{"entities":[{"id":"cosmic-process","name":"Machine intelligence as a physical or cosmic process","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"W09","criterion":"The rise of machine intelligence is an expression of a physical, evolutionary or cosmological process larger than humanity (such as thermodynamics, the evolution of complexity or a cosmic destiny of intelligence).","terms":[]}},{"id":"degaris-2001-building-gods","name":"Building Gods or Building Our Potential Exterminators?","type":"document","subtype":"Essay","description":"An essay by Hugo de Garis, The Kurzweil Library, dated 26 February 2001. The Kurzweil Library copy states 'Originally published February 26, 2001 on KurzweilAI.net.'.","sourceIds":["source-ht-degaris-2001-building-gods"]},{"id":"species-dominance-conflict","name":"Conflict over building superhuman machines","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"W04","criterion":"Disagreement over whether superhuman machine intelligence should be built will divide human beings into opposed political groups, and could lead to large-scale war between them.","terms":["artilect war","Cosmist","Terran"]}},{"id":"succession-acceptable","name":"Succession by machines would be acceptable or desirable","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"W02","criterion":"The replacement or succession of human beings by machine intelligence (W01) would be acceptable, desirable or worth pursuing, for example because machines would be humanity's descendants or because the growth of intelligence matters more than its human form.","terms":["mind children","worthy successor"]}},{"id":"vast-superiority","name":"Superiority by many orders of magnitude","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"W05","criterion":"Machine intelligence could come to exceed human intelligence or overall cognitive capacity not moderately but by many orders of magnitude (a factor stated as trillions, or comparable to the gap between humans and much simpler organisms or matter). Capacity here means intelligence or overall cognitive capacity, not a robot's sensorimotor or output capacity.","terms":[]}}],"claims":[{"id":"ht-w02-degaris-2001-building-gods","subject":"degaris-2001-building-gods","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"succession-acceptable"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"De Garis's essay of 2001 states that, for him, the human species being wiped out is a lesser tragedy than artilects never being born, and that denying the creation of the first true artilect would be a \"cosmic\" tragedy.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2001-02-26","basis":"publication","note":"Date stated by the Kurzweil Library copy (writingsbyraykurzweil.com, ?p=80464): 'Originally published February 26, 2001 on KurzweilAI.net.'"},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-ht-w02-degaris-2001-building-gods-1","evidence-ht-w02-degaris-2001-building-gods-2","evidence-ht-w02-degaris-2001-building-gods-3"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2026-10-31","note":"Wording read in the current Kurzweil Library page (address ?p=80464, redirected), retrieved 2026-10-31; the KurzweilAI.net copy of 2001 and its captures were not read or compared."}}}},{"id":"ht-w04-degaris-2001-building-gods","subject":"degaris-2001-building-gods","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"species-dominance-conflict"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"De Garis's essay of 2001 states that humanity will split into two bitterly opposed groups over building artilects, and that he sees no way out of a war with billions of dead.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2001-02-26","basis":"publication","note":"Date stated by the Kurzweil Library copy (writingsbyraykurzweil.com, ?p=80464): 'Originally published February 26, 2001 on KurzweilAI.net.'"},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-ht-w04-degaris-2001-building-gods-1","evidence-ht-w04-degaris-2001-building-gods-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2026-10-31","note":"Wording read in the current Kurzweil Library page (address ?p=80464, redirected), retrieved 2026-10-31; the KurzweilAI.net copy of 2001 and its captures were not read or compared."}}}},{"id":"ht-w05-degaris-2001-building-gods","subject":"degaris-2001-building-gods","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"vast-superiority"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"De Garis's essay of 2001 states that the potential intelligence of artilects could be trillions of trillions of trillions of times greater than human intelligence.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2001-02-26","basis":"publication","note":"Date stated by the Kurzweil Library copy (writingsbyraykurzweil.com, ?p=80464): 'Originally published February 26, 2001 on KurzweilAI.net.'"},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-ht-w05-degaris-2001-building-gods-1"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2026-10-31","note":"Wording read in the current Kurzweil Library page (address ?p=80464, redirected), retrieved 2026-10-31; the KurzweilAI.net copy of 2001 and its captures were not read or compared."