{"entities":[{"id":"intelligence-explosion","name":"Intelligence explosion","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"A1","criterion":"A machine (or machine-augmented) intelligence, once capable enough, increases intelligence further through its own design or research capacity, giving a runaway or rapidly compounding rise.","terms":["intelligence explosion"]}},{"id":"butler-1863-darwin-among-machines","name":"Darwin among the Machines","type":"document"},{"id":"erewhon-1872","name":"Erewhon, or Over the Range","type":"document"},{"id":"turing-1947-lms-lecture","name":"Lecture to the London Mathematical Society","type":"document"},{"id":"turing-1950-computing-machinery","name":"Computing Machinery and Intelligence","shortName":"Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950)","type":"document"},{"id":"turing-c1951-heretical-theory","name":"Intelligent Machinery, a Heretical Theory","type":"document"},{"id":"turing-1951-can-digital-computers-think","name":"Can Digital Computers Think?","shortName":"Turing, Can Digital Computers Think? (1951)","type":"document"},{"id":"wiener-1960-some-moral-technical","name":"Some Moral and Technical Consequences of Automation","type":"document"},{"id":"vinge-1983-first-word","name":"First Word","type":"document"},{"id":"vinge-1993-coming-technological-singularity","name":"The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era","type":"document"},{"id":"fast-or-hard-takeoff","name":"Fast or hard takeoff","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"A4","criterion":"The transition from roughly human-level to far superhuman capability happens over a short period (hours to months), or is named as a “hard” or “fast” takeoff, as opposed to a gradual transition over years or decades. A transition described only as rapid, or rapid relative to biological or historical change, without such a period, does not meet the criterion.","terms":["hard takeoff","fast takeoff"]}},{"id":"control-or-purpose-specification","name":"Control or purpose specification","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"B6","criterion":"A claim that people may be unable to keep the ability to direct, correct or stop capable machines (the control half), or that a machine may pursue the purpose as specified rather than the purpose intended (the specification half). Loss of the power to stop machines through dependence counts for the control half; a bare prediction that machines will be superior does not.","terms":[]}},{"id":"behavioural-tests-as-evidence","name":"Behavioural tests as evidence of what a system is","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"C1","criterion":"An explicit claim that apparent capability, understanding or awareness shown in a behavioural test, such as the imitation game, is weak or misleading evidence of what the system is. A text that holds that a machine would fail a behavioural test, and that the test therefore reliably tells machines from people, does not meet the criterion, even where it says that narrower performances would not show understanding.","terms":[]}},{"id":"tool-without-goals","name":"A tool that wants nothing","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"Y15","criterion":"An explicit claim that an advanced AI system is a tool without wants and is therefore safe, on the premise that a system can be highly capable without having goals or optimising for outcomes, or that a system that only outputs answers or plans, leaving people to act on them, is safe.","terms":[]}},{"id":"accelerating-growth-from-automated-research","name":"Automated research produces accelerating growth","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"G02","criterion":"The text states that if machines substitute for, or improve, the producers of ideas (researchers, inventors, engineers), feedback from output to research effort makes growth accelerate: super-exponential growth, growth rates rising without bound, or a finite-time singularity. The conditions under which the text derives this are part of the record.","terms":[]}},{"id":"machine-intelligence-exceeds-humans-in-all-domains","name":"Machine intelligence exceeding human cognition in essentially all domains","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"E02","criterion":"A text that states or models the possibility of machine intelligence that surpasses humans across essentially all cognitive tasks (superintelligence, AGI beyond human level). Machines doing all economically valuable work more cheaply is M05 and bears on E02 only if cognitive superiority is stated.","terms":[]}},{"id":"th-samuel-1959","name":"Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers","type":"document"},{"id":"machine-succession","name":"Machines succeed humans as the leading intelligence","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"W01","criterion":"Machine intelligence will or could replace or succeed human beings as the dominant or leading form of intelligence on Earth, or as the principal agent of further development, whether or not humans survive.","terms":["genetic takeover","postbiological","post-biological","AI succession"],"noTermHeadline":{"reason":"Dropped by the maintainer’s decision of 2026-11-02: the usual names are ordinary phrases rather than names of this proposition (cross-family re-check of 2026-11-02, role 23). The names stay listed as search terms.","recordedAt":"2026-11-02"}}},{"id":"capek-rur-1923-english","name":"R. U. R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots), English version by Paul Selver and Nigel Playfair","type":"document"},{"id":"descartes-1637-discours","name":"Discours de la methode pour bien conduire sa