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the framework PDF itself carries no date."}},{"id":"cm-link-ms-fgf-2026-eu-code","subject":"ms-fgf-2026","predicate":"references_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"gpai-code-of-practice-2025"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2026-02","basis":"revision","note":"The edition’s revision month."}},{"id":"cm-link-faif-2026-eu-code","subject":"faif-2026","predicate":"references_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"gpai-code-of-practice-2025"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2026-06-30","basis":"effective","note":"The edition’s stated effective date."}},{"id":"prov-eu-code-tr-documentation-retention","subject":"gpai-code-of-practice-2025","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Keep previous versions of model documentation for 10 years after the model is placed on the market"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2025-07-10","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as stated in the final Code published on 2025-07-10."}},{"id":"prov-eu-code-tr-downstream-14-days","subject":"gpai-code-of-practice-2025","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Provide requested information to downstream providers within a reasonable time and no later than 14 days"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2025-07-10","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as stated in the final Code published on 2025-07-10."}},{"id":"prov-eu-code-cr-robots-txt","subject":"gpai-code-of-practice-2025","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Use web-crawlers that read and follow robots.txt instructions (IETF RFC 9309)"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2025-07-10","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as stated in the final Code published on 2025-07-10."}},{"id":"ec-m01-technology-and-the-american-economy-1966-b","subject":"technology-and-the-american-economy-1966","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"automation-as-ordinary-technical-change"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, “Technology and the American Economy: Report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Volume I” (1966-02) bears on M01. The Commission says the present is a time of rapid progress but that 'this is as far as we are prepared to go'. It concludes that no sharp break in the continuity of technical progress has occurred or is likely in the next decade.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966-02","basis":"publication","note":"Report dated February 1966. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv) is stated not to be part of the official report. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Agnostic on whether the computer is more revolutionary than earlier technologies; gives no positive analysis of it as ordinary technical change.","tier":{"value":2,"basis":"Main Commission report: tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12 (most members were not economists; the chair Bowen and Solow were). Was tier 1. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv, by Bowen) is outside the official report; it stays here at tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12."},"conditions":"Agnostic rather than a denial. The chapter then measures technological change through output per man-hour and diffusion lags, the same measures for every innovation."}}},{"id":"ec-m01-sporn-haggerty-1966-comment-b","subject":"sporn-haggerty-1966-comment","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"automation-as-ordinary-technical-change"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Sporn and Haggerty, “Comment by Mr. Sporn, joined by Mr. Haggerty, in Technology and the American Economy, Vol. I” (1966-02) bears on M01. Speaker: Philip Sporn (utility executive; Commission member, non-economist), joined by Patrick E. Haggerty. Sporn says the report under-emphasises technology's positive contributions. A parallel comment by Beirne, Hayes and Reuther (p. 6) says the report lacks urgency.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966-02","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the report. A separate comment by two non-economist members (a utility executive and an industrialist), printed with the report. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"A comment by two non-economist members, not the Commission's analysis.","tier":{"value":2,"basis":"Comment by two non-economist members (a utility executive and an industrialist)."},"conditions":"Individual members' dissenting-emphasis comment, not Commission text."}}},{"id":"ec-m01-lynn-1966-diffusion-of-technology-b","subject":"lynn-1966-diffusion-of-technology","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"automation-as-ordinary-technical-change"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Lynn, “An Investigation of the Rate of Development and Diffusion of Technology in Our Modern Industrial Society” (1966-02) bears on M01. Speaker: Frank Lynn, INTEC, Incorporated, Chicago (consultant; not an economist). Lynn measures incubation and diffusion periods across a set of innovation case studies; the computer is one case.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966-02","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the appendix volume; author a consultant (INTEC, Inc.), not an economist. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Technological description inside a diffusion case study. The computer is one of several case-study innovations (with nuclear power, numerical control and others) analysed by the same time-lag method. No economic category.","tier":{"value":2,"basis":"Non-economist author (consultant, INTEC, Inc.)."},"conditions":"The same section says the 1948 stored program and memory 'transformed the computer from a high-speed adding machine to its present status of “electronic brain.”' (the term is in quotation marks in the source)."