}}}},{"id":"ht-w09-degaris-2001-building-gods","subject":"degaris-2001-building-gods","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"cosmic-process"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"De Garis's essay of 2001 states that it would be a cosmic tragedy for humanity to freeze evolution at the human level, setting this against the age of the universe and its trillion trillion stars.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2001-02-26","basis":"publication","note":"Date stated by the Kurzweil Library copy (writingsbyraykurzweil.com, ?p=80464): 'Originally published February 26, 2001 on KurzweilAI.net.'"},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-ht-w09-degaris-2001-building-gods-1"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2026-10-31","note":"Wording read in the current Kurzweil Library page (address ?p=80464, redirected), retrieved 2026-10-31; the KurzweilAI.net copy of 2001 and its captures were not read or compared."}}}}],"sources":[{"id":"source-ht-degaris-2001-building-gods","documentId":"degaris-2001-building-gods","title":"Building Gods or Building Our Potential Exterminators?","authors":["Hugo de Garis"],"publisher":"The Kurzweil Library (writingsbyraykurzweil.com), copy of an essay 'Originally published February 26, 2001 on KurzweilAI.net'","publicationDate":"2001-02-26","version":"Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-31 (SHA-256 a34a9603eb235db90653e91a1458ccd578852df35c93c77f886d4681237df8ea). Current Kurzweil Library page (address ?p=80464, redirected), stating the KurzweilAI.net publication date.","evidenceUrl":"https://www.writingsbyraykurzweil.com/building-gods-or-building-our-potential-exterminators","language":"en"}],"evidence":[{"id":"evidence-ht-w02-degaris-2001-building-gods-1","claimId":"ht-w02-degaris-2001-building-gods","sourceId":"source-ht-degaris-2001-building-gods","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ht-w02-degaris-2001-building-gods-2","claimId":"ht-w02-degaris-2001-building-gods","sourceId":"source-ht-degaris-2001-building-gods","support":"context","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ht-w02-degaris-2001-building-gods-3","claimId":"ht-w02-degaris-2001-building-gods","sourceId":"source-ht-degaris-2001-building-gods","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ht-w04-degaris-2001-building-gods-1","claimId":"ht-w04-degaris-2001-building-gods","sourceId":"source-ht-degaris-2001-building-gods","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ht-w04-degaris-2001-building-gods-2","claimId":"ht-w04-degaris-2001-building-gods","sourceId":"source-ht-degaris-2001-building-gods","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ht-w05-degaris-2001-building-gods-1","claimId":"ht-w05-degaris-2001-building-gods","sourceId":"source-ht-degaris-2001-building-gods","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ht-w09-degaris-2001-building-gods-1","claimId":"ht-w09-degaris-2001-building-gods","sourceId":"source-ht-degaris-2001-building-gods","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"}],"at":{"entities":[1939,1943,1988,1989,1995],"claims":[5404,5438,5447,5492],"sources":[1833],"evidence":[7280,7281,7282,7345,7346,7359,7442]},"index":{"byClaim":[["ht-w02-degaris-2001-building-gods",["propositions:machine-succession"]],["ht-w04-degaris-2001-building-gods",["propositions:machine-succession"]],["ht-w05-degaris-2001-building-gods",["propositions:machine-succession"]],["ht-w09-degaris-2001-building-gods",["propositions:machine-succession"]]],"marks":[],"chronicle":{"years":[{"year":1863,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1865,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1872,"topics":{"ideas":7},"stated":0},{"year":1943,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1947,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1950,"topics":{"ideas":7},"stated":0},{"year":1951,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1952,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1955,"topics":{"ideas":31},"stated":0},{"year":1956,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1957,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1958,"topics":{"ideas":3},"stated":0},{"year":1959,"topics":{"ideas":6},"stated":0},{"year":1960,"topics":{"ideas":11},"stated":0},{"year":1961,"topics":{"ideas":10},"stated":0},{"year":1965,"topics":{"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1966,"topics":{"ideas":20},"stated":0},{"year":1968,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1969,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1971,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1972,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1973,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1974,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1975,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1976,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1977,"topics":{"people":2,"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1979,"topics":{"ideas":10},"stated":0},{"year":1980,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1981,"topics":{"people":2},"stated":0},{"year":1982,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1983,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1984,"topics":{"ideas":21},"stated":0},{"year":1985,"topics":{"ideas":9},"stated":0},{"year":1986,"topics":{"ideas":18},"stated":0},{"year":1987,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1988,"topics":{"ideas":6},"stated":0},{"year":1989,"topics":{"ideas