{"entities":[{"id":"compute-optimal-language-models","name":"Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models","type":"document"},{"id":"instructgpt-paper","name":"Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback","type":"document"},{"id":"deepseek-v3-report","name":"DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report","type":"document"},{"id":"qwen-report","name":"Qwen Technical Report","type":"document"},{"id":"barret-zoph","name":"Barret Zoph","type":"person"},{"id":"liam-fedus","name":"Liam Fedus","type":"person"},{"id":"noam-shazeer","name":"Noam Shazeer","type":"person"},{"id":"ernie-3-report","name":"ERNIE 3.0: Large-scale Knowledge Enhanced Pre-training for Language Understanding and Generation","type":"document"},{"id":"ernie-3-titan-report","name":"ERNIE 3.0 Titan: Exploring Larger-scale Knowledge Enhanced Pre-training for Language Understanding and Generation","type":"document"},{"id":"kimi-k3-report","name":"Kimi K3: Open Frontier Intelligence","type":"document"},{"id":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","name":"Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity","type":"document","subtype":"Research paper","description":"Work-level record. Its arXiv versions and any conference or journal version are listed as sources, each with its own date. A citation to the work does not identify which version the citing author read.","sourceIds":["source-kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-v1"]}],"claims":[{"id":"kp-states-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1","subject":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","predicate":"states_contribution","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The paper presents the Switch Transformer as its response to the complexity, communication costs and training instability it attributes to Mixture of Experts models."},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The paper presents the Switch Transformer as its response to the complexity, communication costs and training instability it attributes to Mixture of Experts models.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-01-11","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the arXiv version quoted, submitted 11 January 2021 (UTC); later versions may word it differently."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-states-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1-1"]},{"id":"kp-states-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-2","subject":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","predicate":"states_contribution","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The authors state that they simplify the Mixture of Experts routing algorithm and design models with reduced communication and computational costs."},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The authors state that they simplify the Mixture of Experts routing algorithm and design models with reduced communication and computational costs.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-01-11","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the arXiv version quoted, submitted 11 January 2021 (UTC); later versions may word it differently."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-states-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-2-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-compute-optimal-language-models-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","subject":"compute-optimal-language-models","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models cites Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2022-03-29","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-compute-optimal-language-models-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-instructgpt-paper-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","subject":"instructgpt-paper","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback cites Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2022-03-04","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-instructgpt-paper-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-deepseek-v3-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","subject":"deepseek-v3-report","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report cites Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-27","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-deepseek-v3-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-qwen-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","subject":"qwen-report","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Qwen Technical Report cites Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2023-09-28","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-qwen-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-ernie-3-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","subject":"ernie-3-report","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"ERNIE 3.0: Large-scale Knowledge Enhanced Pre-training for Language Understanding and Generation cites Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-07-05","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-ernie-3-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-ernie-3-titan-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","subject":"ernie-3-titan-report","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"ERNIE 3.0 Titan: Exploring Larger-scale Knowledge Enhanced Pre-training for Language Understanding and Generation cites Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-12-23","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-ernie-3-titan-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-cites-kimi-k3-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","subject":"kimi-k3-report","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Kimi K3: Open Frontier Intelligence cites Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2026-07-28","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the citing source as recorded in the dataset; unknown where the dataset has none."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-cites-kimi-k3-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-authored-liam-fedus-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","subject":"liam-fedus","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"William Fedus is a credited author of Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-01-11","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the work’s earliest recorded version, arXiv version 1, submitted 11 January 2021 (UTC)."