{"entities":[{"id":"aib-doc-huang-2016","name":"The coming of age of de novo protein design","type":"document","subtype":"Journal article","description":"Nature 537, 320–327 (review article), published online 14 September 2016. The article page gives Received 12 April 2016, Accepted 20 July 2016, Published 14 September 2016, Issue date 15 September 2016.","sourceIds":["source-aib-huang-2016-nature"]},{"id":"aib-prop-ml-designs-new-proteins","name":"Machine-learning methods make proteins with new functions designable","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"P4","criterion":"The text states that machine-learning models can be used, or will contribute, to designing proteins with functions, or sequences, not found among natural proteins.","terms":[],"withheld":[{"role":"earliest-located","reason":"Withheld until the criterion is decided (maintainer decision of 2026-10-30). The cross-family check located earlier candidates, Schneider and Wrede (1994) on sequence design assisted by neural networks and Greener, Moffat and Jones (arXiv, 26 June 2018) on sequences for a novel protein topology. Whether either meets the criterion’s “not found among natural proteins” is unsettled.","recordedAt":"2026-10-31"}]}}],"claims":[{"id":"aib-arg-p4-huang-2016","subject":"aib-doc-huang-2016","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aib-prop-ml-designs-new-proteins"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Huang, Boyken and Baker (Nature, published online 14 September 2016) state that computational methodology now allows a wide range of protein structures to be designed from scratch with atomic-level accuracy, and that it should now be possible to design new functional proteins from the ground up.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2016-09-14","basis":"publication","note":"Online publication date printed on the article page."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-aib-arg-p4-huang-2016-1","evidence-aib-arg-p4-huang-2016-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"No machine-learning element: the design methods are physics-based."}}}],"sources":[{"id":"source-aib-huang-2016-nature","documentId":"aib-doc-huang-2016","title":"The coming of age of de novo protein design","authors":["Po-Ssu Huang","Scott E. Boyken","David Baker"],"publisher":"Nature","publicationDate":"2016-09-14","version":"Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-30 (SHA-256 8ed3f404c2ed570357d15dabbf5337ef6aa3560d13c9a97ce3c08abee285597b). Nature review article page as served on 2026-10-30; abstract and metadata, full text behind subscription.","evidenceUrl":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature19946","language":"en"}],"evidence":[{"id":"evidence-aib-arg-p4-huang-2016-1","claimId":"aib-arg-p4-huang-2016","sourceId":"source-aib-huang-2016-nature","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-aib-arg-p4-huang-2016-2","claimId":"aib-arg-p4-huang-2016","sourceId":"source-aib-huang-2016-nature","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"}],"at":{"entities":[1419,1441],"claims":[3720],"sources":[1225],"evidence":[5152,5153]},"index":{"byClaim":[["aib-arg-p4-huang-2016",["propositions:ai-in-science"]]],"marks":[],"chronicle":{"years":[{"year":1863,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1865,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1872,"topics":{"ideas":7},"stated":0},{"year":1943,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1947,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1950,"topics":{"ideas":7},"stated":0},{"year":1951,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1952,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1955,"topics":{"ideas":31},"stated":0},{"year":1956,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1957,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1958,"topics":{"ideas":3},"stated":0},{"year":1959,"topics":{"ideas":6},"stated":0},{"year":1960,"topics":{"ideas":11},"stated":0},{"year":1961,"topics":{"ideas":10},"stated":0},{"year":1965,"topics":{"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1966,"topics":{"ideas":20},"stated":0},{"year":1968,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1969,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1971,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1972,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1973,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1974,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1975,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1976,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1977,"topics":{"people":2,"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1979,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1980,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1981,"topics":{"people":2},"stated":0},{"year":1982,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1983,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1984,"topics":{"ideas":21},"stated":0},{"year":1985,"topics":{"ideas":9},"stated":0},{"year":1986,"topics":{"ideas":18},"stated":0},{"year":1987,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1988,"topics":{"ideas