{"entities":[{"id":"butler-1863-darwin-among-machines","name":"Darwin among the Machines","type":"document"},{"id":"erewhon-1872","name":"Erewhon, or Over the Range","type":"document"},{"id":"turing-1947-lms-lecture","name":"Lecture to the London Mathematical Society","type":"document"},{"id":"turing-1950-computing-machinery","name":"Computing Machinery and Intelligence","type":"document"},{"id":"turing-c1951-heretical-theory","name":"Intelligent Machinery, a Heretical Theory","type":"document"},{"id":"turing-1951-can-digital-computers-think","name":"Can Digital Computers Think?","type":"document"},{"id":"wiener-1960-some-moral-technical","name":"Some Moral and Technical Consequences of Automation","type":"document"},{"id":"vinge-1983-first-word","name":"First Word","type":"document"},{"id":"vinge-1993-coming-technological-singularity","name":"The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era","type":"document"},{"id":"th-samuel-1959","name":"Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers","type":"document"},{"id":"capek-rur-1923-english","name":"R. U. R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots), English version by Paul Selver and Nigel Playfair","type":"document"},{"id":"descartes-1637-discours","name":"Discours de la methode pour bien conduire sa raison, & chercher la verité dans les sciences","type":"document"},{"id":"jefferson-1949-mind-of-mechanical-man","name":"The Mind of Mechanical Man (Lister Oration)","type":"document"},{"id":"hartree-1949-calculating-instruments","name":"Calculating Instruments and Machines","type":"document"},{"id":"lovelace-1843-notes","name":"Notes by the translator to L. F. Menabrea’s Sketch of the Analytical Engine","type":"document"},{"id":"kolmogorov-1961-letter-to-berg","name":"Письмо А. И. Бергу (Letter to A. I. Berg)","type":"document"},{"id":"turing-1948-npl-intelligent-machinery","name":"Intelligent Machinery (National Physical Laboratory report)","type":"document"},{"id":"wiener-1961-cybernetics-second-edition","name":"Cybernetics, second edition: supplementary chapters IX–X","type":"document"},{"id":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered","name":"A machine can only do what it is ordered to do","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"U01","criterion":"A machine, whether a particular machine or machines in general, cannot originate anything: it does only what it has been ordered, instructed or programmed to do, so that it produces nothing beyond what was put into it or what the people who set it up know how to specify. A statement that machines are at present used only in this way, without saying that they could not do otherwise, does not meet the criterion; nor does a statement about one machine’s lack of a particular skill.","terms":["Lovelace's objection","Lady Lovelace's objection"]}},{"id":"machines-could-think","name":"A machine could think","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"U02","criterion":"A machine could think, or could have intelligence, consciousness or a mind in the sense in which these are ascribed to people. The text may state it as a possibility in principle, a prediction or a programme of work, and may state it of machines generally or of a kind of machine. A statement that machines imitate or simulate particular mental operations, without the claim that this is or could amount to thinking, does not meet the criterion; nor does a figure of speech such as ‘electronic brain’ used without that claim.","terms":[]}},{"id":"technological-singularity","name":"Machine intelligence will bring a singularity","type":"concept","proposition":{"code":"U03","criterion":"The creation of intelligence greater than human, by machines or by human intelligence amplified with machines, is approaching or would bring a point, called a singularity or described as a discontinuity or transition, beyond which human affairs as they have been known could not continue or could not be understood or foreseen. A statement that technological change in general is accelerating towards such a point, without machine intelligence as its cause or part of it, does not meet the criterion; nor does a prediction of superhuman machine intelligence without the claim of such a point.","terms":[]}}],"claims":[{"id":"pre-u02-erewhon-1872","subject":"erewhon-1872","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1872","basis":"publication","note":"Year on the title page of the inspected 1872 Trübner printing (Smithsonian Libraries copy, catalogued as the first edition). Butler’s later prefaces give March 1872."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"fiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u02-capek-rur-1923","subject":"capek-rur-1923-english","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1923","note":"Copyright year of the English version as printed; not the date of the printing read."