}}},{"id":"ec-m01-mansfield-1966-technological-change-b","subject":"mansfield-1966-technological-change","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"automation-as-ordinary-technical-change"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Mansfield, “Technological Change: Measurement, Determinants, and Diffusion” (1966-02) bears on M01. Speaker: Edwin Mansfield, University of Pennsylvania (economist), 'Technological Change: Measurement, Determinants, and Diffusion'. Commissioned survey of how economists measure technical change (partial and total productivity indexes, organisational and capital-embodied change). Part II, sec. 8 asks whether the rate has increased, quoting Diebold and DuBridge on automation.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966-02","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the appendix volume. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"A general definition of technological change, not an analysis of computers or automation.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Economist author (Edwin Mansfield; established record as an economist)."},"conditions":"General definition; applies 'regardless of its source or form'."}}},{"id":"ec-m02-technology-and-the-american-economy-1966-b","subject":"technology-and-the-american-economy-1966","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ai-as-task-automation"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, “Technology and the American Economy: Report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Volume I” (1966-02) bears on M02. Speaker: Howard R. Bowen, Commission chairman (economist), chairman's introduction (not part of the official report). Bowen's view of where technology should go: towards human, environmental and resource development, with new kinds of work and more leisure.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966-02","basis":"publication","note":"Report dated February 1966. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv) is stated not to be part of the official report. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Divides work into routine/mechanical (machines) and new human activities, but without a task-allocation model and not about AI.","tier":{"value":2,"basis":"Main Commission report: tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12 (most members were not economists; the chair Bowen and Solow were). Was tier 1. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv, by Bowen) is outside the official report; it stays here at tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12."},"conditions":"Followed by: 'Human resources will be released and available for new activities beyond those that are required for mere subsistence.'."}}},{"id":"ec-m02-newhouse-1966-technological-change-in-banking-b","subject":"newhouse-1966-technological-change-in-banking","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ai-as-task-automation"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Newhouse, “Technological Change in Banking” (1966-02) bears on M02. Speaker: Joseph P. Newhouse, Harvard University (byline; also listed as a Commission staff analyst), 'Technological Change in Banking'. Newhouse finds that aggregate statistics say little; case studies show EDP eliminating routine clerical jobs, with adjustment largely through attrition given high turnover.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966-02","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the appendix volume. Byline Harvard University. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Identifies the occupations most vulnerable to electronic data processing (EDP) through case studies. It is occupational, not a task-allocation model, and concerns EDP, not AI.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Economist by established record: B.A. and Ph.D. in economics, Harvard (Harvard Kennedy School faculty page, retrieved 2026-10-11). The 1966 text shows only the byline \"Harvard University\", so his standing at that date is not shown in the text."},"conditions":"The sentence begins 'the most vulnerable occupations are' (OCR garbles the following comma) 'as might be expected'. Case examples follow: bookkeepers at one branch bank fell from 600 to 150 within eighteen months."}}},{"id":"ec-m05-armer-1966-computer-aspects-of-technological-change-b","subject":"armer-1966-computer-aspects-of-technological-change","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-cheaper-at-every-task"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Armer, “Computer Aspects of Technological Change (selection)” (1966) bears on M05. Speakers: Paul Armer, The RAND Corporation (computer specialist; not an economist), in a selection from a study prepared for the Commission; Paul Armer, The RAND Corporation, relaying Herbert A. Simon. Armer adopts Herbert A. Simon's distinction (The Shape of Automation, 1965) between technological and economic radicalism. Armer cites Simon, The Shape of Automation (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), as the source of the technological/economic radical-conservative distinction.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the book; Armer (RAND Corporation) is a computer specialist, not an economist. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"(M05-05) A technological claim restricted to information-processing tasks. The author explicitly rejects the economic consequence (see the next record) and says nothing about relative cost or new tasks. (M05-06) Armer's paraphrase of Simon's technological forecast, not Simon's text. Armer reports Simon as an 'economic conservative', which would not meet M05's economic condition.","tier":{"value":2,"basis":"Non-economist author (computer specialist, RAND Corporation)."