{"entities":[{"id":"instructgpt-paper","name":"Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback","type":"document"},{"id":"self-critique-paper","name":"Self-critiquing models for assisting human evaluators","type":"document"},{"id":"gpt4-system-card-2023","name":"GPT-4 System Card","type":"document"},{"id":"qwen-report","name":"Qwen Technical Report","type":"document"},{"id":"eloundou-et-al-2023-gpts-are-gpts","name":"GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models","shortName":"Eloundou et al., GPTs are GPTs (2023)","type":"document"},{"id":"chelsea-finn","name":"Chelsea Finn","type":"person"},{"id":"hongyu-ren","name":"Hongyu Ren","type":"person"},{"id":"erik-brynjolfsson","name":"Erik Brynjolfsson","type":"person"},{"id":"oecd-how-are-ai-developers-managing-risks-2025","name":"How are AI developers managing risks? (OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 45)","shortName":"OECD, How are AI developers managing risks? (2025)","type":"document"},{"id":"nist-ai-800-1-ipd-2024","name":"NIST AI 800-1 (initial public draft): Managing Misuse Risk for Dual-Use Foundation Models","shortName":"NIST AI 800-1, initial public draft (2024)","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"nist-ai-800-1","label":"Initial public draft (July 2024)","publisherId":"us-ai-safety-institute","publishedAt":"2024-07","dateNote":"Month from the title page."}},{"id":"nist-ai-800-1-2pd-2025","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"nist-ai-800-1","label":"Second public draft (January 2025)","publisherId":"us-ai-safety-institute","publishedAt":"2025-01-15","dateNote":"Day from the NIST release (“Released January 15, 2025”); the title page gives January 2025."}},{"id":"ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025","name":"The California Report on Frontier AI Policy","shortName":"California Report on Frontier AI Policy (2025)","type":"document"},{"id":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","name":"On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models","type":"document","subtype":"Research paper","description":"Work-level record. Its arXiv versions and any conference or journal version are listed as sources, each with its own date. A citation to the work does not identify which version the citing author read.","sourceIds":["source-kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-v1"]},{"id":"th-term-foundation-model","name":"'foundation model'","type":"concept"}],"claims":[{"id":"kp-states-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1","subject":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","predicate":"states_contribution","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The report names models trained on broad data at scale and adaptable to many downstream tasks \"foundation models\", explaining the term by their \"critically central yet incomplete character\"."},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The report names models trained on broad data at scale and adaptable to many downstream tasks \"foundation models\", explaining the term by their \"critically central yet incomplete character\".","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-08-16","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the arXiv version quoted, submitted 16 August 2021 (UTC); later versions may word it differently."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-states-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1-1"]},{"id":"kp-states-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-2","subject":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","predicate":"states_contribution","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The report describes itself as an account of the opportunities and risks of foundation models, covering capabilities, technical principles, applications and societal impact."},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The report describes itself as an account of the opportunities and risks of foundation models, covering capabilities, technical principles, applications and societal impact.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-08-16","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the arXiv version quoted, submitted 16 August 2021 (UTC); later versions may word it differently."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-states-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-2-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-instructgpt-paper-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","subject":"instructgpt-paper","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback cites On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2022-03-04","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-instructgpt-paper-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-self-critique-paper-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","subject":"self-critique-paper","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Self-critiquing models for assisting human evaluators cites On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2022-06-12","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-self-critique-paper-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-gpt4-system-card-2023-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","subject":"gpt4-system-card-2023","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"GPT-4 System Card cites On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.","time":{"kind":"unknown","note":"The dataset records no date for the citing text; the citation does not identify which version of the cited work was read."