{"entities":[{"id":"wiener-1960-some-moral-technical","shortName":"Wiener, Some Moral and Technical Consequences of Automation (1960)","type":"document"},{"id":"samuel-1960-refutation","shortName":"Samuel, A Refutation (1960)","type":"document"},{"id":"norbert-wiener","name":"Norbert Wiener","type":"person"}],"claims":[{"id":"ts-b6-wiener-1960","subject":"wiener-1960-some-moral-technical","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"control-or-purpose-specification"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Wiener’s 1960 article argues that a machine acting too fast and irrevocably for people to intervene must be given exactly the purpose people really desire, and that a war-game-trained policy could win a nominal victory at the cost of real national interests.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1960-05-06","basis":"publication","note":"Date printed on the Science pages."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"Both halves: the purpose put into a fast machine must be the one intended, and timely intervention may be impossible.","claimed":{"date":"1959-12-27","note":"Printed p. 1355 says the article is adapted from a lecture at the AAAS meeting in Chicago on this day. The lecture text was not retrieved, so the wording is not dated to it."}}}},{"id":"ts-b5-wiener-1960-context","subject":"wiener-1960-some-moral-technical","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"observed-behaviour-as-evidence"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Wiener’s 1960 article says a learning machine trained on a war game could produce a policy that wins on points at the cost of the nation’s real interests.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1960-05-06","basis":"publication","note":"Date printed on the Science pages."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"No explicit claim about what success in the war game shows; the passage concerns a mismatch between the game’s objective and the nation’s.","claimed":{"date":"1959-12-27","note":"Printed p. 1355 says the article is adapted from a lecture at the AAAS meeting in Chicago on this day. The lecture text was not retrieved, so the wording is not dated to it."}}}},{"id":"ts-a3-wiener-1960-context","subject":"wiener-1960-some-moral-technical","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"recursive-self-improvement"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Wiener’s 1960 article distinguishes tactics, strategy and higher-level judgements about policy as questions arising in \"the programming of programming\".","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1960-05-06","basis":"publication","note":"Date printed on the Science pages."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Successive levels of policy adjustment are discussed, not a machine recursively improving its own capacity to improve.","claimed":{"date":"1959-12-27","note":"Printed p. 1355 says the article is adapted from a lecture at the AAAS meeting in Chicago on this day. The lecture text was not retrieved, so the wording is not dated to it."}}}},{"id":"ts-a5-wiener-1960-context","subject":"wiener-1960-some-moral-technical","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ai-automated-ai-research"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Wiener’s 1960 article discusses learning machines whose game policies improve with experience.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1960-05-06","basis":"publication","note":"Date printed on the Science pages."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Game-playing machines improve their policies; research that advances AI, and its acceleration, are not stated.","claimed":{"date":"1959-12-27","note":"Printed p. 1355 says the article is adapted from a lecture at the AAAS meeting in Chicago on this day. The lecture text was not retrieved, so the wording is not dated to it."}}}},{"id":"ts-a4-wiener-1960-context","subject":"wiener-1960-some-moral-technical","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"fast-or-hard-takeoff"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Wiener’s 1960 article warns that machines may act faster than people can gather the information needed to stop them.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1960-05-06","basis":"publication","note":"Date printed on the Science pages."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"The speed discussed is of machine operation and decision, not a rapid transition in intelligence.","claimed":{"date":"1959-12-27","note":"Printed p. 1355 says the article is adapted from a lecture at the AAAS meeting in Chicago on this day. The lecture text was not retrieved, so the wording is not dated to it."}}}},{"id":"ts-b6-samuel-1960-contests","subject":"samuel-1960-refutation","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"control-or-purpose-specification"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The indexed abstract of Samuel’s 1960 reply to Wiener denies that the machine is a threat to humanity, says it has no will of its own, and describes its conclusions as the logical consequences of its inputs.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1960-09-16","basis":"publication","note":"Issue date in the PubMed record (PMID 17797013)."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"The abstract disputes the threat and will premise of the control half.","attested":{"note":"The abstract as indexed by PubMed, retrieved 2026-10-06. The printed pages were not retrieved, and who wrote the abstract is not established."},"engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Gives a reason against the premise that the machine could escape human control: it has no will of its own and its conclusions only follow from its input."}}}},{"id":"ap-norbert-wiener-wiener-1960-some-moral-technical","subject":"norbert-wiener","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"wiener-1960-some-moral-technical"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"“Some Moral and Technical Consequences of Automation” (1960-05-06) credits Norbert Wiener as its author.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1960-05-06","basis":"publication","note":"Date the source record gives for this text; authorship is credited in the inspected expression."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"}],"sources":[],"evidence":[],"at":{"entities":[262,263,934],"claims":[781,782,783,784,785,786,2346],"sources":[],"evidence":[]},"version":"1lg47t7"}