the improvement process is described."}}},{"id":"ts-b4-drexler-1986-context","statement":"Engines of Creation says a Turing-test passer would have to be able to plot and scheme.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The word \"scheme\" without the criterion’s training-time sense.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ts-b4-drexler-1986-context"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Plotting and scheming are named, but not faking alignment during training or evaluation.","attested":{"date":"1997-07-09","note":"Wording checked in the Foresight Institute’s web edition (© 1986 K. Eric Drexler; published for the web by Russell Whitaker), whose earliest captures are of 1997-07-09; a reader’s message of October 1996 on the site shows the edition was online by then. Not compared with the 1986 printing."}}}},{"id":"ts-a4-eder-1994-context","statement":"Eder’s 1994 message forecasts human-brain-level computer capacity in about forty years.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"An arrival forecast, not a takeoff period.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ts-a4-eder-1994-context"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"A peak in the rate of progress and a forty-year arrival forecast, without a transition period after human-level AI.","attested":{"date":"1997-07-12","note":"Known only from the relay on Anders Sandberg’s web pages, captured by the Internet Archive on 1997-07-12."}}}},{"id":"ts-a5-drexler-1995-context","statement":"Drexler’s 1995 forecast comment argues that better computational and material tools accelerate further tool improvement, that a slow trickle of progress seems unlikely, and that computation and molecular machinery could reinforce each other while competing with other technologies. Recorded as bearing on the proposition “AI-automated AI research”.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Drexler rejects a strict mathematical singularity and calls a reliable schedule impossible, while calling Vinge’s term remarkably appropriate.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ts-a5-drexler-1995-context"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Computation and molecular machinery improve each other, without automating AI research."}}},{"id":"ts-a2-yudkowsky-1998-09-07-2212-context","statement":"Yudkowsky’s announcement of 1998-09-07 gives Coding a Transhuman AI the alternative titles \"Notes on the Design of Self-Enhancing Intelligences\" and \"The Art of Seed AIs\".","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The earliest dated use of \"seed AI\" located, shared with Yudkowsky’s message 2209 of the same evening; it is not evidence of coinage. The message credits Max More’s challenge that human-level AI need not imply transhuman AI.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ts-a2-yudkowsky-1998-09-07-2212-context"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context","earliest-located-term"],"register":"nonfiction","term":"seed AI","missing":"The message names the new page by its titles; it does not state the concept."}}},{"id":"ts-a3-logi","statement":"Levels of Organization in General Intelligence describes recursive self-improvement as a consequence of seed AI.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Section 3.2 is titled \"Recursive Self-enhancement\".","evidenceIds":["evidence-ts-a3-logi"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"note":"MIRI reprint marked \"This version contains minor changes\"; not compared with the 2007 chapter."}}}},{"id":"yk-y16-coherent-extrapolated-volition-2004-c","statement":"“Coherent Extrapolated Volition” (2004-05) contests Y16. He argues that short lists of moral rules only work on minds that already share human psychology, and that an AI given them would lose everything the list leaves out.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Premise addressed: Human values can be written down or taught as a ready, compact specification. Later MIRI reprint of the May 2004 document; reprint wording not compared with a 2004 capture.","evidenceIds":["evidence-yk-t16-b"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"note":"Known only from MIRI's later, undated PDF reprint of the May 2004 document; the wording was not compared with a 2004 copy."},"engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Under the message-level rule, the passage, read with the paragraph, message or dialogue turn it belongs to, gives a reason against the premise that human values can be written down or taught as a ready, compact specification."}}}},{"id":"ec-m05-benzell-et-al-2015-robots-are-us-b","statement":"Benzell et al., “Robots Are Us: Some Economics of Human Replacement” (2015-02) bears on M05. The model splits output into an automatable good produced by capital and code and a non-automatable service ('prayer') produced only by labour; the introduction (pdf p. 3) says it is 'hard to think of hitherto human tasks that smart machines can't already or won't soon do'.