},"conditions":"(M05-05) 'in time'. He says many remaining problems 'are very difficult' and calls himself a technological radical 'somewhat closer to the center' than Simon. (M05-06) Simon's view as characterised by Armer."}}},{"id":"ec-m05-armer-1966-computer-aspects-of-technological-change-c","subject":"armer-1966-computer-aspects-of-technological-change","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-cheaper-at-every-task"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Armer, “Computer Aspects of Technological Change (selection)” (1966) contests M05. Speaker: Paul Armer, The RAND Corporation (non-economist). Armer combines technological radicalism (computers able in time to do any information-processing task) with economic conservatism.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the book; Armer (RAND Corporation) is a computer specialist, not an economist. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"contrary-only","rationale":"Armer argues that full employment can survive computer substitution while requiring economic and social adjustment."},"tier":{"value":2,"basis":"Non-economist author (computer specialist, RAND Corporation)."},"conditions":"He acknowledges that computers and automation cause serious problems needing economic, social and political adjustment."}}},{"id":"ec-m05-levitan-1966-new-directions-in-aid-of-the-poor-c","subject":"levitan-1966-new-directions-in-aid-of-the-poor","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-cheaper-at-every-task"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Levitan, “New Directions in Aid of the Poor (selection)” (1966) contests M05. Speaker: Sar A. Levitan, The W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research (economist), selection 'New Directions in Aid of the Poor'. Levitan's priorities for anti-poverty policy include work relief and public service jobs such as school and health aides.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the book. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Levitan argues for unmet human-service and public-work demand against cybernation employment-obsolescence claims."},"tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Economist author (Sar A. Levitan; established record as a labour economist)."},"conditions":"Made in support of government-supported (not make-work) job creation for those who cannot find private employment."}}},{"id":"ec-m05-technology-and-the-american-economy-1966-b","subject":"technology-and-the-american-economy-1966","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-cheaper-at-every-task"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, “Technology and the American Economy: Report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Volume I” (1966-02) bears on M05. Speaker: Howard R. Bowen, Commission chairman (economist), in a chairman's introduction stated not to be part of the official report. Bowen lists concerns about technology. The one 'perhaps most responsible for the establishment of the Commission' is the belief that technological change is a major source of unemployment.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966-02","basis":"publication","note":"Report dated February 1966. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv) is stated not to be part of the official report. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"relay","missing":"A reported fear, not endorsed. It does not speak of new tasks or relative cost.","tier":{"value":2,"basis":"Main Commission report: tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12 (most members were not economists; the chair Bowen and Solow were). Was tier 1. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv, by Bowen) is outside the official report; it stays here at tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12."},"conditions":"The ellipsis omits 'technological change would in the near future not only cause increasing unemployment, but that'."}}},{"id":"ec-m05-technology-and-the-american-economy-1966-c","subject":"technology-and-the-american-economy-1966","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-cheaper-at-every-task"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, “Technology and the American Economy: Report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Volume I” (1966-02) contests M05. Opening of the Commission's report, signed by all 14 members, including the economists Bowen and Solow. Concludes the Commission's opening argument that persistent post-Korea unemployment came from inadequate demand, not accelerated technology.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966-02","basis":"publication","note":"Report dated February 1966. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv) is stated not to be part of the official report. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located-tier-2","contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"The Commission rejects imminent employment-obsolescence and provides evidence on technological continuity and demand later in the report; the Commission links total employment to demand and purchasing power rather than equating job elimination with elimination of work."},"tier":{"value":2,"basis":"Main Commission report: tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12 (most members were not economists; the chair Bowen and Solow were). Was tier 1. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv, by Bowen) is outside the official report; it stays here at tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12."},"conditions":"(M05-11) Also dissents from 'the other extreme view of complacency'. The ellipsis omits '— or at least the United States —'. (M05-12) Followed by: 'It is the continuous obligation of economic policy to match increases in productive potential with increases in purchasing power and demand.'."