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"fiction","attested":{"date":"2019","note":"English wording read in the Project Gutenberg transcription (2019) of an undated later Samuel French printing."}}}},{"id":"pre-u02-butler-1863-darwin-among-the-machines","subject":"butler-1863-darwin-among-machines","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1863-06-13","basis":"publication","note":"The Press (Christchurch), vol. III, issue 192, p. 1, 13 June 1863, as Papers Past’s issue record gives it; the issue masthead was not inspected."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"satirical"}}},{"id":"pre-u02-descartes-1637-contests","subject":"descartes-1637-discours","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1637","basis":"publication","note":"Year in the title-page imprint (Leiden, Ian Maire), read on the page image."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting","earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Gives reasons against a machine’s thinking: speech that answers to the sense of whatever is said and action in all the occurrences of life need reason, a universal instrument, which a machine’s particular dispositions of organs cannot supply."}}}},{"id":"pre-u02-jefferson-1949-contests","subject":"jefferson-1949-mind-of-mechanical-man","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1949-06-25","basis":"publication","note":"Issue date in the BMJ masthead; the oration was delivered on 9 June 1949 (footnote, p. 1105)."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","claimed":{"date":"1949-06-09","note":"Delivered on 9 June 1949 (footnote, p. 1105); the wording read is the published text."},"engagement":{"kind":"contrary-only","rationale":"States the contrary of U02 for feeling and sets felt thoughts and emotions, not the production of symbols, as the condition for agreeing that a machine equals a brain."}}}},{"id":"pre-u01-hartree-1949","subject":"hartree-1949-calculating-instruments","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1949","basis":"publication","note":"Copyright year of the printing read."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u01-lovelace-1843-notes","subject":"lovelace-1843-notes","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1843","basis":"publication","note":"Year on the title page of Scientific Memoirs, vol. III; Note G is on p. 722."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u03-vinge-1983-first-word","subject":"vinge-1983-first-word","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"technological-singularity"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1983-01","basis":"publication","note":"Omni, January 1983, p. 10, according to Vinge’s 2005 bibliography; the scan shows the byline, column title and page but no masthead."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u03-vinge-1993","subject":"vinge-1993-coming-technological-singularity","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"technological-singularity"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1993-12","basis":"publication","note":"Publication of the proceedings, catalogued by NASA’s Technical Reports Server as 1 December 1993; recorded at month precision because the day may be conventional."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u02-kolmogorov-1961-letter","subject":"kolmogorov-1961-letter-to-berg","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1961","note":"Undated letter; 1961 is the editors’ dating (p. 201), from the lecture of spring 1961 and the magazine’s issues of October and November 1961. Exact day unknown."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2023","note":"The wording is read in a typeset edition of 2023; the editors report an earlier publication of the letter (Novosibirsk, 2001), not seen. They also say the theses were printed separately before the lecture and opened the collection Vozmozhnoe i nevozmozhnoe v kibernetike; neither was seen."}}}},{"id":"pre-u01-turing-1947-contests","subject":"turing-1947-lms-lecture","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1947-02-20","note":"Lecture date, as headed on the typescript (scan 1: \"Lecture to L.M.S. Feb. 20 1947\") and as recorded in the King’s College catalogue. The text was first printed in 1986; the date identifies the lecture."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting","earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Grants the statement only for machines used as slaves on jobs thought out in detail, and argues that a machine able to modify its own instruction tables would make progress its makers had not foreseen."