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-authored-liam-fedus-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-authored-barret-zoph-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","subject":"barret-zoph","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Barret Zoph is a credited author of Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-01-11","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the work’s earliest recorded version, arXiv version 1, submitted 11 January 2021 (UTC)."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-authored-barret-zoph-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1"]},{"id":"kp-authored-noam-shazeer-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","subject":"noam-shazeer","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Noam Shazeer is a credited author of Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2021-01-11","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the work’s earliest recorded version, arXiv version 1, submitted 11 January 2021 (UTC)."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-kp-authored-noam-shazeer-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1"]}],"sources":[{"id":"source-kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-abs","documentId":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","title":"Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity","authors":["arXiv"],"publisher":"arXiv","publicationDate":"2021-01-11","version":"arXiv abstract page, retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 3a6496323b841d8fe79e5026614930e69ba594a480cc0d72c70c47a2869f5c6a). Submission history as arXiv records it (UTC): v1 11 January 2021; v2 30 April 2022; v3 16 June 2022. The page serves the latest version; each version is a separate expression, and only the one a record names was read.","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.03961","language":"en"},{"id":"source-kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-v1","documentId":"kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","title":"Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity","authors":["William Fedus","Barret Zoph","Noam Shazeer"],"publisher":"arXiv","publicationDate":"2021-01-11","version":"arXiv:2101.03961v1, submitted 11 January 2021 (UTC). Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 0dba4abc34422f49a5363f63c90d2103e4a982c921c597b8c3560cc34fd80d9c). The author list is the byline as printed on the first page.","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.03961v1","language":"en"}],"evidence":[{"id":"evidence-kp-states-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1-1","claimId":"kp-states-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1","sourceId":"source-kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"arXiv v1, PDF p. 1, abstract","passage":"We address these with the Switch Transformer.","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-states-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-2-1","claimId":"kp-states-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-2","sourceId":"source-kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","locator":"arXiv v1, PDF p. 1, abstract","passage":"We simplify the MoE routing algorithm and design intuitive improved models with reduced communication and computational costs.","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-compute-optimal-language-models-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-compute-optimal-language-models-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","sourceId":"source-compute-optimal-language-models-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-instructgpt-paper-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-instructgpt-paper-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","sourceId":"source-instructgpt-paper-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-deepseek-v3-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-deepseek-v3-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","sourceId":"source-cn-v3","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-qwen-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-qwen-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","sourceId":"source-cn-qwen","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-ernie-3-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-ernie-3-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","sourceId":"c2-src-ernie3-arxiv-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-ernie-3-titan-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-ernie-3-titan-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","sourceId":"c2-src-ernie3-titan-arxiv-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-cites-kimi-k3-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1","claimId":"kp-cites-kimi-k3-report-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","sourceId":"c2-src-kimi-k3-report","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-authored-liam-fedus-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1","claimId":"kp-authored-liam-fedus-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","sourceId":"source-kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-authored-barret-zoph-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1","claimId":"kp-authored-barret-zoph-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","sourceId":"source-kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"},{"id":"evidence-kp-authored-noam-shazeer-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-1","claimId":"kp-authored-noam-shazeer-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021","sourceId":"source-kp-switch-transformers-scaling-trillion-parameter-2021-v1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked"}],"at":{"entities":[88,94,175,183,636,727,755,947,948,970,1462],"claims":[3781,3782,4156,4157,4158,4159,4160,4161,4162,4545,4546,4547],"sources":[1286,1287],"evidence":[5239,5240,5614,5615,5616,5617,5618,5619,5620,6003,6004,6005]},"index":{"byClaim":[],"marks":[],"chronicle":{"years":[{"year":1863,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1865,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1872,"topics":{"ideas":7},"stated":0},{"year":1943,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1947,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1950,"topics":{"ideas":7},"stated":0},{"year":1951,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1952,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1955,"topics":{"ideas":31},"stated":0},{"year