}}},{"id":"ec-m06a-technology-and-the-american-economy-1966-a","subject":"technology-and-the-american-economy-1966","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"automation-lowers-labour-income"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, “Technology and the American Economy: Report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Volume I” (1966-02) articulates M06a. The Commission separates aggregate unemployment (demand) from displacement of particular workers (technology among other changes).","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966-02","basis":"publication","note":"Report dated February 1966. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv) is stated not to be part of the official report. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","tier":{"value":2,"basis":"Main Commission report: tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12 (most members were not economists; the chair Bowen and Solow were). Was tier 1. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv, by Bowen) is outside the official report; it stays here at tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12."},"conditions":"Distinguished from the general level of unemployment, which the Commission attributes to inadequate aggregate demand."}}},{"id":"ec-m06a-employment-impact-of-technological-change-1966-b","subject":"employment-impact-of-technological-change-1966","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"automation-lowers-labour-income"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, “The Employment Impact of Technological Change. Appendix Volume II, Technology and the American Economy” (1966-02) bears on M06a. Speaker: Garth L. Mangum, Executive Secretary (Preface), summarising James R. Bright's study. The preface summarises the volume's 11 studies.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966-02","basis":"publication","note":"Appendix volume dated February 1966; preface by Garth L. Mangum. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"relay","missing":"A finding on skill content, not on wages, labour share or employment. It is a summary, and Bright's study (Part 3, p. 203) is not in the retrieved OCR.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Appendix volume of the same Commission, with a preface by the economist Garth L. Mangum. Economist-written appendices are tier 1 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12; each study is tiered by its own author (Mansfield, Newhouse tier 1; Lynn tier 2)."},"conditions":"Based on case studies of 'actual installations of automatic equipment'. The preface adds that Horowitz and Herrnstadt found 'no significant changes in skill requirements in general' between the 1949 and 1960 DOT editions."}}},{"id":"ec-m06b-technology-and-the-american-economy-1966-a","subject":"technology-and-the-american-economy-1966","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"compensating-policy-for-ai"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, “Technology and the American Economy: Report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Volume I” (1966-02) articulates M06b. One of the Commission's numbered recommendations, alongside public service employment ('employer of last resort'), compensatory education and a computerised job-matching system.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966-02","basis":"publication","note":"Report dated February 1966. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv) is stated not to be part of the official report. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","tier":{"value":2,"basis":"Main Commission report: tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12 (most members were not economists; the chair Bowen and Solow were). Was tier 1. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv, by Bowen) is outside the official report; it stays here at tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12."},"conditions":"'That floor should include both improvements in wage-related benefits and a broader system of income maintenance for those families unable to provide for themselves.'."}}},{"id":"ec-m06b-technology-and-the-american-economy-1966-b","subject":"technology-and-the-american-economy-1966","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"compensating-policy-for-ai"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, “Technology and the American Economy: Report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Volume I” (1966-02) bears on M06b. The Commission recommends going beyond reform of existing social insurance to 'wholly new approaches to the problem of income maintenance'.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966-02","basis":"publication","note":"Report dated February 1966. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv) is stated not to be part of the official report. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Here the instrument is a response to poverty and the defects of means-tested assistance; this paragraph does not tie it to automation.","tier":{"value":2,"basis":"Main Commission report: tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12 (most members were not economists; the chair Bowen and Solow were). Was tier 1. The chairman's introduction (pp. xi–xiv, by Bowen) is outside the official report; it stays here at tier 2 by maintainer decision of 2026-10-12."},"conditions":"'if found feasible', to be approached 'by stages'. The report names Milton Friedman, Robert Lampman and James Tobin as authors of concrete proposals."}}},{"id":"ec-m09-bowen-mangum-1966-automation-and-economic-progress-b","subject":"bowen-mangum-1966-automation-and-economic-progress","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"recent-economics-engagement-with-ai"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Bowen and Mangum, “Automation and Economic Progress” (1966) bears on M09. Speaker: Howard R. Bowen and Garth L. Mangum, editors (Editors' Introduction). The editors explain the Commission's origins in the persistent unemployment after the Korean conflict. They define automation technically as electronic feedback control of mechanical processes, which 'in common parlance' became a byword for anything reducing employment.