}}}},{"id":"pre-u02-turing-1947","subject":"turing-1947-lms-lecture","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1947-02-20","note":"Lecture date, as headed on the typescript (scan 1: \"Lecture to L.M.S. Feb. 20 1947\") and as recorded in the King’s College catalogue. The text was first printed in 1986; the date identifies the lecture."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u01-turing-1950-contests","subject":"turing-1950-computing-machinery","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1950-10","basis":"publication","note":"Issue month of Mind, vol. LIX, no. 236, as catalogued for the offprint."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting","earliest-located-term"],"register":"nonfiction","term":"Lady Lovelace's objection","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Argues that Lovelace’s evidence did not show the engine lacked the property, that a universal machine could be programmed to mimic one that has it, and that a learning machine’s teacher is largely ignorant of what goes on inside it."}}}},{"id":"pre-u02-turing-1950","subject":"turing-1950-computing-machinery","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1950-10","basis":"publication","note":"Issue month of Mind, vol. LIX, no. 236, as catalogued for the offprint."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"The quoted sentences predict how well computers will play the imitation game and how educated usage will change; they do not state that a machine could think. Turing calls the original question too meaningless to deserve discussion. A separately located passage stating the claim, with its own locator, would be needed for an articulation."}}},{"id":"pre-u02-turing-c1951","subject":"turing-c1951-heretical-theory","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1951","note":"Approximate year: the King’s College catalogue dates the lecture typescript (AMT/B/4), a lecture to the ’51 Society at Manchester, c. 1951. No lecture day is established. The wording is dated by the typescript, not by its printing in Philosophia Mathematica (September 1996)."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u01-turing-c1951-contests","subject":"turing-c1951-heretical-theory","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1951","note":"Approximate year: the King’s College catalogue dates the lecture typescript (AMT/B/4), a lecture to the ’51 Society at Manchester, c. 1951. No lecture day is established. The wording is dated by the typescript, not by its printing in Philosophia Mathematica (September 1996)."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"contrary-only","rationale":"States that machines may make new statements, without here arguing against the premise that a machine does only what it is ordered to do."}}}},{"id":"pre-u01-turing-1951-contests","subject":"turing-1951-can-digital-computers-think","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1951","note":"The King’s College catalogue identifies the annotated script (AMT/B/5) with the BBC Third Programme broadcast of 15 May 1951; the script’s composition and annotations are not dated to that day, and it is not a recording of what was said."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Argues that the dictum describes how computers are used, not what they could do."}}}},{"id":"pre-u02-turing-1951","subject":"turing-1951-can-digital-computers-think","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-could-think"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1951","note":"The King’s College catalogue identifies the annotated script (AMT/B/5) with the BBC Third Programme broadcast of 15 May 1951; the script’s composition and annotations are not dated to that day, and it is not a recording of what was said."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"pre-u01-turing-1948-npl-contests","subject":"turing-1948-npl-intelligent-machinery","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1948","note":"Year typed on the report’s title sheet; exact day unknown."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Argues that a teacher would not claim the results of a pupil he had not foreseen, and that machines already exist where this arises in a small degree."}}}},{"id":"pre-u01-wiener-1961-cybernetics-contests","subject":"wiener-1961-cybernetics-second-edition","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1961","basis":"publication","note":"Part II of the reissue is headed “Supplementary Chapters (1961)”; the 1961 printing was not read."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2019","note":"Read in the MIT Press reissue (2019); the 1961 printing was not compared."},"engagement":{"kind":"contrary-only","rationale":"States a machine result that goes beyond its programmer’s own play, without arguing here against the premise in general terms."