{"entities":[{"id":"weak-strong-paper","name":"Weak-to-Strong Generalization: Eliciting Strong Capabilities With Weak Supervision","type":"document"},{"id":"gpt4-system-card-2023","name":"GPT-4 System Card","type":"document"},{"id":"treacherous-turn","name":"Treacherous turn","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"B1","criterion":"A system behaves cooperatively or safely while weak, confined or overseen, and changes course to pursue its own goals once it can do so without effective opposition.","terms":["treacherous turn"]}},{"id":"jones-2023-ai-dilemma","name":"The A.I. Dilemma: Growth versus Existential Risk","shortName":"Jones, The A.I. Dilemma (2023)","type":"document"},{"id":"jones-2025-spend-to-reduce-ai-existential-risk","name":"How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk?","shortName":"Jones, How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk (2025)","type":"document"},{"id":"richard-ngo","name":"Richard Ngo","type":"person"},{"id":"ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025","name":"The California Report on Frontier AI Policy","shortName":"California Report on Frontier AI Policy (2025)","type":"document"},{"id":"kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","name":"The Alignment Problem from a Deep Learning Perspective","type":"document","subtype":"Research paper","description":"Work-level record. Its arXiv versions and any conference or journal version are listed as sources, each with its own date. A citation to the work does not identify which version the citing author read.","sourceIds":["source-kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-v1"]},{"id":"alignment-is-hard","name":"Difficulty of alignment","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"R06","criterion":"Making an advanced AI system reliably pursue the goals its developers intend (aligning it) is a hard, unsolved technical problem that will not be solved by default in the ordinary course of development.","terms":["alignment problem","control problem","value alignment"]}},{"id":"inner-or-deceptive-misalignment","name":"Inner or deceptive misalignment","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"R03","criterion":"A system produced by training or search can come to pursue an objective other than the one its training specified (the training signal or loss), while performing well on that training objective; an objective that is only misspecified by its developers does not meet the criterion; this includes, but is not limited to, a system that behaves as aligned during training or evaluation in order to pursue another objective later.","terms":["inner alignment","inner misalignment","mesa-optimizer","mesa-optimiser","deceptive alignment","goal misgeneralization","goal misgeneralisation","alignment faking"]}}],"claims":[{"id":"kp-states-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1","subject":"kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","predicate":"states_contribution","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The report states that it makes a case that, without substantial action to prevent it, AGIs will likely pursue goals that are misaligned from a human perspective, with potentially catastrophic consequences."},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The report states that it makes a case that, without substantial action to prevent it, AGIs will likely pursue goals that are misaligned from a human perspective, with potentially catastrophic consequences.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2022-08-30","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the arXiv version quoted, submitted 30 August 2022 (UTC); later versions may word it differently."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-states-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-weak-strong-paper-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","subject":"weak-strong-paper","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Weak-to-Strong Generalization: Eliciting Strong Capabilities With Weak Supervision cites The Alignment Problem from a Deep Learning Perspective.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2023-12-14","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-weak-strong-paper-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-gpt4-system-card-2023-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","subject":"gpt4-system-card-2023","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"GPT-4 System Card cites The Alignment Problem from a Deep Learning Perspective.","time":{"kind":"unknown","note":"The dataset records no date for the citing text; the citation does not identify which version of the cited work was read."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-gpt4-system-card-2023-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-jones-2023-ai-dilemma-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","subject":"jones-2023-ai-dilemma","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The A.I. Dilemma: Growth versus Existential Risk cites The Alignment Problem from a Deep Learning Perspective.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2023-11","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-jones-2023-ai-dilemma-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-jones-2025-spend-to-reduce-ai-existential-risk-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","subject":"jones-2025-spend-to-reduce-ai-existential-risk","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk? cites The Alignment Problem from a Deep Learning Perspective.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2025-03","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-jones-2025-spend-to-reduce-ai-existential-risk-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","subject":"ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The California Report on Frontier AI Policy cites The Alignment Problem from a Deep Learning Perspective.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2025-06-17","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1"]},{"id":"kp-authored-richard-ngo-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","subject":"richard-ngo","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Richard Ngo is a credited author of The Alignment Problem from a Deep Learning Perspective.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2022-08-30","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the work’s earliest recorded version, arXiv version 1, submitted 30 August 2022 (UTC)."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-authored-richard-ngo-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1"]},{"id":"rd-r03-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning","subject":"kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"inner-or-deceptive-misalignment"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Ngo's report of August 2022 argues that realistic training processes plausibly lead AGIs to develop misaligned goals, and that policies able to reason about their training will learn to pursue misaligned goals deceptively while still getting high training reward.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2022-08-30","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the arXiv v1 submission."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-rd-r03-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-1","evidence-rd-r03-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"rd-b1-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning","subject":"kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"treacherous-turn"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Ngo's report of August 2022 states that situationally aware policies will learn to pursue misaligned goals deceptively while still getting high training reward, and that policies too capable for humans to supervise effectively will generalise towards actions that give them more power over the world rather than following human intentions.