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"NBER Working Paper 20941, February 2015, revised October 2018; quoted wording is from the 2018 revision and may not match the 2015 version. Two-good, two-period OLG simulation model, not a forecast. The introduction's remark is rhetoric; the model itself keeps a labour-only sector.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ec-m05-30"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"The model keeps a non-automatable labour-only sector, so machines do not perform all tasks; new tasks are not modelled.","attested":{"date":"2018-10","note":"Revision date on the cover of the retrieved PDF; the February 2015 wording was not retrieved."},"tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."},"conditions":"Corn produced with capital and code; prayer produced with high- and low-tech labour only."}}},{"id":"lg-new-yogatama-reka-ceo-2023","statement":"The Decoder reported at Reka’s emergence from stealth on 27 June 2023 that Dani Yogatama was its CEO.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The record rests on reporting (The Decoder); no Reka page naming its CEO was retrieved. The report does not call Yogatama a co-founder, so no co-founder record is made.","evidenceIds":["lg-ev-new-yogatama-reka-ceo-2023"],"attributes":{"role":"CEO"}},{"id":"cmp-ms-fgf-2026-d3-safeguards","statement":"Microsoft FGF · Feb 2026 states a provision on the comparison question “Safeguards required”.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Safety mitigations are applied 'so that the model’s risk level remains at low or medium once mitigations have been applied' (PDF p. 8); critical-risk models are subject to 'the highest level of security safeguards' (PDF p. 8). What the edition states, quoted from the cited expression. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-ms-fgf-2026-d3-safeguards-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"required_action","key":"comparison-d3-safeguards","facet":{"id":"D3.safeguards","status":"stated"}}}},{"id":"ap-anton-korinek-trammell-korinek-2020-growth-under-transformative-ai","statement":"“Economic Growth under Transformative AI: A guide to the vast range of possibilities for output growth, wages, and the labor share” (2021-02-04) credits Anton Korinek as one of its 2 authors.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Credited co-authorship; it does not allocate parts of the text between authors or imply agreement with every passage.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ap-anton-korinek-trammell-korinek-2020-growth-under-transformative-ai"]},{"id":"ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-sl4-2002-07-02-yudkowsky-0207-4667","statement":"The SL4 message “Re: Seed AI (was: How hard a Singularity?)” of 2002-07-02, archive message 4667, is sent under the name Eliezer S. 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Only the Automated R&D row is operationalized, with two alternative conditions; from v3.1, “highly capable” in §3.6 refers to this threshold. What the edition states, paraphrased from the cited expression with its page. It is not evidence of implementation, compliance or effectiveness, and a shared question does not make two editions’ provisions equivalent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-rsp-v3-2-d2-definition-1","ev-cmp-rsp-v3-2-d2-definition-2"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"threshold","key":"comparison-d2-definition","facet":{"id":"D2.definition","status":"partly"}}}},{"id":"cmp-ms-fgf-2025-d1-other","statement":"No passage meeting the comparison question “Other named domains” was found in Microsoft FGF · Feb 2025 within the inspected scope.","derivation":"inferred","resolution":"supported","inferenceRationale":"Premises: the comparison question asks for the following. Any further domain the edition names as tracked (for example misalignment, deceptive behaviour, sabotage of oversight). Research categories or monitored-only domains are recorded with their status as worded. Overlap rule: loss of control or misalignment defined through deception or undermining human oversight is recorded here; autonomy, self-replication and AI research and development go under “Autonomy, self-improvement or AI research and development”. The inspected scope of Microsoft FGF · Feb 2025 was: Whole text layer, PDF pp. 1–15 (p. 16 blank): all sections, both appendices read. Method: the edition was read in full and its text layer searched case-insensitively for speculative, potential capability-related risks, bias, misalign, loss of control, broader set of risks. Hits examined and not counted: PDF p. 3: the statement that research continues on capabilities that are longer-term or more speculative names no domain. PDF p. 4: the statement that Microsoft keeps studying potential risks related to capabilities names none. PDF p. 5: the broader set of risks refers to the broader AI governance programme. PDF p. 9: bias or discrimination are residual risks for deployers to address, not tracked domains. No match for 'misalign' or 'loss of control'. The conclusion is bounded by that scope and method.","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"A recorded absence within the stated scope: not a claim that the provision was deleted, and not a statement about practice or intent.","evidenceIds":["ev-cmp-ms-fgf-2025-d1-other"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"risk_domain","key":"comparison-d1-other","facet":{"id":"D1.other"}}}},{"id":"fl-cn-labelling-standards","statement":"Article 11 of the Labelling Measures requires service providers carrying out labelling also to meet the requirements of relevant laws, administrative regulations, departmental rules and mandatory national standards.