}}}},{"id":"pre-u01-wiener-1960-contests","subject":"wiener-1960-some-moral-technical","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1960-05-06","basis":"publication","note":"Date printed on the Science pages."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Argues from game-playing machines that learn, and from machines acting faster than their operators can follow, that a machine’s performance can outrun what its designers comprehend."}}}},{"id":"pre-u01-samuel-1959-contests","subject":"th-samuel-1959","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered"},"topic":"ideas","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1959-07","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"contrary-only","rationale":"Reports a result contrary to the claim that a machine can do no more than its programmer specifies, without discussing the claim."}}}}],"sources":[{"id":"source-butler-1863-press","documentId":"butler-1863-darwin-among-machines","authors":["Cellarius (Samuel Butler)"]},{"id":"source-erewhon-1872-scan","documentId":"erewhon-1872","authors":["Samuel Butler (published anonymously)"]},{"id":"source-turing-1947-amt-b-1","documentId":"turing-1947-lms-lecture","authors":["Alan M. Turing"]},{"id":"source-turing-1950-amt-b-19","documentId":"turing-1950-computing-machinery","authors":["A. M. Turing"]},{"id":"source-turing-c1951-amt-b-4","documentId":"turing-c1951-heretical-theory","authors":["Alan M. Turing"]},{"id":"source-turing-1951-amt-b-5","documentId":"turing-1951-can-digital-computers-think","authors":["Alan M. Turing"]},{"id":"source-wiener-1960-science","documentId":"wiener-1960-some-moral-technical","authors":["Norbert Wiener"]},{"id":"source-vinge-1983-omni-scan","documentId":"vinge-1983-first-word","authors":["Vernor Vinge"]},{"id":"source-vinge-1993-ntrs","documentId":"vinge-1993-coming-technological-singularity","authors":["Vernor Vinge"]},{"id":"source-th-d-samuel-1959","documentId":"th-samuel-1959","authors":["Arthur L. Samuel"]},{"id":"source-pre-capek-rur-1923-english","documentId":"capek-rur-1923-english","authors":["Karel Čapek","Paul Selver (English version)","Nigel Playfair (English version)"]},{"id":"source-pre-descartes-1637-gallica-images","documentId":"descartes-1637-discours","authors":["Published without the author’s name (René Descartes)"]},{"id":"source-pre-hartree-1949-ia","documentId":"hartree-1949-calculating-instruments","authors":["Douglas R. Hartree"]},{"id":"source-pre-jefferson-1949-pmc-scans","documentId":"jefferson-1949-mind-of-mechanical-man","authors":["Geoffrey Jefferson"]},{"id":"source-pre-kolmogorov-1961-letter-mccme","documentId":"kolmogorov-1961-letter-to-berg","authors":["А. Н. Колмогоров (A. N. Kolmogorov)"]},{"id":"source-pre-lovelace-1843-scientific-memoirs-3","documentId":"lovelace-1843-notes","authors":["L. F. Menabrea (memoir)","A. A. L. (translation and notes; attributed to Ada Lovelace)"]},{"id":"source-pre-turing-npl-1948-report","documentId":"turing-1948-npl-intelligent-machinery","authors":["Alan Turing"]},{"id":"source-pre-wiener-cybernetics-2019-reissue","documentId":"wiener-1948-cybernetics","authors":["Norbert Wiener"]}],"evidence":[],"at":{"entities":[254,256,257,258,259,260,262,267,280,1616,2151,2152,2153,2154,2155,2156,2157,2159,2160,2161,2162],"claims":[6168,6171,6172,6173,6176,6177,6178,6179,6180,6181,6182,6183,6184,6185,6186,6187,6189,6190,6191,6196,6197,6198],"sources":[254,257,258,259,260,261,263,268,283,1532,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2040,2041],"evidence":[]},"index":{"byClaim":[["pre-u01-lovelace-1843-notes",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u01-turing-1947-contests",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u01-turing-1948-npl-contests",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u01-hartree-1949",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u01-turing-1950-contests",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u01-turing-1951-contests",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u01-turing-c1951-contests",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u01-samuel-1959-contests",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u01-wiener-1960-contests",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u01-wiener-1961-cybernetics-contests",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u02-descartes-1637-contests",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u02-butler-1863-darwin-among-the-machines",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u02-erewhon-1872",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u02-capek-rur-1923",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u02-turing-1947",