raison, & chercher la verité dans les sciences","type":"document"},{"id":"jefferson-1949-mind-of-mechanical-man","name":"The Mind of Mechanical Man (Lister Oration)","type":"document"},{"id":"hartree-1949-calculating-instruments","name":"Calculating Instruments and Machines","shortName":"Hartree, Calculating Instruments and Machines (1949)","type":"document"},{"id":"lovelace-1843-notes","name":"Notes by the translator to L. F. Menabrea’s Sketch of the Analytical Engine","shortName":"Lovelace, Notes to Menabrea’s Sketch of the Analytical Engine (1843)","type":"document"},{"id":"kolmogorov-1961-letter-to-berg","name":"Письмо А. И. Бергу (Letter to A. I. Berg)","type":"document"},{"id":"turing-1948-npl-intelligent-machinery","name":"Intelligent Machinery (National Physical Laboratory report)","type":"document"},{"id":"wiener-1948-cybernetics","type":"document"},{"id":"wiener-1961-cybernetics-second-edition","name":"Cybernetics, second edition: supplementary chapters IX–X","type":"document"},{"id":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered","name":"A machine can only do what it is ordered to do","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"U01","criterion":"A machine, whether a particular machine or machines in general, cannot originate anything: it does only what it has been ordered, instructed or programmed to do, so that it produces nothing beyond what was put into it or what the people who set it up know how to specify. A statement that machines are at present used only in this way, without saying that they could not do otherwise, does not meet the criterion; nor does a statement about one machine’s lack of a particular skill.","terms":["Lovelace's objection","Lady Lovelace's objection"]}},{"id":"machines-could-think","name":"A machine could think","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"U02","criterion":"A machine could think, or could have intelligence, consciousness or a mind in the sense in which these are ascribed to people. The text may state it as a possibility in principle, a prediction or a programme of work, and may state it of machines generally or of a kind of machine. A statement that machines imitate or simulate particular mental operations, without the claim that this is or could amount to thinking, does not meet the criterion; nor does a figure of speech such as ‘electronic brain’ used without that claim.","terms":[]}},{"id":"technological-singularity","name":"Machine intelligence will bring a singularity","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"U03","criterion":"The creation of intelligence greater than human, by machines or by human intelligence amplified with machines, is approaching or would bring a point, called a singularity or described as a discontinuity or transition, beyond which human affairs as they have been known could not continue or could not be understood or foreseen. A statement that technological change in general is accelerating towards such a point, without machine intelligence as its cause or part of it, does not meet the criterion; nor does a prediction of superhuman machine intelligence without the claim of such a point.","terms":[]}}],"claims":[{"id":"pre-u02-erewhon-1872","subject":"erewhon-1872","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Erewhon (1872) quotes its fictional treatise as saying that machines’ possessing little consciousness now is no security against the ultimate development of mechanical consciousness.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1872","basis":"publication","note":"Year on the title page of the inspected 1872 Trübner printing (Smithsonian Libraries copy, catalogued as the first edition). Butler’s later prefaces give March 1872."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u02-erewhon-1872-1"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"fiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u02-capek-rur-1923","subject":"capek-rur-1923-english","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"In the English version of R. U. R. (1923), Domin says that all work will be done by living machines, and tells Helena that the Robots are mechanically more perfect than people and have an enormously developed intelligence, but no soul.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1923","note":"Copyright year of the English version as printed; not the date of the printing read."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u02-capek-rur-1923-1","evidence-pre-u02-capek-rur-1923-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"fiction","attested":{"date":"2019","note":"English wording read in the Project Gutenberg transcription (2019) of an undated later Samuel French printing."}}}},{"id":"pre-u02-butler-1863-darwin-among-the-machines","subject":"butler-1863-darwin-among-machines","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The satirical letter “Darwin among the Machines”, signed Cellarius (The Press, Christchurch, 13 June 1863), says that people are giving machines a self-regulating, self-acting power that will be to them what intellect has been to the human race, and describes the minds of the machines of the future.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1863-06-13","basis":"publication","note":"The Press (Christchurch), vol. III, issue 192, p. 1, 13 June 1863, as Papers Past’s issue record gives it; the issue masthead was not inspected."