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The Measures do not name a standard; the CAC news item names GB 45438-2025 as the accompanying mandatory standard (its publication is recorded separately).","evidenceIds":["evidence-fl-cn-labelling-standards-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"required_action","key":"cn-labelling-art11"}}},{"id":"fl-us-aisi-agreement-openai-announced","statement":"On 29 August 2024 NIST announced that the U.S. AI Safety Institute had agreements (a Memorandum of Understanding with each company) enabling collaboration on AI safety research, testing and evaluation with OpenAI, including access to major new models before and after public release.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"Announced in a press release; the MoU text was not inspected. 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It is not evidence that any evaluation was built, run or completed, and it names no expert or organisation.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ab-fw-rsp-2023-bio-evaluation-first-area-1"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"evaluation_timing","key":"rsp-bio-evaluation-development"}}},{"id":"ab-arg-d5-soice-context","statement":"The preprint of 6 June 2023 states that promising nonproliferation measures include pre-release evaluations of language models by third parties, curation of training datasets, and verifiable screening of all DNA generated by synthesis providers.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","qualification":"The record documents what this preprint proposes; it is not evidence that screening is effective, that any provider screens, or that the proposition is true. It holds no earliest-located role: the passage does not meet the proposition’s criterion. Downgraded at admission from the role the pack gave it, on the cross-family check of 2026-10-30: the passage does not meet the proposition’s criterion as worded. The record keeps the passage and says what it lacks. (item 98). The abstract's other sentences name specific technical and ordering content. Only the measures sentence is cited; that content was excluded and is not paraphrased.","evidenceIds":["evidence-ab-arg-d5-soice-context-1"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"Screening is one of three measures the preprint proposes, not a sole control point.","missing":"The passage proposes screening among three promising measures; it does not state that mitigation of AI-related biological risk depends on screening, which is the proposition’s criterion."}}}],"sources":[{"id":"source-anthropic-reinvent-2024","title":"Leverage Anthropic’s Claude models for AI’s evolving landscape","authors":["Maggie Vo","Elie Schoppik"],"publisher":"Anthropic / AWS re:Invent","publicationDate":"2024","version":"AIM123-S; 2024 deck as identified by copyright and event path. PDF page 6 contains founder rows. 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Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"source-cpo-pw-tx-sb6-2025","title":"S.B. No. 6, 89th Legislature, Regular Session (enrolled)","authors":["Texas Legislature"],"publisher":"Texas Legislature Online","publicationDate":null,"version":"Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 1ef38096867ebc62b555037c0ab364ad002b96cd43e322f2d92686ef55f73885). Enrolled version (SB00006F) as served on 2026-10-28. Retrieved again at admission on 2026-10-30 (SHA-256 1ef38096867ebc62b555037c0ab364ad002b96cd43e322f2d92686ef55f73885, the same bytes).","canonicalUrl":"https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/SB00006F.htm","evidenceUrl":"https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/SB00006F.htm","language":"en","accessedAt":"2026-10-28","reuse":{"attribution":"Texas Legislature, “S.B. No. 6, 89th Legislature, Regular Session (enrolled)”.","licence":"No open redistribution licence asserted","note":"Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"source-cpo-pw-tx-sb6-history","title":"Bill History: S.B. 6, 89th Legislature (R)","authors":["Texas Legislature"],"publisher":"Texas Legislature Online","publicationDate":null,"version":"Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 02208bba707de04910b2dbb70b64540d84f081ff285d7a7fa58ecbb8843e4dbd). Bill history page as served on 2026-10-28.","canonicalUrl":"https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=SB6","evidenceUrl":"https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=SB6","language":"en","accessedAt":"2026-10-28","reuse":{"attribution":"Texas