":6},"stated":0},{"year":1989,"topics":{"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1990,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1991,"topics":{"ideas":11},"stated":0},{"year":1992,"topics":{"ideas":9},"stated":0},{"year":1993,"topics":{"ideas":14,"people":3},"stated":0},{"year":1994,"topics":{"ideas":14},"stated":0},{"year":1995,"topics":{"ideas":10,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":1996,"topics":{"ideas":71},"stated":0},{"year":1997,"topics":{"ideas":12},"stated":0},{"year":1998,"topics":{"ideas":49},"stated":0},{"year":1999,"topics":{"ideas":27,"people":1,"institutions":1},"stated":0},{"year":2000,"topics":{"ideas":62},"stated":0},{"year":2001,"topics":{"ideas":39},"stated":0},{"year":2002,"topics":{"ideas":30},"stated":0},{"year":2003,"topics":{"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":2004,"topics":{"ideas":12,"people":3},"stated":0},{"year":2005,"topics":{"ideas":10,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2006,"topics":{"ideas":26,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2007,"topics":{"ideas":20},"stated":0},{"year":2008,"topics":{"ideas":57,"people":3,"institutions":1},"stated":0},{"year":2009,"topics":{"ideas":10,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2010,"topics":{"people":3,"ideas":11,"institutions":1,"governance":4},"stated":0},{"year":2011,"topics":{"people":3,"ideas":7,"institutions":2},"stated":0},{"year":2012,"topics":{"people":4,"ideas":17,"institutions":2},"stated":0},{"year":2013,"topics":{"ideas":46,"people":4,"institutions":2,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2014,"topics":{"institutions":2,"ideas":54,"people":5},"stated":0},{"year":2015,"topics":{"people":22,"ideas":122,"institutions":3,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2016,"topics":{"ideas":88,"people":2},"stated":0},{"year":2017,"topics":{"people":16,"institutions":2,"ideas":128,"governance":2},"stated":0},{"year":2018,"topics":{"people":8,"ideas":158,"institutions":8,"governance":1},"stated":0},{"year":2019,"topics":{"capital":1,"compute":1,"people":10,"governance":19,"ideas":175,"institutions":4},"stated":0},{"year":2020,"topics":{"people":6,"ideas":98,"institutions":1,"governance":2},"stated":0},{"year":2021,"topics":{"people":27,"ideas":177,"compute":1,"institutions":23,"governance":4,"capital":6},"stated":0},{"year":2022,"topics":{"people":15,"ideas":217,"institutions":6,"governance":3,"compute":2,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2023,"topics":{"capital":5,"compute":7,"institutions":23,"people":51,"governance":179,"ideas":389},"stated":0},{"year":2024,"topics":{"capital":12,"compute":19,"governance":282,"people":80,"ideas":178,"institutions":28},"stated":1},{"year":2025,"topics":{"governance":547,"compute":69,"capital":34,"people":90,"institutions":18,"ideas":178},"stated":7},{"year":2026,"topics":{"governance":442,"capital":8,"compute":32,"institutions":21,"ideas":91,"people":107},"stated":19},{"year":2027,"topics":{},"stated":9},{"year":2028,"topics":{},"stated":6},{"year":2029,"topics":{},"stated":3},{"year":2030,"topics":{},"stated":3},{"year":2032,"topics":{},"stated":2},{"year":2035,"topics":{},"stated":2},{"year":2039,"topics":{},"stated":1},{"year":2042,"topics":{},"stated":1},{"year":2050,"topics":{},"stated":1}],"scheduled":[],"statedBy":[]},"collections":[{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"superintelligence"},"title":"Propositions about superintelligence, 1863–2022","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"risk-debate"},"title":"Arguments about catastrophic risk from advanced AI","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"yudkowsky-arguments"},"title":"Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments on common claims about AI, 1996–2026","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"economics-of-machine-intelligence"},"title":"Economics of machine intelligence","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"orbital-compute-arguments"},"title":"Arguments about compute in orbit","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"ai-bio-arguments"},"title":"Arguments about AI and biological risk","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"ai-in-science"},"title":"AI in science","claimIds":["aib-arg-p4-huang-2016"],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"documents"},"title":"Frontier safety frameworks","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"compare","id":"frontier-safety-frameworks"},"title":"Compare frameworks","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"control","id":"openai"},"title":"OpenAI’s control structure, 2015–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"control","id":"anthropic"},"title":"Anthropic’s control structure, 2021–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"commitments"},"title":"External commitments and obligations","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"question","id":"frameworks-to-obligations"},"title":"Frameworks, commitments and legal obligations, 2023–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"reading"},"title":"Founding and early leadership","claimIds":[]}]},"version":"131evrz"}