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u02-butler-1863-darwin-among-the-machines-1","evidence-pre-u02-butler-1863-darwin-among-the-machines-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"satirical"}}},{"id":"pre-u02-descartes-1637-contests","subject":"descartes-1637-discours","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Descartes’s Discours de la méthode (Leiden, 1637), Part V, says that machines made to resemble human bodies and imitate human actions could always be told from real people by two means, and that, even if they did some things as well as or better than people, they would act not by knowledge but only by the disposition of their organs.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1637","basis":"publication","note":"Year in the title-page imprint (Leiden, Ian Maire), read on the page image."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u02-descartes-1637-contests-1","evidence-pre-u02-descartes-1637-contests-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting","earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Gives reasons against a machine’s thinking: speech that answers to the sense of whatever is said and action in all the occurrences of life need reason, a universal instrument, which a machine’s particular dispositions of organs cannot supply."}}}},{"id":"pre-u02-jefferson-1949-contests","subject":"jefferson-1949-mind-of-mechanical-man","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Jefferson’s Lister Oration (BMJ, 25 June 1949) says that no mechanism could feel, rather than artificially signal, pleasure at its successes or grief when its valves fuse, and that only when a machine writes a sonnet or composes a concerto because of thoughts and emotions felt could it be agreed that machine equals brain.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1949-06-25","basis":"publication","note":"Issue date in the BMJ masthead; the oration was delivered on 9 June 1949 (footnote, p. 1105)."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u02-jefferson-1949-contests-1","evidence-pre-u02-jefferson-1949-contests-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","claimed":{"date":"1949-06-09","note":"Delivered on 9 June 1949 (footnote, p. 1105); the wording read is the published text."},"engagement":{"kind":"contrary-only","rationale":"States the contrary of U02 for feeling and sets felt thoughts and emotions, not the production of symbols, as the condition for agreeing that a machine equals a brain."}}}},{"id":"pre-u01-hartree-1949","subject":"hartree-1949-calculating-instruments","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Hartree’s Calculating Instruments and Machines (1949) says that equipment such as electronic calculating machines cannot “think for itself”: the thinking is done beforehand by the designer and the operator, and all the machine can do is follow its instructions exactly. He quotes Lovelace’s statement on the Analytical Engine to the same effect.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1949","basis":"publication","note":"Copyright year of the printing read."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u01-hartree-1949-1","evidence-pre-u01-hartree-1949-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u01-lovelace-1843-notes","subject":"lovelace-1843-notes","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The translator’s Note G, signed A. A. L., to Menabrea’s memoir in Scientific Memoirs (1843) states that the Analytical Engine “has no pretensions whatever to originate any thing”, that it can do whatever we know how to order it to perform, and that it has no power of anticipating analytical relations or truths.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1843","basis":"publication","note":"Year on the title page of Scientific Memoirs, vol. III; Note G is on p. 722."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u01-lovelace-1843-notes-1"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u03-vinge-1983-first-word","subject":"vinge-1983-first-word","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"technological-singularity"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Vinge’s column “First Word” (Omni, January 1983) says that people will soon create intelligences greater than their own, and that human history will then reach a kind of singularity beyond which the world passes far beyond human understanding.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1983-01","basis":"publication","note":"Omni, January 1983, p. 10, according to Vinge’s 2005 bibliography; the scan shows the byline, column title and page but no masthead."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u03-vinge-1983-first-word-1"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u03-vinge-1993","subject":"vinge-1993-coming-technological-singularity","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"technological-singularity"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Vinge’s paper “The Coming Technological Singularity” (1993) says that the cause of the coming change is the creation by technology of entities with greater than human intelligence, and calls the event a singularity: a point where existing models must be discarded.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1993-12","basis":"publication","note":"Publication of the proceedings, catalogued by NASA’s Technical Reports Server as 1 December 1993; recorded at month precision because the day may be conventional."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u03-vinge-1993-1","evidence-pre-u03-vinge-1993-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u02-kolmogorov-1961-letter","subject":"kolmogorov-1961-letter-to-berg","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Kolmogorov’s letter to A. I. Berg (1961) restates theses of his lecture ‘Automata and life’ as he had formulated them for the magazine Tekhnika — molodezhi: if being alive or able to think is defined purely functionally, for example by counting as thinking a material system with which one can reasonably discuss problems of science or literature, then the artificial creation of living and thinking beings must be recognised as feasible in principle.