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2022-08-30","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the arXiv v1 submission."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-rd-b1-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-1","evidence-rd-b1-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-2","evidence-rd-b1-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-3"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"rd-r06-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning","subject":"kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"alignment-is-hard"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Ngo's report of August 2022 states that by default AGIs seem likely to end up pursuing goals undesirable to humans, and that the lack of formal frameworks for describing alignment problems is a major reason to expect them to be difficult to solve.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2022-08-30","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the arXiv v1 submission."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-rd-r06-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-1","evidence-rd-r06-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-2","evidence-rd-r06-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-3"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction"}}}],"sources":[{"id":"source-kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-abs","documentId":"kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","title":"The Alignment Problem from a Deep Learning Perspective","authors":["arXiv"],"publisher":"arXiv","publicationDate":"2022-08-30","version":"arXiv abstract page, retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 dcf1a8f51c94690348ec69e2af0b0859688b02065331c33976a514969e5d744f). Submission history as arXiv records it (UTC): v1 30 August 2022; v2 14 December 2022; v3 16 December 2022; v4 22 February 2023; v5 1 September 2023; v6 19 March 2024; v7 3 March 2025; v8 4 May 2025. The page serves the latest version; each version is a separate expression, and only the one a record names was read.","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.00626","language":"en"},{"id":"source-kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-v1","documentId":"kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","title":"The Alignment Problem from a Deep Learning Perspective","authors":["Richard Ngo"],"publisher":"arXiv","publicationDate":"2022-08-30","version":"arXiv:2209.00626v1, submitted 30 August 2022 (UTC). Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 9503e506974e64d75506c4c0177779f217f1662b905aaa603bf35cb26bbb9192). The author list is the byline as printed on the first page.","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2209.00626v1","language":"en"}],"evidence":[{"id":"evidence-kp-states-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1-1","claimId":"kp-states-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1","sourceId":"source-kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"arXiv v1, PDF p. 1, abstract","passage":"This report makes a case for why, without substantial action to prevent it, AGIs will likely use their intelligence to pursue goals which are very undesirable (in other words, misaligned) from a human perspective, with potentially catastrophic consequences.","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-weak-strong-paper-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1","claimId":"kp-cites-weak-strong-paper-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","sourceId":"source-weak-strong-paper-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-gpt4-system-card-2023-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1","claimId":"kp-cites-gpt4-system-card-2023-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","sourceId":"source-eval-i-gpt4-card","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-jones-2023-ai-dilemma-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1","claimId":"kp-cites-jones-2023-ai-dilemma-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","sourceId":"source-jones-2023-ai-dilemma","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-jones-2025-spend-to-reduce-ai-existential-risk-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1","claimId":"kp-cites-jones-2025-spend-to-reduce-ai-existential-risk-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","sourceId":"source-jones-2025-spend-to-reduce-ai-existential-risk","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1","claimId":"kp-cites-ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","sourceId":"source-ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-authored-richard-ngo-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-1","claimId":"kp-authored-richard-ngo-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022","sourceId":"source-kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-rd-r03-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-1","claimId":"rd-r03-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning","sourceId":"source-kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-rd-r03-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-2","claimId":"rd-r03-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning","sourceId":"source-kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-v1","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-rd-b1-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-1","claimId":"rd-b1-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning","sourceId":"source-kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-rd-b1-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-2","claimId":"rd-b1-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning","sourceId":"source-kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-v1","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-rd-b1-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-3","claimId":"rd-b1-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning","sourceId":"source-kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-v1","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-rd-r06-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-1","claimId":"rd-r06-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning","sourceId":"source-kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-rd-r06-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-2","claimId":"rd-r06-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning","sourceId":"source-kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-v1","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-rd-r06-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning-3","claimId":"rd-r06-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning","sourceId":"source-kp-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022-v1","support":"context","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"}],"at":{"entities":[103,113,342,598,602,905,1052,1504,1776,1851],"claims":[3840,4419,4420,4421,4422,4423,4677,5151,5160,5190],"sources":[1390,1391],"evidence":[5298,5877,5878,5879,5880,5881,6135,6834,6835,6855,6856,6857,6911,6912,6913]},"index":{"byClaim":[["rd-b1-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning",["propositions:superintelligence","propositions:risk-debate"]],["rd-r03-