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-gpt4-system-card-2023-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-qwen-report-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","subject":"qwen-report","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Qwen Technical Report cites On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2023-09-28","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-qwen-report-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-eloundou-et-al-2023-gpts-are-gpts-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","subject":"eloundou-et-al-2023-gpts-are-gpts","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models cites On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2023-03-17","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-eloundou-et-al-2023-gpts-are-gpts-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-oecd-how-are-ai-developers-managing-risks-2025-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","subject":"oecd-how-are-ai-developers-managing-risks-2025","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"How are AI developers managing risks? (OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 45) cites On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2025-09","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-oecd-how-are-ai-developers-managing-risks-2025-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-nist-ai-800-1-ipd-2024-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","subject":"nist-ai-800-1-ipd-2024","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"NIST AI 800-1 (initial public draft): Managing Misuse Risk for Dual-Use Foundation Models cites On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-nist-ai-800-1-ipd-2024-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","subject":"ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The California Report on Frontier AI Policy cites On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2025-06-17","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-authored-erik-brynjolfsson-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","subject":"erik-brynjolfsson","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Erik Brynjolfsson is a credited author of On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-08-16","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the work’s earliest recorded version, arXiv version 1, submitted 16 August 2021 (UTC)."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-authored-erik-brynjolfsson-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-authored-chelsea-finn-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","subject":"chelsea-finn","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Chelsea Finn is a credited author of On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-08-16","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the work’s earliest recorded version, arXiv version 1, submitted 16 August 2021 (UTC)."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-authored-chelsea-finn-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-authored-hongyu-ren-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","subject":"hongyu-ren","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Hongyu Ren is a credited author of On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-08-16","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the work’s earliest recorded version, arXiv version 1, submitted 16 August 2021 (UTC)."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-authored-hongyu-ren-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1"]},{"id":"th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-naming","subject":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The report's authors chose the new term \"foundation models\" after surveying existing terms such as \"pretrained model\" and \"self-supervised model\"."},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Bommasani et al. (2021) state that, having surveyed existing terms such as \"pretrained model\" and \"self-supervised model\", they chose to coin the new term \"foundation models\".","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-08-16","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the text that states it, 16 August 2021. The statement reports 16 August 2021: Date of submission (an arXiv version or a journal’s received date, as the source states it); not a later revision or the venue’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported","evidenceIds":["evidence-th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-naming-1","evidence-th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-naming-2"],"attributes":{"provision":{"kind":"statement","key":"term-fm-bommasani-2021-naming"}}},{"id":"th-term-fm-bommasani-2021","subject":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","predicate":"uses_term","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"th-term-foundation-model"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Bommasani et al. (arXiv v1, 2021) name models trained on broad data at scale and adaptable to many downstream tasks \"foundation models\".","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-08-16","note":"Date of submission (an arXiv version or a journal’s received date, as the source states it); not a later revision or the venue’s publication date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-1","evidence-th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-2"],"attributes":{"naming":{"string":"foundation models","sense":"meets","role":"earliest-located","register":"nonfiction","reading":"text"}}},{"id":"th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-def","subject":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","predicate":"discusses","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"th-term-foundation-model"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Bommasani et al. (2021) define a foundation model as a model trained on broad data at scale that serves as the common basis from which task-specific models are built by adaptation.