":1956,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1957,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1958,"topics":{"ideas":3},"stated":0},{"year":1959,"topics":{"ideas":6},"stated":0},{"year":1960,"topics":{"ideas":11},"stated":0},{"year":1961,"topics":{"ideas":10},"stated":0},{"year":1965,"topics":{"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1966,"topics":{"ideas":20},"stated":0},{"year":1968,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1969,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1971,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1972,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1973,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1974,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1975,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1976,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1977,"topics":{"people":2,"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1979,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1980,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1981,"topics":{"people":2},"stated":0},{"year":1982,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1983,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1984,"topics":{"ideas":21},"stated":0},{"year":1985,"topics":{"ideas":9},"stated":0},{"year":1986,"topics":{"ideas":18},"stated":0},{"year":1987,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1988,"topics":{"ideas":6},"stated":0},{"year":1989,"topics":{"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1990,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1991,"topics":{"ideas":11},"stated":0},{"year":1992,"topics":{"ideas":9},"stated":0},{"year":1993,"topics":{"ideas":14,"people":3},"stated":0},{"year":1994,"topics":{"ideas":14},"stated":0},{"year":1995,"topics":{"ideas":10,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":1996,"topics":{"ideas":71},"stated":0},{"year":1997,"topics":{"ideas":12},"stated":0},{"year":1998,"topics":{"ideas":49},"stated":0},{"year":1999,"topics":{"ideas":27,"people":1,"institutions":1},"stated":0},{"year":2000,"topics":{"ideas":62},"stated":0},{"year":2001,"topics":{"ideas":39},"stated":0},{"year":2002,"topics":{"ideas":30},"stated":0},{"year":2003,"topics":{"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":2004,"topics":{"ideas":12,"people":3},"stated":0},{"year":2005,"topics":{"ideas":10,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2006,"topics":{"ideas":26,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2007,"topics":{"ideas":20},"stated":0},{"year":2008,"topics":{"ideas":57,"people":3,"institutions":1},"stated":0},{"year":2009,"topics":{"ideas":10,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2010,"topics":{"people":3,"ideas":11,"institutions":1,"governance":4},"stated":0},{"year":2011,"topics":{"people":3,"ideas":7,"institutions":2},"stated":0},{"year":2012,"topics":{"people":4,"ideas":17,"institutions":2},"stated":0},{"year":2013,"topics":{"ideas":46,"people":4,"institutions":2,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2014,"topics":{"institutions":2,"ideas":54,"people":5},"stated":0},{"year":2015,"topics":{"people":22,"ideas":122,"institutions":3,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2016,"topics":{"ideas":88,"people":2},"stated":0},{"year":2017,"topics":{"people":16,"institutions":2,"ideas":128,"governance":2},"stated":0},{"year":2018,"topics":{"people":8,"ideas":158,"institutions":8,"governance":1},"stated":0},{"year":2019,"topics":{"capital":1,"compute":1,"people":10,"governance":19,"ideas":175,"institutions":4},"stated":0},{"year":2020,"topics":{"people":6,"ideas":98,"institutions":1,"governance":2},"stated":0},{"year":2021,"topics":{"people":27,"ideas":177,"compute":1,"institutions":23,"governance":4,"capital":6},"stated":0},{"year":2022,"topics":{"people":15,"ideas":217,"institutions":6,"governance":3,"compute":2,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2023,"topics":{"capital":5,"compute":7,"institutions":23,"people":51,"governance":179,"ideas":389},"stated":0},{"year":2024,"topics":{"capital":12,"compute":19,"governance":282,"people":80,"ideas":178,"institutions":28},"stated":1},{"year":2025,"topics":{"governance":547,"compute":69,"capital":34,"people":90,"institutions":18,"ideas":178},"stated":7},{"year":2026,"topics":{"governance":442,"capital":8,"compute":32,"institutions":21,"ideas":91,"people":107},"stated":19},{"year":2027,"topics":{},"stated":9},{"year":2028,"topics":{},"stated":6},{"year":2029,"topics":{},"stated":3},{"year":2030,"topics":{},"stated":3},{"year":2032,"topics":{},"stated":2},{"year":2035,"topics":{},"stated":2},{"year":2039,"topics":{},"stated":1},{"year":2042,"topics":{},"stated":1},{"year":2050,"topics":{},"stated":1}],"scheduled":[],"statedBy":[]},"collections":[{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"superintelligence"},"title":"Propositions about superintelligence, 1863–2022","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"risk-debate"},"title":"Arguments about catastrophic risk from advanced AI","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"yudkowsky-arguments"},"title":"Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments on common claims about AI, 1996–2026","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"economics-of-machine-intelligence"},"title":"Economics of machine intelligence","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"orbital-compute-arguments"},"title":"Arguments about compute in orbit","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"ai-bio-arguments"},"title":"Arguments about AI and biological risk","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"ai-in-science"},"title":"AI in science","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"documents"},"title":"Frontier safety frameworks","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"compare","id":"frontier-safety-frameworks"},"title":"Compare frameworks","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"control","id":"openai"},"title":"OpenAI’s control structure, 2015–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"control","id":"anthropic"},"title":"Anthropic’s control structure, 2021–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"commitments"},"title":"External commitments and obligations","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"question","id":"frameworks-to-obligations"},"title":"Frameworks, commitments and legal obligations, 2023–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"reading"},"title":"Founding and early leadership","claimIds":[]}]},"version":"131evrz"}