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1961","note":"Undated letter; 1961 is the editors’ dating (p. 201), from the lecture of spring 1961 and the magazine’s issues of October and November 1961. Exact day unknown."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u02-kolmogorov-1961-letter-1","evidence-pre-u02-kolmogorov-1961-letter-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2023","note":"The wording is read in a typeset edition of 2023; the editors report an earlier publication of the letter (Novosibirsk, 2001), not seen. They also say the theses were printed separately before the lecture and opened the collection Vozmozhnoe i nevozmozhnoe v kibernetike; neither was seen."}}}},{"id":"pre-u01-turing-1947-contests","subject":"turing-1947-lms-lecture","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Turing’s lecture to the London Mathematical Society (20 February 1947) reports that it has been said that computing machines can only carry out the processes they are instructed to do, and argues that a machine whose instruction tables could modify themselves would be like a pupil who had added much by his own work.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1947-02-20","note":"Lecture date, as headed on the typescript (scan 1: \"Lecture to L.M.S. Feb. 20 1947\") and as recorded in the King’s College catalogue. The text was first printed in 1986; the date identifies the lecture."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u01-turing-1947-contests-1","evidence-pre-u01-turing-1947-contests-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting","earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Grants the statement only for machines used as slaves on jobs thought out in detail, and argues that a machine able to modify its own instruction tables would make progress its makers had not foreseen."}}}},{"id":"pre-u02-turing-1947","subject":"turing-1947-lms-lecture","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Turing’s lecture of 20 February 1947 says that when a machine with self-modifying instruction tables makes progress its makers had not foreseen, one is obliged to regard the machine as showing intelligence.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1947-02-20","note":"Lecture date, as headed on the typescript (scan 1: \"Lecture to L.M.S. Feb. 20 1947\") and as recorded in the King’s College catalogue. The text was first printed in 1986; the date identifies the lecture."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u02-turing-1947-1"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u01-turing-1950-contests","subject":"turing-1950-computing-machinery","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Turing’s ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’ (Mind, October 1950) answers what it heads ‘Lady Lovelace’s Objection’: it says the machines in question may in a sense have had the property, that machines take him by surprise with great frequency, and that the view that a machine can only do what we know how to order it to do appears strange in the face of learning machines.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1950-10","basis":"publication","note":"Issue month of Mind, vol. LIX, no. 236, as catalogued for the offprint."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u01-turing-1950-contests-1","evidence-pre-u01-turing-1950-contests-2","evidence-pre-u01-turing-1950-contests-3"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting","earliest-located-term"],"register":"nonfiction","term":"Lady Lovelace's objection","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Argues that Lovelace’s evidence did not show the engine lacked the property, that a universal machine could be programmed to mimic one that has it, and that a learning machine’s teacher is largely ignorant of what goes on inside it."}}}},{"id":"pre-u02-turing-1950","subject":"turing-1950-computing-machinery","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Turing’s ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’ (1950) states his belief that in about fifty years computers will play the imitation game well enough that an average interrogator will have no more than a 70 per cent chance of right identification after five minutes, and that by the end of the century one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1950-10","basis":"publication","note":"Issue month of Mind, vol. LIX, no. 236, as catalogued for the offprint."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u02-turing-1950-1","evidence-pre-u02-turing-1950-2"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"The quoted sentences predict how well computers will play the imitation game and how educated usage will change; they do not state that a machine could think. Turing calls the original question too meaningless to deserve discussion. A separately located passage stating the claim, with its own locator, would be needed for an articulation."}}},{"id":"pre-u02-turing-c1951","subject":"turing-c1951-heretical-theory","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Turing’s talk ‘Intelligent Machinery, a Heretical Theory’ (c. 1951) sets out to question the commonplace ‘You cannot make a machine to think for you’, and says it seems probable that once the machine thinking method had started it would not take long to outstrip our feeble powers.