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-08-16","note":"Date of submission (an arXiv version or a journal’s received date, as the source states it); not a later revision or the venue’s publication date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-def-1","evidence-th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-def-2"],"attributes":{"technical":{"kind":"definition"}}}],"sources":[{"id":"source-kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-abs","documentId":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","title":"On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models","authors":["arXiv"],"publisher":"arXiv","publicationDate":"2021-08-16","version":"arXiv abstract page, retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 011f9d01a5338875b699e17f9ae960c290f15e94b8a2f33895901f7eed63d715). Submission history as arXiv records it (UTC): v1 16 August 2021; v2 18 August 2021; v3 12 July 2022. The page serves the latest version; each version is a separate expression, and only the one a record names was read.","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.07258","language":"en"},{"id":"source-kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-v1","documentId":"kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","title":"On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models","authors":["Rishi Bommasani","Drew A. Hudson","Ehsan Adeli","Russ Altman","Simran Arora","Sydney von Arx","Michael S. Bernstein","Jeannette Bohg","Antoine Bosselut","Emma Brunskill","Erik Brynjolfsson","Shyamal Buch","Dallas Card","Rodrigo Castellon","Niladri Chatterji","Annie Chen","Kathleen Creel","Chris Donahue","Moussa Doumbouya","Esin Durmus","Stefano Ermon","John Etchemendy","Kawin Ethayarajh","Chelsea Finn","Trevor Gale","Lauren Gillespie","Karan Goel","Noah Goodman","Shelby Grossman","Neel Guha","Tatsunori Hashimoto","Peter Henderson","John Hewitt","Daniel E. Ho","Jenny Hong","Kyle Hsu","Jing Huang","Thomas Icard","Saahil Jain","Dan Jurafsky","Pratyusha Kalluri","Siddharth Karamcheti","Geoff Keeling","Fereshte Khani","Omar Khattab","Pang Wei Koh","Mark Krass","Ranjay Krishna","Rohith Kuditipudi","Ananya Kumar","Faisal Ladhak","Mina Lee","Tony Lee","Jure Leskovec","Isabelle Levent","Xiang Lisa Li","Xuechen Li","Tengyu Ma","Ali Malik","Christopher D. Manning","Suvir Mirchandani","Eric Mitchell","Zanele Munyikwa","Suraj Nair","Avanika Narayan","Deepak Narayanan","Allen Nie","Juan Carlos Niebles","Hamed Nilforoshan","Julian Nyarko","Giray Ogut","Laurel Orr","Isabel Papadimitriou","Chris Piech","Eva Portelance","Christopher Potts","Aditi Raghunathan","Hongyu Ren","Frieda Rong","Yusuf Roohani","Camilo Ruiz","Jack Ryan","Christopher Ré","Dorsa Sadigh","Shiori Sagawa","Keshav Santhanam","Andy Shih","Krishnan Srinivasan","Alex Tamkin","Rohan Taori","Armin W. Thomas","Florian Tramèr","Rose E. Wang","William Wang","Bohan Wu","Jiajun Wu","Yuhuai Wu","Sang Michael Xie","Michihiro Yasunaga","Jiaxuan You","Matei Zaharia","Michael Zhang","Tianyi Zhang","Xikun Zhang","Yuhui Zhang","Lucia Zheng","Kaitlyn Zhou","Percy Liang"],"publisher":"arXiv","publicationDate":"2021-08-16","version":"arXiv:2108.07258v1, submitted 16 August 2021 (UTC). Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 7d7de90261ec22654cd360b7925886d75321db35ab6ff9412d8893da760ffe67). The author list is the byline as printed on the first page.","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.07258v1","language":"en"}],"evidence":[{"id":"evidence-kp-states-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1-1","claimId":"kp-states-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1","sourceId":"source-kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"arXiv v1, PDF p. 1, abstract","passage":"We call these models foundation models to underscore their critically central yet incomplete character.","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-states-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-2-1","claimId":"kp-states-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-2","sourceId":"source-kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"arXiv v1, PDF p. 1, abstract","passage":"This report provides a thorough account of the opportunities and risks of foundation models, ranging from their capabilities … to their applications (e.g., law, healthcare, education) and societal impact (e.g., inequity, misuse, economic and environmental impact, legal and ethical