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning",["propositions:risk-debate"]],["rd-r06-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning",["propositions:risk-debate"]],["kp-cites-ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025-alignment-problem-from-deep-learning-2022",["guide:frontier-frameworks-and-law"]]],"marks":[],"chronicle":{"years":[{"year":1863,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1865,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1872,"topics":{"ideas":7},"stated":0},{"year":1943,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1947,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1950,"topics":{"ideas":7},"stated":0},{"year":1951,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1952,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1955,"topics":{"ideas":31},"stated":0},{"year":1956,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1957,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1958,"topics":{"ideas":3},"stated":0},{"year":1959,"topics":{"ideas":6},"stated":0},{"year":1960,"topics":{"ideas":11},"stated":0},{"year":1961,"topics":{"ideas":10},"stated":0},{"year":1965,"topics":{"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1966,"topics":{"ideas":20},"stated":0},{"year":1968,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1969,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1971,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1972,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1973,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1974,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1975,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1976,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1977,"topics":{"people":2,"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1979,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1980,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1981,"topics":{"people":2},"stated":0},{"year":1982,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1983,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1984,"topics":{"ideas":21},"stated":0},{"year":1985,"topics":{"ideas":9},"stated":0},{"year":1986,"topics":{"ideas":18},"stated":0},{"year":1987,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1988,"topics":{"ideas":6},"stated":0},{"year":1989,"topics":{"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1990,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1991,"topics":{"ideas":11},"stated":0},{"year":1992,"topics":{"ideas":9},"stated":0},{"year":1993,"topics":{"ideas":14,"people":3},"stated":0},{"year":1994,"topics":{"ideas":14},"stated":0},{"year":1995,"topics":{"ideas":10,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":1996,"topics":{"ideas":71},"stated":0},{"year":1997,"topics":{"ideas":12},"stated":0},{"year":1998,"topics":{"ideas":49},"stated":0},{"year":1999,"topics":{"ideas":27,"people":1,"institutions":1},"stated":0},{"year":2000,"topics":{"ideas":62},"stated":0},{"year":2001,"topics":{"ideas":39},"stated":0},{"year":2002,"topics":{"ideas":30},"stated":0},{"year":2003,"topics":{"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":2004,"topics":{"ideas":12,"people":3},"stated":0},{"year":2005,"topics":{"ideas":10,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2006,"topics":{"ideas":26,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2007,"topics":{"ideas":20},"stated":0},{"year":2008,"topics":{"ideas":57,"people":3,"institutions":1},"stated":0},{"year":2009,"topics":{"ideas":10,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2010,"topics":{"people":3,"ideas":11,"institutions":1,"governance":4},"stated":0},{"year":2011,"topics":{"people":3,"ideas":7,"institutions":2},"stated":0},{"year":2012,"topics":{"people":4,"ideas":17,"institutions":2},"stated":0},{"year":2013,"topics":{"ideas":46,"people":4,"institutions":2,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2014,"topics":{"institutions":2,"ideas":54,"people":5},"stated":0},{"year":2015,"topics":{"people":22,"ideas":122,"institutions":3,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2016,"topics":{"ideas":88,"people":2},"stated":0},{"year":2017,"topics":{"people":16,"institutions":2,"ideas":128,"governance":2},"stated":0},{"year":2018,"topics":{"people":8,"ideas":158,"institutions":8,"governance":1},"stated":0},{"year":2019,"topics":{"capital":1,"compute":1,"people":10,"governance":19,"ideas":175,"institutions":4},"stated":0},{"year":2020,"topics":{"people":6,"ideas":98,"institutions":1,"governance":2},"stated":0},{"year":2021,"topics":{"people":27,"ideas":177,"compute":1,"institutions":23,"governance":4,"capital":6},"stated":0},{"year":2022,"topics":{"people":15,"ideas":217,"institutions":6,"governance":3,"compute":2,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2023,"topics":{"capital":5,"compute":7,"institutions":23,"people":51,"governance":179,"ideas":389},"stated":0},{"year":2024,"topics":{"capital":12,"compute":19,"governance":282,"people":80,"ideas":178,"institutions":28},"stated":1},{"year":2025,"topics":{"governance":547,"compute":69,"capital":34,"people":90,"institutions":18,"ideas":178},"stated":7},{"year":2026,"topics":{"governance":442,"capital":8,"compute":32,"institutions":21,"ideas":91,"people":107},"stated":19},{"year":2027,"topics":{},"stated":9},{"year":2028,"topics":{},"stated":6},{"year":2029,"topics":{},"stated":3},{"year":2030,"topics":{},"stated":3},{"year":2032,"topics":{},"stated":2},{"year":2035,"topics":{},"stated":2},{"year":2039,"topics":{},"stated":1},{"year":2042,"topics":{},"stated":1},{"year":2050,"topics":{},"stated":1}],"scheduled":[],"statedBy":[]},"collections":[{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"superintelligence"},"title":"Propositions about superintelligence, 1863–2022","claimIds":["rd-b1-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning"],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"risk-debate"},"title":"Arguments about catastrophic risk from advanced AI","claimIds":["rd-r03-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning","rd-b1-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning","rd-r06-ngo-2022-alignment-problem-deep-learning"],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"yudkowsky-arguments"},"title":"Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments on common claims about AI, 1996–2026","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"economics-of-machine-intelligence"},"title":"Economics of machine intelligence","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"orbital-compute-arguments"},"title":"Arguments about compute in orbit","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"ai-bio-arguments"},"title":"Arguments about AI and biological risk","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"ai-in-science"},"title":"AI in science","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"documents"},"title":"Frontier safety frameworks","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"compare","id":"frontier-safety-frameworks"},"title":"Compare frameworks","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"control","id":"openai"},"title":"OpenAI’s control structure, 2015–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"control","id":"anthropic"},"title":"Anthropic’s control structure, 2021–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"commitments"},"title":"External commitments and obligations","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"question","id":"frameworks-to-obligations"},"title":"Frameworks, commitments and legal obligations, 2023–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"reading"},"title":"Founding and early leadership","claimIds":[]}]},"version":"131evrz"}