Legislature, “Bill History: S.B. 6, 89th Legislature (R)”.","licence":"No open redistribution licence asserted","note":"Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}},{"id":"source-ab-soice-2023","title":"Can large language models democratize access to dual-use biotechnology?","authors":["arXiv (preprint, Emily H. Soice, Rafael Rocha, Kimberlee Cordova, Michael Specter, Kevin M. Esvelt)"],"publisher":"arXiv (preprint, Emily H. Soice, Rafael Rocha, Kimberlee Cordova, Michael Specter, Kevin M. Esvelt)","publicationDate":null,"version":"Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 78647f96bb8fed0e988de8807caa503cebd4b1148f47ad9d518b9cc401a2bbfe). arXiv v1 of 6 June 2023 (PDF at /pdf/2306.03809v1) Retrieved again at admission on 2026-10-30 (SHA-256 78647f96bb8fed0e988de8807caa503cebd4b1148f47ad9d518b9cc401a2bbfe, the same bytes).","canonicalUrl":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.03809v1","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.03809v1","language":"en","accessedAt":"2026-10-28","reuse":{"attribution":"arXiv (preprint, Emily H. Soice, Rafael Rocha, Kimberlee Cordova, Michael Specter, Kevin M. Esvelt), “Can large language models democratize access to dual-use biotechnology?”.","licence":"No open redistribution licence asserted","note":"Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution."}}],"evidence":[{"id":"evidence-tom-brown-cofounded-anthropic-2021","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF page 6, “Our business”, Founded panel and Tom Brown row","passage":"The 2021 founding panel credits Tom Brown as a co-founder.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-09-18","note":"Relevant source passage inspected by an automated research assistant. Human source review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-softbank-stargate-2025","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Paragraph naming initial equity funders","passage":"SoftBank appears among the initial equity funders.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-09-19","note":"Exact cited source passage inspected by a machine agent. Company statements are not independent proof of implementation. Human source review pending."},{"id":"evidence-lineage-ppo-uses-adam","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"v1 Appendix A, Tables 3–5, PDF p. 10; References [KB14]","passage":"The experiment hyperparameter tables specify Adam step sizes.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-09-20","note":"Relevant source passage inspected by machine. Primary for what this document states; no independent replication or human review. Existing source access dates are retained; this evidence check has its own date."},{"id":"evidence-lineage-instruct-discusses-rlhf","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"v1 §2, PDF pp. 4–5","passage":"The paper calls its approach an application of RLHF.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-09-20","note":"Relevant source passage inspected by machine. Primary for what this document states; no independent replication or human review. Existing source access dates are retained; this evidence check has its own date."},{"id":"evidence-provchange-preparedness-v2-critical-development-restriction-later","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 4 (printed p. 3), §1 Introduction, third bullet, third sentence","passage":"Preparedness Framework Version 2 states that if a model under development reaches a Critical capability threshold, OpenAI also requires safeguards to sufficiently minimize the associated risks during development, irrespective of deployment plans.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-03","note":"Paraphrase checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-03 against the cited edition; the edition’s own wording is quoted in its provision record. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-provchange-preparedness-v2-critical-development-restriction-earlier","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 21 (printed p. 21), Governance › Safety baselines, “Restricting development”, first sentence","passage":"Preparedness Framework (Beta) states that only models with a post-mitigation score of “high” or below can be developed further.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-03","note":"Paraphrase checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-03 against the cited edition; the edition’s own wording is quoted in its provision record. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-sb-calcompute-conditional-operation-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"SEC. 3, Gov. 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Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-sb-calcompute-conditional-operation-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"context","locator":"History note at the end of § 11546.8","passage":"Conditionally operative as prescribed by its own provisions.