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966","basis":"publication","note":"Copyright 1966. A condensation of the Commission report with selections from the supplementary studies. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"relay","missing":"Describes the early-1960s policy debate on unemployment, not economics as a research field or machine intelligence.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Book edited by two economists (Bowen, Mangum)."},"conditions":"Alongside the 'structural unemployment' and 'deficiency of aggregate demand' hypotheses."}}},{"id":"ec-m09-mansfield-1966-technological-change-b","subject":"mansfield-1966-technological-change","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"recent-economics-engagement-with-ai"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Mansfield, “Technological Change: Measurement, Determinants, and Diffusion” (1966-02) bears on M09. Speaker: Edwin Mansfield, University of Pennsylvania (economist). Mansfield reviews output-per-man-hour evidence (Clague and Greenberg, Kendrick and Sato, CEA) for acceleration.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966-02","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the appendix volume. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"relay","missing":"Shows that economists were debating whether automation-era technical change was faster, but is not a statement about machine intelligence as a research topic.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Economist author (Edwin Mansfield; established record as an economist)."},"conditions":"'and it is equally possible to find statements asserting the opposite'. He quotes Diebold and DuBridge (non-economists) for the opposite view."}}},{"id":"ap-paul-armer-armer-1966-computer-aspects-of-technological-change","subject":"paul-armer","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"armer-1966-computer-aspects-of-technological-change"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"“Computer Aspects of Technological Change (selection)” (1966) credits Paul Armer as its author.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966","basis":"publication","note":"Date the source record gives for this text; authorship is credited in the inspected expression."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ap-edwin-mansfield-mansfield-1966-technological-change","subject":"edwin-mansfield","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"mansfield-1966-technological-change"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"“Technological Change: Measurement, Determinants, and Diffusion” (1966-02) credits Edwin Mansfield as its author.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"1966-02","basis":"publication","note":"Date the source record gives for this text; authorship is credited in the inspected expression."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-link-preparedness-beta-wh-2023-07","subject":"preparedness-beta-2023","predicate":"references_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"wh-voluntary-ai-commitments-2023-07"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2023-12-18","basis":"publication","note":"The edition’s publication date as recorded in the dataset."}},{"id":"fl-link-rsp-v3-1-sb53","subject":"rsp-v3-1","predicate":"references_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"california-sb-53"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2026-04-02","basis":"effective","note":"The edition’s stated effective date."}},{"id":"fl-link-rsp-v3-2-sb53","subject":"rsp-v3-2","predicate":"references_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"california-sb-53"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2026-04-29","basis":"effective","note":"The edition’s stated effective date."}},{"id":"fl-link-rsp-v3-3-sb53","subject":"rsp-v3-3","predicate":"references_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"california-sb-53"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2026-05-26","basis":"effective","note":"The edition’s stated effective date."}},{"id":"fl-link-rsp-v3-4-sb53","subject":"rsp-v3-4","predicate":"references_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"california-sb-53"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2026-07-08","basis":"effective","note":"The edition’s stated effective date."}},{"id":"ab-gov-eu-cop-cbrn-capability-source","subject":"gpai-code-of-practice-2025","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Appendix 1.3.1: CBRN capabilities among the model capabilities treated as potential systemic risk sources"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2025-07-10","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the publication of the final Code."}},{"id":"ab-gov-eu-cop-cbrn-risk-definition","subject":"gpai-code-of-practice-2025","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Appendix 1.4(1): what the specified systemic risk \"chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear\" covers"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2025-07-10","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the publication of the final Code."}}],"sources":[],"evidence":[],"at":{"entities":[21,22,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,199,200,201,202,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,582,851,896],"claims":[101,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,1227,1228,1229,1298,1299,1300,1301,1316,1317,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1392,1393,1420,1421,1450,1451,2187,2286,2921,2924,2925,2926,2928,3341,3342],"sources":[],"evidence":[]},"version":"1lg47t7"}