{"entities":[{"id":"sandbrink-ai-biological-misuse-2023-06","name":"Artificial intelligence and biological misuse: Differentiating risks of language models and biological design tools","subtype":"Preprint","description":"arXiv v1 (24 June 2023). The arXiv abstract page for 2306.13952v1 records the v1 submission as 24 June 2023 and a latest version v8 of 23 December 2023 (`arxiv-2306-13952-abs`). Only v1 was retrieved and quoted.","sourceIds":["source-ab-sandbrink-2023","source-ab-arxiv-2306-13952-abs"]},{"id":"ab-prop-current-system-uplift","name":"Currently available AI systems increase an actor's biological-misuse capability"},{"id":"ab-prop-design-tools-distinct","name":"Biological design tools pose risks distinct from those of language models"},{"id":"ab-prop-synthesis-screening-control-point","name":"Synthesis-order screening is a control point for AI-related biological risk"},{"id":"ab-prop-skilled-actor-scope","name":"Assessment must cover actors who already hold relevant skills"},{"id":"arxiv","name":"arXiv"}],"claims":[{"id":"ab-arg-d1-sandbrink-articulates","statement":"Sandbrink's preprint on AI and biological misuse (arXiv v1, 24 June 2023) states that large language models such as GPT-4 are already able to provide dual-use information that could have enabled historical biological weapons efforts to succeed.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-ab-arg-d1-sandbrink-articulates-1","evidence-ab-arg-d1-sandbrink-articulates-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"Stated as a claim about information provision, with historical programmes as the comparison."}}},{"id":"ab-arg-d4-sandbrink-articulates","statement":"Sandbrink's preprint (arXiv v1, 24 June 2023) differentiates large language models from biological design tools, stating that language models in particular lower barriers to biological misuse while design tools expand the capabilities of sophisticated actors.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-ab-arg-d4-sandbrink-articulates-1","evidence-ab-arg-d4-sandbrink-articulates-2","evidence-ab-arg-d4-sandbrink-articulates-3","evidence-ab-arg-d4-sandbrink-articulates-4"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"Differentiates the two classes by the barriers each affects and by the actors each favours."}}},{"id":"ab-arg-d5-sandbrink-articulates","statement":"Sandbrink's preprint (arXiv v1, 24 June 2023) states that enhanced screening of gene synthesis is among the measures key to reducing the risks it describes.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-ab-arg-d5-sandbrink-articulates-1"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"Stated for the risks the preprint attributes to design tools in particular."}}},{"id":"ab-arg-d7-sandbrink-context","statement":"Sandbrink's preprint (arXiv v1, 24 June 2023) states that biological design tools will expand the capabilities of sophisticated actors, and proposes interventions to deter biological misuse by such actors.","derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-ab-arg-d7-sandbrink-context-1","evidence-ab-arg-d7-sandbrink-context-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"States the point as a contrast with the barrier-lowering effect it attributes to language models.","missing":"The passage states that design tools expand the capabilities of sophisticated actors and proposes interventions aimed at them; it does not state that assessment must cover actors who already hold relevant skills, which is the proposition’s criterion."}}}],"sources":[{"id":"source-ab-sandbrink-2023","title":"Artificial intelligence and biological misuse: Differentiating risks of language models and biological design tools","authors":["arXiv (preprint, Jonas B. Sandbrink, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford)"],"publisher":"arXiv (preprint, Jonas B. Sandbrink, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford)","publicationDate":null,"version":"Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 1ab85d8647f2d23079d35eb8162b70b3f970094106808ef4291fb89615db0afa). arXiv v1 of 24 June 2023 (the article was revised to v8 on 23 December 2023; this record cites v1 only) Retrieved again at admission on 2026-10-30 (SHA-256 1ab85d8647f2d23079d35eb8162b70b3f970094106808ef4291fb89615db0afa, the same bytes).","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.13952v1","language":"en"},{"id":"source-ab-arxiv-2306-13952-abs","title":"arXiv abstract page for 2306.13952v1 (submission history)","authors":["arXiv (Cornell University)"],"publisher":"arXiv (Cornell University)","publicationDate":null,"version":"Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-28 (SHA-256 f05b805a071dd4ad81ec84279296ed530c8a4b679f8d05ffa4760d24a79d8440). Abstract page as served on 2026-10-28; used only for the v1 submission date and the version history Retrieved again at admission on 2026-10-30 (SHA-256 f05b805a071dd4ad81ec84279296ed530c8a4b679f8d05ffa4760d24a79d8440, the same bytes). Its wording can change; earlier wording is not authenticated.","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.13952v1","language":"en"}],"evidence":[{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d1-sandbrink-articulates-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d1-sandbrink-articulates-2","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d4-sandbrink-articulates-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d4-sandbrink-articulates-2","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d4-sandbrink-articulates-3","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d4-sandbrink-articulates-4","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d5-sandbrink-articulates-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d7-sandbrink-context-1","sourceRole":"primary","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"},{"id":"evidence-ab-arg-d7-sandbrink-context-2","support":"supports","verification":"machine_checked","retrievalRoute":"direct"}],"at":{"entities":[1248,1254,1257,1258,1260,1261],"claims":[3415,3416,3417,3418],"sources":[1065,1066],"evidence":[4704,4705,4706,4707,4708,4709,4710,4711,4712]},"version":"1lg47t7"}