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-04","note":"Verbatim excerpt proposed by a research agent and checked by two independent fresh-context verifier agents, both upholding it on 2026-10-04; re-matched mechanically by the integrator against a direct fetch of the cited expression. The full note reads: added by Stats. 2025, ch. 138, sec. 3 (SB 53), effective January 1, 2026, conditionally operative. The CDX search returned no capture for this URL. Context: the codified section and its history note as displayed when checked; the provision itself is quoted from the chaptered text. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-ts-a3-dartmouth-1955-context","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Numbered section 5, Self-Improvement, printed p. 3 (PDF page 4)","passage":"Self-improvement by intelligent machines is listed as a topic deserving study, with no mechanism described.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-06","note":"Paraphrase from the pre-1996 candidate search."},{"id":"evidence-ts-b4-drexler-1986-context","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Notes for chapter 5, note \"... social AI ...\"","passage":"A system able to pass the Turing test would have to \"plot and scheme\".","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-06","note":"Checked against the 1997 capture."},{"id":"evidence-ts-a4-eder-1994-context","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"\"When will the Singularity Occur?\"","passage":"Computers reach human-brain capacity after about forty years of doubling every two years.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-06","note":"Paraphrase from the pre-1996 candidate search."},{"id":"evidence-ts-a5-drexler-1995-context","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"p. 11 lower right, \"ERIC DREXLER\", continued on p. 12 lower left below the forecast table (PDF pages 9–10)","passage":"Improving computational and material tools speeds further improvement; a slow trickle seems unlikely; computation and molecular machinery could reinforce each other while competing with other paths. Drexler rejects a mathematical singularity but calls \"Vernor’s term\" remarkably appropriate.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-06","note":"Paraphrase from the pre-1996 candidate search, corrected after a machine check: the continuation is on p. 12 lower left, and the comment on Vinge’s term is added."},{"id":"evidence-ts-a2-yudkowsky-1998-09-07-2212-context","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Message body, alternative titles listed under the page URL (line breaks shown as \" / \")","passage":"also known as / Notes on the Design of Self-Enhancing Intelligences / The Art of Seed AIs","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-06","note":"Checked against the archive HTML on 2026-10-06 (hash matched the 1996–2022 candidate search); \" / \" marks the title line breaks."},{"id":"evidence-ts-a3-logi","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Section 3 \"Seed AI\", introduction, printed p. 96; section 3.2 \"Recursive Self-enhancement\", printed p. 102 (PDF pp. 97, 103)","passage":"A seed AI is an AI designed for self-understanding, self-modification, and recursive self-improvement. 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The quotation (26 words) matched the retrieved expression (SHA-256 11b2d4bc7d64dc01503d1ab56ff3e985bfcaeed90235aad2c5ec16244b216685) when checked on 2026-10-06."},{"id":"evidence-ec-m05-30","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"pdf page 8; Section 3, The Model (printed p. 6)","passage":"Prayer and corn are stand-ins for automatable and non-automatable products, and are rough analogues to mass-produced goods and interpersonal or artisinal services.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-14","note":"Candidate pack passage M05-30 (research/economics-mainstream). The quotation (22 words) matched the retrieved current copy (SHA-256 362172ebc8a725bfe76675a836f565736278dc12c86db96b5e67944451b0ae60) in the pack's verification. Re-checked at admission on 2026-10-14 against a copy retrieved that day."},{"id":"lg-ev-new-yogatama-reka-ceo-2023","sourceRole":"secondary","support":"supports","locator":"Paragraph beginning “CEO Dani Yogatama”","passage":"CEO Dani Yogatama was also a senior staff research scientist at DeepMind (2016-2022)","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-15","note":"Candidate pack passage, lab genealogy (research/lab-genealogy). The quotation (13 words) matched the retrieved text on 2026-10-15 and again in a fresh retrieval the same day. Read directly from the publisher. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-16/17) re-read the record’s sources and judged it partly supported; its findings were applied at admission. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"ev-cmp-ms-fgf-2026-d3-safeguards-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 8 (printed p. 7), §4 Mitigations, Security measures, fourth paragraph, first sentence","passage":"Models posing high-risk on one or more tracked high-risk capability will be subject to security measures protective against most cybercrime groups and insider threats.