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1951","note":"Approximate year: the King’s College catalogue dates the lecture typescript (AMT/B/4), a lecture to the ’51 Society at Manchester, c. 1951. No lecture day is established. The wording is dated by the typescript, not by its printing in Philosophia Mathematica (September 1996)."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u02-turing-c1951-1","evidence-pre-u02-turing-c1951-2","evidence-pre-u02-turing-c1951-3"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u01-turing-c1951-contests","subject":"turing-c1951-heretical-theory","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Turing’s talk ‘Intelligent Machinery, a Heretical Theory’ (c. 1951) says that such machines will make mistakes at times and at times may make new and very interesting statements.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1951","note":"Approximate year: the King’s College catalogue dates the lecture typescript (AMT/B/4), a lecture to the ’51 Society at Manchester, c. 1951. No lecture day is established. The wording is dated by the typescript, not by its printing in Philosophia Mathematica (September 1996)."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u01-turing-c1951-contests-1"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"contrary-only","rationale":"States that machines may make new statements, without here arguing against the premise that a machine does only what it is ordered to do."}}}},{"id":"pre-u01-turing-1951-contests","subject":"turing-1951-can-digital-computers-think","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Turing’s broadcast script ‘Can Digital Computers Think?’ (1951) quotes Lady Lovelace’s statement as Hartree had quoted it, and says that he agrees with her dictum as far as it goes but that its validity depends on how digital computers are used rather than how they could be used.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1951","note":"The King’s College catalogue identifies the annotated script (AMT/B/5) with the BBC Third Programme broadcast of 15 May 1951; the script’s composition and annotations are not dated to that day, and it is not a recording of what was said."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u01-turing-1951-contests-1"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Argues that the dictum describes how computers are used, not what they could do."}}}},{"id":"pre-u02-turing-1951","subject":"turing-1951-can-digital-computers-think","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Turing’s broadcast script ‘Can Digital Computers Think?’ (1951) states his belief that digital computers could be used in such a manner that they could appropriately be described as brains.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1951","note":"The King’s College catalogue identifies the annotated script (AMT/B/5) with the BBC Third Programme broadcast of 15 May 1951; the script’s composition and annotations are not dated to that day, and it is not a recording of what was said."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u02-turing-1951-1"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u01-turing-1948-npl-contests","subject":"turing-1948-npl-intelligent-machinery","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Turing’s National Physical Laboratory report ‘Intelligent Machinery’ (1948) lists, among reasons for assuming that machinery cannot show intelligent behaviour, the view that any intelligence a machine shows is nothing but a reflection of its creator’s, and answers that this view is like giving a teacher the credit for a pupil’s discoveries.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1948","note":"Year typed on the report’s title sheet; exact day unknown."},"resolution":"supported","editorialState":"seed","evidenceIds":["evidence-pre-u01-turing-1948-npl-contests-1","evidence-pre-u01-turing-1948-npl-contests-2","evidence-pre-u01-turing-1948-npl-contests-3"],"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Argues that a teacher would not claim the results of a pupil he had not foreseen, and that machines already exist where this arises in a small degree."}}}},{"id":"pre-u01-wiener-1961-cybernetics-contests","subject":"wiener-1961-cybernetics-second-edition","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The supplementary chapter IX of Wiener’s Cybernetics (second edition, 1961) states that the checker-playing machine described by Samuel and Watanabe can learn to defeat the man that programmed it in a fairly consistent way.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1961","basis":"publication","note":"Part II of the reissue is headed “Supplementary Chapters (1961)”; 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1965"}]],["turing-1950-computing-machinery",[{"collectionId":"antecedent-texts","propositionId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered","claimId":"pre-u01-turing-1950-contests","text":"Earliest located use of the name “Lady Lovelace's objection” in Antecedent texts: machine intelligence before 1965 for U01 A machine can only do what it is ordered to do"},{"collectionId":"superintelligence","propositionId":"designed-deception-of-testers","claimId":"ts-c2-turing-1950","text":"Earliest located in Propositions about superintelligence, 1863–2025 for C2 Systems designed to mislead their testers"}]],["vinge-1983-first-word",[{"collectionId":"antecedent-texts","propositionId":"technological-singularity","claimId":"pre-u03-vinge-1983-first-word","text":"Earliest located in Antecedent texts: machine intelligence before 1965 for U03 Machine intelligence will bring a 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