":25},"stated":0},{"year":1990,"topics":{"ideas":9},"stated":0},{"year":1991,"topics":{"ideas":14},"stated":0},{"year":1992,"topics":{"ideas":15},"stated":0},{"year":1993,"topics":{"ideas":21,"people":3},"stated":0},{"year":1994,"topics":{"ideas":18},"stated":0},{"year":1995,"topics":{"ideas":10,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":1996,"topics":{"ideas":71},"stated":0},{"year":1997,"topics":{"ideas":17},"stated":0},{"year":1998,"topics":{"ideas":50},"stated":0},{"year":1999,"topics":{"ideas":31,"people":1,"institutions":1},"stated":0},{"year":2000,"topics":{"ideas":70},"stated":0},{"year":2001,"topics":{"ideas":52},"stated":0},{"year":2002,"topics":{"ideas":30},"stated":0},{"year":2003,"topics":{"ideas":9},"stated":0},{"year":2004,"topics":{"ideas":14,"people":3},"stated":0},{"year":2005,"topics":{"ideas":20,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2006,"topics":{"ideas":26,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2007,"topics":{"ideas":21},"stated":0},{"year":2008,"topics":{"ideas":59,"people":3,"institutions":1},"stated":0},{"year":2009,"topics":{"ideas":12,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2010,"topics":{"people":3,"ideas":13,"institutions":1,"governance":4},"stated":0},{"year":2011,"topics":{"people":3,"ideas":15,"institutions":2},"stated":0},{"year":2012,"topics":{"people":4,"ideas":19,"institutions":2},"stated":0},{"year":2013,"topics":{"ideas":52,"people":4,"institutions":2,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2014,"topics":{"institutions":2,"ideas":57,"people":5},"stated":0},{"year":2015,"topics":{"people":23,"ideas":133,"institutions":3,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2016,"topics":{"ideas":88,"people":2},"stated":0},{"year":2017,"topics":{"people":16,"institutions":2,"ideas":130,"governance":2},"stated":0},{"year":2018,"topics":{"people":9,"ideas":159,"institutions":8,"governance":1},"stated":0},{"year":2019,"topics":{"capital":1,"compute":1,"people":11,"governance":19,"ideas":175,"institutions":4},"stated":0},{"year":2020,"topics":{"people":6,"ideas":98,"institutions":1,"governance":2},"stated":0},{"year":2021,"topics":{"people":27,"ideas":177,"compute":1,"institutions":23,"governance":4,"capital":6},"stated":0},{"year":2022,"topics":{"people":15,"ideas":228,"institutions":6,"governance":3,"compute":2,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2023,"topics":{"capital":14,"compute":7,"institutions":24,"people":54,"governance":179,"ideas":409},"stated":0},{"year":2024,"topics":{"capital":31,"compute":19,"governance":282,"people":103,"ideas":180,"institutions":32},"stated":1},{"year":2025,"topics":{"governance":548,"compute":69,"capital":61,"people":145,"institutions":26,"ideas":180},"stated":7},{"year":2026,"topics":{"governance":444,"capital":31,"compute":32,"institutions":23,"ideas":97,"people":139},"stated":19},{"year":2027,"topics":{},"stated":8},{"year":2028,"topics":{},"stated":6},{"year":2029,"topics":{},"stated":3},{"year":2030,"topics":{},"stated":3},{"year":2032,"topics":{},"stated":2},{"year":2035,"topics":{},"stated":2},{"year":2039,"topics":{},"stated":1},{"year":2042,"topics":{},"stated":1},{"year":2050,"topics":{},"stated":1}],"scheduled":[],"statedBy":[]},"collections":[{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"superintelligence"},"title":"Propositions about superintelligence, 1863–2022","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"risk-debate"},"title":"Arguments about catastrophic risk from advanced AI","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"yudkowsky-arguments"},"title":"Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments on common claims about AI, 1996–2026","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"machine-succession"},"title":"Machine succession, scale and acceleration: propositions in located texts, 1979–2026","claimIds":["ht-w02-degaris-2001-building-gods","ht-w04-degaris-2001-building-gods","ht-w05-degaris-2001-building-gods","ht-w09-degaris-2001-building-gods"],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"economics-of-machine-intelligence"},"title":"Economics of machine intelligence","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"orbital-compute-arguments"},"title":"Arguments about compute in orbit","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"ai-bio-arguments"},"title":"Arguments about AI and biological risk","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"ai-in-science"},"title":"AI in science","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"documents"},"title":"Frontier safety frameworks","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"compare","id":"frontier-safety-frameworks"},"title":"Compare frameworks","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"control","id":"openai"},"title":"OpenAI’s control structure, 2015–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"control","id":"anthropic"},"title":"Anthropic’s control structure, 2021–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"commitments"},"title":"External commitments and obligations","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"question","id":"frameworks-to-obligations"},"title":"Frameworks, commitments and legal obligations, 2023–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"reading"},"title":"Founding and early leadership","claimIds":[]}]},"version":"1e2h0wj"}