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Existing dataset passage for this edition, which contains the comparison’s shorter quotation, first checked on 2026-10-03. The comparison’s quotation was checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 against the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-ap-anton-korinek-trammell-korinek-2020-growth-under-transformative-ai","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF text layer, first two pages: author name on the title page or first page","passage":"Anton Korinek","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Credited name checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 in a direct retrieval. Human editorial review is pending.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-sl4-2002-07-02-yudkowsky-0207-4667","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Message header, sender name (address not reproduced)","passage":"Eliezer S. Yudkowsky","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Credited name checked by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-27 in a direct retrieval and checked by a reviewer from a different model family on 2026-10-27. Human editorial review is pending.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"ev-cmp-rsp-v3-2-d2-definition-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 4, §1, third paragraph, first sentence","passage":"The edition says Anthropic cannot yet give detailed advance specifics of which evaluations will decide whether a risk threshold has been passed.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-27","note":"Explicit paraphrase, written on 2026-10-27 by an automated research assistant after re-reading the passage in the publisher copy, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. The comparison quoted the passage; it is given here as a paraphrase to keep the edition within the quotation limit. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-rsp-v3-2-d2-definition-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF pp. 8–9, §1, threshold table, row 'Automated R&D in key domains', left column, paragraph beginning 'We will consider this threshold', condition (1)","passage":"Under the Automated R&D row, the edition will consider the threshold met if Anthropic determines that its models could fully replace all of its Research Scientists and Research Engineers at competitive cost, which it glosses as within a factor of five.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-28","note":"Explicit paraphrase by an automated research assistant, corrected on 2026-10-28 after a blind check of all 287 comparison paraphrases by a reviewer from a different model family on 2026-10-28 (research/frontier-framework-comparison/codex-paraphrases-2026-10-28.md), which found that it left out the gloss of competitive cost as within a factor of five, and its locator stopped before the continuation on PDF p. 9. The correction was written from the passage as re-read in the publisher copy retrieved on 2026-10-28, whose SHA-256 matches the copy retrieved on 2026-10-15. Given as a paraphrase to keep the edition within the quotation limit. This is condition (1). Alternative condition (2) is “dramatic acceleration”: observing or expecting “double the rate of progress” in aggregate AI capabilities relative to the rate expected without major AI contributions to AI R&D, where the doubling is plausibly attributable in large part to automated research or engineering. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"ev-cmp-ms-fgf-2025-d1-other","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Microsoft FGF · Feb 2025: Whole text layer, PDF pp. 1–15 (p. 16 blank): all sections, both appendices read","passage":"Within the inspected scope, no passage meeting the comparison question “Other named domains” was found.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-26","note":"Absence recorded by an automated research assistant on 2026-10-15 for the framework comparison, audited in a fresh context, checked by a reviewer from a different model family on 2026-10-15 and re-checked on 2026-10-26. Human editorial review is pending."},{"id":"evidence-fl-cn-labelling-standards-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Article 11 (第十一条)","passage":"还应当符合相关法律、行政法规、部门规章和强制性国家标准的要求","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-28","note":"Candidate pack passage, frameworks to law (research/frameworks-to-law). The quotation (28 words, each CJK character counted as one) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-27 and again at admission on 2026-10-28, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Read directly from www.gov.cn. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. English machine translation, not verified by a person: “shall also comply with the requirements of relevant laws, administrative regulations, departmental rules and mandatory national standards”. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-28, item 107) re-read the record’s sources and found full support. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-fl-us-aisi-agreement-openai-announced-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"News release, first paragraph","passage":"announced agreements that enable formal collaboration on AI safety research, testing and evaluation with both Anthropic and OpenAI","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-28","note":"Candidate pack passage, frameworks to law (research/frameworks-to-law). The quotation (18 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-27 and again at admission on 2026-10-28, in a fresh retrieval of the same address (the page’s bytes had changed). Read directly from www.nist.gov. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-28, item 32) answered the record’s question blind from fresh retrievals and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-fl-us-aisi-agreement-openai-announced-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"News release, second paragraph","passage":"receive access to major new models from each company prior to and following their public release","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-28","note":"Candidate pack passage, frameworks to law (research/frameworks-to-law). The quotation (16 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-27 and again at admission on 2026-10-28, in a fresh retrieval of the same address (the page’s bytes had changed). Read directly from www.nist.gov. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-28, item 32) answered the record’s question blind from fresh retrievals and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-cpo-pw-tx-sb6-enacted-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"caption","passage":"AN ACT relating to the planning for, interconnection and operation of, and costs related to providing service for certain electrical loads","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, compute, power and orbit (research/compute-power-orbit). The quotation (21 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-29/30, item 57) answered the record’s question blind from fresh retrievals and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-cpo-pw-tx-sb6-enacted-2","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Actions table, entries of 06/20/2025","passage":"The bill history lists 'Signed by the Governor' and 'Effective immediately', each dated 06/20/2025.","passageType":"paraphrase","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, compute, power and orbit (research/compute-power-orbit). The paraphrase is Selekoa’s, written from the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28; it is not a quotation and was not machine-matched. The cross-family check found it faithful. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-29/30, item 57) answered the record’s question blind from fresh retrievals and agreed with the record. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-fw-rsp-2023-bio-evaluation-first-area-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 7 (printed p. 7), section “ASL-3 Capabilities and Threat Models”, item 1, paragraph following the misuse threshold","passage":"Our first area of effort is in evaluating bioweapons risks where we will determine threat models and capabilities in consultation with a number of world-class biosecurity experts.","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, AI and biosecurity (research/ai-bio). The quotation (27 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d5-soice-context-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"Abstract, PDF p. 1 (final sentence)","passage":"Promising nonproliferation measures include pre-release evaluations of LLMs by third parties, curating training datasets to remove harmful concepts, and verifiably screening all DNA generated by synthesis providers","passageType":"quote","verification":"machine_checked","checkedAt":"2026-10-30","note":"Candidate pack passage, AI and biosecurity (research/ai-bio). The quotation (27 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 and again at admission on 2026-10-30, in a fresh retrieval whose SHA-256 equals the pack’s. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. Quotation stops before the clause naming further facilities; the preprint is the primary source for its own proposal. A cross-family machine check (2026-10-30, item 98) re-read the record’s sources and found partial support; its corrections were applied at admission. No human editorial review.","retrievalRoute":"direct"}],"at":{"entities":[0,1,19,21,32,47,53,54,60,61,89,91,94,98,201,202,205,261,269,281,283,302,315,337,338,339,340,344,365,382,472,517,530,537,584,653,775,890,1009,1077,1109,1250,1258],"claims":[39,110,200,216,598,601,780,814,847,854,897,924,1092,1380,1652,2164,2274,2413,2559,2711,2913,2976,3054,3249,3414],"sources":[17,35,41,48,49,57,91,94,183,184,191,192,261,270,283,285,305,320,345,439,481,488,724,837,885,936,937,1063],"evidence":[41,129,219,235,675,676,686,687,988,1024,1061,1068,1114,1146,1328,1723,2082,2809,2921,3060,3213,3214,3405,3763,3848,3849,3983,3984,4461,4703]},"version":"1lg47t7"}