considerations).","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-instructgpt-paper-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-instructgpt-paper-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","sourceId":"source-instructgpt-paper-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-self-critique-paper-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-self-critique-paper-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","sourceId":"source-self-critique-paper-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-gpt4-system-card-2023-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-gpt4-system-card-2023-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","sourceId":"source-eval-i-gpt4-card","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-qwen-report-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-qwen-report-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","sourceId":"source-cn-qwen","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-eloundou-et-al-2023-gpts-are-gpts-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-eloundou-et-al-2023-gpts-are-gpts-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","sourceId":"source-eloundou-et-al-2023-gpts-are-gpts","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-oecd-how-are-ai-developers-managing-risks-2025-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-oecd-how-are-ai-developers-managing-risks-2025-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","sourceId":"source-oecd-haip-managing-risks-2025","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-nist-ai-800-1-ipd-2024-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-nist-ai-800-1-ipd-2024-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","sourceId":"source-nist-ai-800-1-ipd","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","sourceId":"source-ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-authored-erik-brynjolfsson-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1","claimId":"kp-authored-erik-brynjolfsson-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","sourceId":"source-kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-authored-chelsea-finn-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1","claimId":"kp-authored-chelsea-finn-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","sourceId":"source-kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-authored-hongyu-ren-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-1","claimId":"kp-authored-hongyu-ren-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021","sourceId":"source-kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-naming-1","claimId":"th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-naming","sourceId":"source-kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-v1","support":"supports","locator":"PDF p. 6, section 1.1.1 \"Naming\"","passage":"Existing terms (e.g., pretrained model, self-supervised model) partially capture the technical dimension of these models","passageType":"quote"},{"id":"evidence-th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-1","claimId":"th-term-fm-bommasani-2021","sourceId":"source-kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-2","claimId":"th-term-fm-bommasani-2021","sourceId":"source-kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-v1","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-def-1","claimId":"th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-def","sourceId":"source-kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-def-2","claimId":"th-term-fm-bommasani-2021-def","sourceId":"source-kp-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021-v1","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"}],"at":{"entities":[94,102,113,183,564,646,683,859,1028,1047,1048,1052,1456,1668],"claims":[3772,3773,4100,4101,4102,4103,4104,4105,4106,4107,4535,4536,4537,4758,4879,4880],"sources":[1272,1273],"evidence":[5230,5231,5558,5559,5560,5561,5562,5563,5564,5565,5993,5994,5995,6225,6391,6392,6393,6394]},"index":{"byClaim":[["kp-cites-nist-ai-800-1-ipd-2024-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021",["guide:frontier-frameworks-and-law"]],["kp-cites-ca-frontier-ai-policy-report-2025-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021",["guide:frontier-frameworks-and-law"]],["kp-cites-oecd-how-are-ai-developers-managing-risks-2025-opportunities-risks-foundation-models-2021",["guide:frontier-frameworks-and-law"]]],"marks":[],"chronicle":{"years":[{"year":1863,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1865,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1872,"topics":{"ideas":7},"stated":0},{"year":1943,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1947,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1950,"topics":{"ideas":7},"stated":0},{"year":1951,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1952,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1955,"topics":{"ideas":31},"stated":0},{"year":1956,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1957,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1958,"topics":{"ideas":3},"stated":0},{"year":1959,"topics":{"ideas":6},"stated":0},{"year":1960,"topics":{"ideas":11},"stated":0},{"year":1961,"topics":{"ideas":10},"stated":0},{"year":1965,"topics":{"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1966,"topics":{"ideas":20},"stated":0},{"year":1968,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1969,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1971,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1972,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1973,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1974,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1975,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1976,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1977,"topics":{"people":2,"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1979,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1980,