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u02-jefferson-1949-contests",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u02-turing-1950",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u02-turing-1951",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u02-turing-c1951",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u02-kolmogorov-1961-letter",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u03-vinge-1983-first-word",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]],["pre-u03-vinge-1993",["propositions:antecedent-texts"]]],"marks":[["butler-1863-darwin-among-machines",[{"collectionId":"antecedent-texts","propositionId":"machines-could-think","claimId":"pre-u02-butler-1863-darwin-among-the-machines","text":"Earliest located in Antecedent texts: machine intelligence before 1965 for U02 A machine could think"},{"collectionId":"superintelligence","propositionId":"control-or-purpose-specification","claimId":"ts-b6-butler-1863","text":"Earliest located in Propositions about superintelligence, 1863–2025 for B6 Control or purpose specification"},{"collectionId":"machine-succession","propositionId":"machine-succession","claimId":"ht-w01-butler-1863-darwin-among-the-machines","text":"Earliest located in Machine succession, scale and acceleration: propositions in located texts, 1863–2026 for W01 Machines succeed humans as the leading intelligence"},{"collectionId":"machine-succession","propositionId":"succession-acceptable","claimId":"ht-w02-butler-1863-darwin-among-the-machines","text":"Earliest located text contesting W02 Succession by machines would be acceptable or desirable in Machine succession, scale and acceleration: propositions in located texts, 1863–2026"},{"collectionId":"machine-succession","propositionId":"cosmic-process","claimId":"ht-w09-butler-1863-darwin-among-the-machines","text":"Earliest located in Machine succession, scale and acceleration: propositions in located texts, 1863–2026 for W09 Machine intelligence as a physical or cosmic process"},{"collectionId":"machine-succession","propositionId":"accelerate-machine-intelligence","claimId":"ht-w08-butler-1863-darwin-among-the-machines","text":"Earliest located text contesting W08 Accelerate rather than restrain in Machine succession, scale and acceleration: propositions in located texts, 1863–2026"}]],["turing-1947-lms-lecture",[{"collectionId":"antecedent-texts","propositionId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered","claimId":"pre-u01-turing-1947-contests","text":"Earliest located text contesting U01 A machine can only do what it is ordered to do in Antecedent texts: machine intelligence before 1965"}]],["turing-1950-computing-machinery",[{"collectionId":"antecedent-texts","propositionId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered","claimId":"pre-u01-turing-1950-contests","text":"Earliest located use of the name “Lady Lovelace's objection” in Antecedent texts: machine intelligence before 1965 for U01 A machine can only do what it is ordered to do"},{"collectionId":"superintelligence","propositionId":"designed-deception-of-testers","claimId":"ts-c2-turing-1950","text":"Earliest located in Propositions about superintelligence, 1863–2025 for C2 Systems designed to mislead their testers"}]],["vinge-1983-first-word",[{"collectionId":"antecedent-texts","propositionId":"technological-singularity","claimId":"pre-u03-vinge-1983-first-word","text":"Earliest located in Antecedent texts: machine intelligence before 1965 for U03 Machine intelligence will bring a singularity"}]],["vinge-1993-coming-technological-singularity",[{"collectionId":"superintelligence","propositionId":"fast-or-hard-takeoff","claimId":"ts-a4-vinge-1993","text":"Earliest located in Propositions about superintelligence, 1863–2025 for A4 Fast or hard takeoff"},{"collectionId":"superintelligence","propositionId":"race-compression","claimId":"ts-a6-vinge-1993","text":"Earliest located in Propositions about superintelligence, 1863–2025 for A6 Strategic or race compression"},{"collectionId":"superintelligence","propositionId":"strategic-concealment","claimId":"ts-b2-vinge-1993","text":"Earliest located in Propositions about superintelligence, 1863–2025 for B2 Strategic concealment"},{"collectionId":"superintelligence","propositionId":"competition-defeats-restraint","claimId":"ts-c3-vinge-1993","text":"Earliest located in Propositions about superintelligence, 1863–2025 for C3 Competition defeats restraint"},{"collectionId":"risk-debate","propositionId":"fast-or-hard-takeoff","claimId":"ts-a4-vinge-1993","text":"Earliest located in Arguments about catastrophic risk from advanced AI, 1863–2026 for A4 Fast or hard takeoff"},{"collectionId":"risk-debate","propositionId":"control-by-design","claimId":"rd-r10b-vinge-1993-coming-technological-singularity","text":"Earliest located text contesting R10b Advanced AI can be kept under control by design in Arguments about catastrophic risk from advanced AI, 1863–2026"},{"collectionId":"risk-debate","propositionId":"incentives-produce-safety","claimId":"rd-r17-vinge-1993-coming-technological-singularity","text":"Earliest located text contesting R17 Economic incentives will produce safety in Arguments about catastrophic risk from advanced AI, 1863–2026"}]],["descartes-1637-discours",[{"collectionId":"antecedent-texts","propositionId":"machines-could-think","claimId":"pre-u02-descartes-1637-contests","text":"Earliest located text contesting U02 A machine could think in Antecedent texts: machine intelligence before 1965"}]],["jefferson-1949-mind-of-mechanical-man",[{"collectionId":"superintelligence","propositionId":"behavioural-tests-as-evidence","claimId":"pre-c1-jefferson-1949","text":"Earliest located in Propositions about superintelligence, 1863–2025 for C1 Behavioural tests as evidence of what a system is"}]],["lovelace-1843-notes",[{"collectionId":"antecedent-texts","propositionId":"machines-only-do-what-they-are-ordered","claimId":"pre-u01-lovelace-1843-notes","text":"Earliest located in Antecedent texts: machine intelligence before 1965 for U01 A machine can only do what it is ordered to do"}]]],"chronicle":{"years":[{"year":1637,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1843,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1863,"topics":{"ideas":10},"stated":0},{"year":1865,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1872,"topics":{"ideas":12},"stated":0},{"year":1923,"topics":{"ideas":3},"stated":0},{"year":1943,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1947,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1948,"topics":{"ideas":7},"stated":0},{"year":1949,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1950,"topics":{"ideas":11},"stated":0},{"year":1951,"topics":{"ideas":14},"stated":0},{"year":1952,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1955,"topics":{"ideas":31},"stated":0},{"year":1956,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1957,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1958,"topics":{"ideas":3},"stated":0},{"year":1959,"topics":{"ideas":7},"stated":0},{"year":1960,"topics":{"ideas":12},"stated":0},{"year":1961,"topics":{"ideas":14},"stated":0},{"year":1965,"topics":{"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1966,"topics":{"ideas":21},"stated":0},{"year":1968,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1969,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1971,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1972,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1973,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1974,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1975,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1976,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1977,"topics":{"people":2,"ideas":8},"stated":0},{"year":1979,"topics":{"ideas":10},"stated":0},{"year":1980,"topics":{"ideas":2},"stated":0},{"year":1981,"topics":{"people":2},"stated":0},{"year":1982,"topics":{"ideas":4},"stated":0},{"year":1983,"topics":{"ideas":5},"stated":0},{"year":1984,"topics":{"ideas":21},"stated":0},{"year":1985,"topics":{"ideas":9},"stated":0},{"year":1986,"topics":{"ideas":18},"stated":0},{"year":1987,"topics":{"ideas":1},"stated":0},{"year":1988,"topics":{"ideas":6},"stated":0},{"year":1989,"topics":{"ideas":25},"stated":0},{"year":1990,"topics":{"ideas":9},"stated":0},{"year":1991,"topics":{"ideas":14},"stated":0},{"year":1992,"topics":{"ideas":15},"stated":0},{"year":1993,"topics":{"ideas":24,"people":3},"stated":0},{"year":1994,"topics":{"ideas":18},"stated":0},{"year":1995,"topics":{"ideas":10,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":1996,"topics":{"ideas":83},"stated":0},{"year":1997,"topics":{"ideas":19},"stated":0},{"year":1998,"topics":{"ideas":53},"stated":0},{"year":1999,"topics":{"ideas":32,"people":1,"institutions":1},"stated":0},{"year":2000,"topics":{"ideas":76},"stated":0},{"year":2001,"topics":{"ideas":53},"stated":0},{"year":2002,"topics":{"ideas":31},"stated":0},{"year":2003,"topics":{"ideas":9},"stated":0},{"year":2004,"topics":{"ideas":14,"people":3},"stated":0},{"year":2005,"topics":{"ideas":20,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2006,"topics":{"ideas":26,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2007,"topics":{"ideas":21},"stated":0},{"year":2008,"topics":{"ideas":67,"people":3,"institutions":1},"stated":0},{"year":2009,"topics":{"ideas":12,"people":1},"stated":0},{"year":2010,"topics":{"people":3,"ideas":13,"institutions":1,"governance":4},"stated":0},{"year":2011,"topics":{"people":3,"ideas":