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1981,"topics":{"people":2},"stated":0},{"year":1982,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1983,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1984,"topics":{"ideas":21},"stated":0},{"year":1985,"topics":{"ideas":9},"stated":0},{"year":1986,"topics":{"ideas":18},"stated":0},{"year":1987,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1988,"topics":{"ideas":6},"stated":0},{"year":1989,"topics":{"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1990,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1991,"topics":{"ideas":11},"stated":0},{"year":1992,"topics":{"ideas":9},"stated":0},{"year":1993,"topics":{"ideas":14,"people":3},"stated":0},{"year":1994,"topics":{"ideas":14},"stated":0},{"year":1995,"topics":{"ideas":10,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":1996,"topics":{"ideas":71},"stated":0},{"year":1997,"topics":{"ideas":12},"stated":0},{"year":1998,"topics":{"ideas":49},"stated":0},{"year":1999,"topics":{"ideas":27,"people":1,"institutions":1},"stated":0},{"year":2000,"topics":{"ideas":62},"stated":0},{"year":2001,"topics":{"ideas":39},"stated":0},{"year":2002,"topics":{"ideas":30},"stated":0},{"year":2003,"topics":{"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":2004,"topics":{"ideas":12,"people":3},"stated":0},{"year":2005,"topics":{"ideas":10,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2006,"topics":{"ideas":26,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2007,"topics":{"ideas":20},"stated":0},{"year":2008,"topics":{"ideas":57,"people":3,"institutions":1},"stated":0},{"year":2009,"topics":{"ideas":10,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2010,"topics":{"people":3,"ideas":11,"institutions":1,"governance":4},"stated":0},{"year":2011,"topics":{"people":3,"ideas":7,"institutions":2},"stated":0},{"year":2012,"topics":{"people":4,"ideas":17,"institutions":2},"stated":0},{"year":2013,"topics":{"ideas":46,"people":4,"institutions":2,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2014,"topics":{"institutions":2,"ideas":54,"people":5},"stated":0},{"year":2015,"topics":{"people":22,"ideas":122,"institutions":3,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2016,"topics":{"ideas":88,"people":2},"stated":0},{"year":2017,"topics":{"people":16,"institutions":2,"ideas":128,"governance":2},"stated":0},{"year":2018,"topics":{"people":8,"ideas":158,"institutions":8,"governance":1},"stated":0},{"year":2019,"topics":{"capital":1,"compute":1,"people":10,"governance":19,"ideas":175,"institutions":4},"stated":0},{"year":2020,"topics":{"people":6,"ideas":98,"institutions":1,"governance":2},"stated":0},{"year":2021,"topics":{"people":27,"ideas":177,"compute":1,"institutions":23,"governance":4,"capital":6},"stated":0},{"year":2022,"topics":{"people":15,"ideas":217,"institutions":6,"governance":3,"compute":2,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2023,"topics":{"capital":5,"compute":7,"institutions":23,"people":51,"governance":179,"ideas":389},"stated":0},{"year":2024,"topics":{"capital":12,"compute":19,"governance":282,"people":80,"ideas":178,"institutions":28},"stated":1},{"year":2025,"topics":{"governance":547,"compute":69,"capital":34,"people":90,"institutions":18,"ideas":178},"stated":7},{"year":2026,"topics":{"governance":442,"capital":8,"compute":32,"institutions":21,"ideas":91,"people":107},"stated":19},{"year":2027,"topics":{},"stated":9},{"year":2028,"topics":{},"stated":6},{"year":2029,"topics":{},"stated":3},{"year":2030,"topics":{},"stated":3},{"year":2032,"topics":{},"stated":2},{"year":2035,"topics":{},"stated":2},{"year":2039,"topics":{},"stated":1},{"year":2042,"topics":{},"stated":1},{"year":2050,"topics":{},"stated":1}],"scheduled":[],"statedBy":[]},"collections":[{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"superintelligence"},"title":"Propositions about superintelligence, 1863–2022","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"risk-debate"},"title":"Arguments about catastrophic risk from advanced AI","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"yudkowsky-arguments"},"title":"Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments on common claims about AI, 1996–2026","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"economics-of-machine-intelligence"},"title":"Economics of machine intelligence","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"orbital-compute-arguments"},"title":"Arguments about compute in orbit","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"ai-bio-arguments"},"title":"Arguments about AI and biological risk","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"ai-in-science"},"title":"AI in science","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"documents"},"title":"Frontier safety frameworks","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"compare","id":"frontier-safety-frameworks"},"title":"Compare frameworks","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"control","id":"openai"},"title":"OpenAI’s control structure, 2015–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"control","id":"anthropic"},"title":"Anthropic’s control structure, 2021–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"commitments"},"title":"External commitments and obligations","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"question","id":"frameworks-to-obligations"},"title":"Frameworks, commitments and legal obligations, 2023–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"reading"},"title":"Founding and early leadership","claimIds":[]}]},"version":"131evrz"}