16,"institutions":2},"stated":0},{"year":2012,"topics":{"people":4,"ideas":20,"institutions":2},"stated":0},{"year":2013,"topics":{"ideas":47,"people":4,"institutions":2,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2014,"topics":{"institutions":2,"ideas":60,"people":5},"stated":0},{"year":2015,"topics":{"people":23,"ideas":133,"institutions":3,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2016,"topics":{"ideas":88,"people":2},"stated":0},{"year":2017,"topics":{"people":16,"institutions":2,"ideas":130,"governance":2},"stated":0},{"year":2018,"topics":{"people":9,"ideas":159,"institutions":8,"governance":1},"stated":0},{"year":2019,"topics":{"capital":1,"compute":1,"people":11,"governance":19,"ideas":176,"institutions":4},"stated":0},{"year":2020,"topics":{"people":6,"ideas":98,"institutions":1,"governance":2},"stated":0},{"year":2021,"topics":{"people":27,"ideas":177,"compute":1,"institutions":23,"governance":4,"capital":6},"stated":0},{"year":2022,"topics":{"people":15,"ideas":228,"institutions":6,"governance":3,"compute":2,"capital":1},"stated":0},{"year":2023,"topics":{"capital":14,"compute":7,"institutions":25,"people":55,"governance":211,"ideas":411},"stated":0},{"year":2024,"topics":{"capital":31,"compute":19,"governance":299,"people":103,"ideas":180,"institutions":32},"stated":1},{"year":2025,"topics":{"governance":635,"compute":69,"capital":61,"people":145,"institutions":26,"ideas":180},"stated":7},{"year":2026,"topics":{"governance":532,"capital":30,"compute":32,"institutions":23,"ideas":97,"people":139},"stated":19},{"year":2027,"topics":{},"stated":8},{"year":2028,"topics":{},"stated":6},{"year":2029,"topics":{},"stated":3},{"year":2030,"topics":{},"stated":3},{"year":2032,"topics":{},"stated":2},{"year":2035,"topics":{},"stated":2},{"year":2039,"topics":{},"stated":1},{"year":2042,"topics":{},"stated":1},{"year":2050,"topics":{},"stated":1}],"scheduled":[],"statedBy":[]},"collections":[{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"antecedent-texts"},"title":"Antecedent texts: machine intelligence before 1965","claimIds":["pre-u01-lovelace-1843-notes","pre-u01-turing-1947-contests","pre-u01-turing-1948-npl-contests","pre-u01-hartree-1949","pre-u01-turing-1950-contests","pre-u01-turing-1951-contests","pre-u01-turing-c1951-contests","pre-u01-samuel-1959-contests","pre-u01-wiener-1960-contests","pre-u01-wiener-1961-cybernetics-contests","pre-u02-descartes-1637-contests","pre-u02-butler-1863-darwin-among-the-machines","pre-u02-erewhon-1872","pre-u02-capek-rur-1923","pre-u02-turing-1947","pre-u02-jefferson-1949-contests","pre-u02-turing-1950","pre-u02-turing-1951","pre-u02-turing-c1951","pre-u02-kolmogorov-1961-letter","pre-u03-vinge-1983-first-word","pre-u03-vinge-1993"],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"superintelligence"},"title":"Propositions about superintelligence, 1863–2025","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"risk-debate"},"title":"Arguments about catastrophic risk from advanced AI, 1863–2026","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"yudkowsky-arguments"},"title":"Eliezer Yudkowsky’s arguments on common claims about AI, 1996–2026","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"machine-succession"},"title":"Machine succession, scale and acceleration: propositions in located texts, 1863–2026","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"economics-of-machine-intelligence"},"title":"Economics of machine intelligence: texts from 1952 to 2026 that state, contest or bear on its propositions","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"orbital-compute-arguments"},"title":"Arguments about compute in orbit","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"ai-bio-arguments"},"title":"Arguments about AI and biological risk","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"propositions","id":"ai-in-science"},"title":"AI in science","claimIds":[],"records":[]},{"target":{"kind":"documents"},"title":"Frontier safety frameworks","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"compare","id":"frontier-safety-frameworks"},"title":"Compare frameworks","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"control","id":"openai"},"title":"OpenAI’s control structure, 2015–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"control","id":"anthropic"},"title":"Anthropic’s control structure, 2021–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"commitments"},"title":"External commitments and obligations","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"question","id":"frameworks-to-obligations"},"title":"Frameworks, commitments and legal obligations, 2023–2026","claimIds":[]},{"target":{"kind":"reading"},"title":"Founding and early leadership","claimIds":[]}]},"version":"ufmsd8"}