{"entities":[{"id":"openai","name":"OpenAI","type":"organisation"},{"id":"anthropic","name":"Anthropic","type":"organisation"},{"id":"google-deepmind","name":"Google DeepMind","type":"organisation"},{"id":"xai","name":"xAI","type":"organisation"},{"id":"microsoft","name":"Microsoft","type":"organisation"},{"id":"amazon","name":"Amazon","type":"organisation"},{"id":"nvidia","name":"NVIDIA","type":"organisation"},{"id":"sequoia","name":"Sequoia Capital","type":"organisation"},{"id":"sam-altman","name":"Sam Altman","type":"person"},{"id":"ilya-sutskever","name":"Ilya Sutskever","type":"person"},{"id":"eliezer-yudkowsky","name":"Eliezer Yudkowsky","type":"person"},{"id":"rsp-2023","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-rsp","label":"v1.0","publisherId":"anthropic","publishedAt":"2023-09-19","effectiveAt":"2023-09-19","dateNote":"Initial public policy dated September 19, 2023; original entity and publication claim retained."}},{"id":"fsf-2024","name":"Frontier Safety Framework (2024)","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"deepmind-fsf","label":"v1.0","publisherId":"google-deepmind","publishedAt":"2024-05-17","dateNote":"The sourced publication date does not establish an implementation or effective date."}},{"id":"o1-card-2024","shortName":"o1 system card · 2024","type":"document"},{"id":"colossus","name":"Colossus","type":"infrastructure"},{"id":"mustafa-suleyman","name":"Mustafa Suleyman","type":"person"},{"id":"google","name":"Google","type":"organisation"},{"id":"rsp-v2-0","name":"Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy — v2.0","shortName":"RSP · v2.0","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-rsp","label":"v2.0","publisherId":"anthropic","effectiveAt":"2024-10-15","dateNote":"The stated effective date is retained; a separate publication day is not inferred."}},{"id":"rsp-v2-1","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-rsp","label":"v2.1","publisherId":"anthropic","effectiveAt":"2025-03-31","dateNote":"The stated effective date is retained; a separate publication day is not inferred."}},{"id":"rsp-v2-2","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-rsp","label":"v2.2","publisherId":"anthropic","effectiveAt":"2025-05-14","dateNote":"The stated effective date is retained; a separate publication day is not inferred."}},{"id":"rsp-v3-0","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-rsp","label":"v3.0","publisherId":"anthropic","publishedAt":"2026-02-24","effectiveAt":"2026-02-24","dateNote":"The cover effective date and release announcement publication date both identify February 24, 2026."}},{"id":"rsp-v3-1","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-rsp","label":"v3.1","publisherId":"anthropic","effectiveAt":"2026-04-02","dateNote":"The stated effective date is retained; a separate publication day is not inferred."}},{"id":"rsp-v3-2","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-rsp","label":"v3.2","publisherId":"anthropic","effectiveAt":"2026-04-29","dateNote":"The stated effective date is retained; a separate publication day is not inferred."}},{"id":"rsp-v3-3","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-rsp","label":"v3.3","publisherId":"anthropic","effectiveAt":"2026-05-26","dateNote":"The stated effective date is retained; a separate publication day is not inferred."}},{"id":"rsp-v3-4","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-rsp","label":"v3.4","publisherId":"anthropic","effectiveAt":"2026-07-08","dateNote":"The stated effective date is retained; a separate publication day is not inferred."}},{"id":"fsf-v2-0","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"deepmind-fsf","label":"v2.0","publisherId":"google-deepmind","publishedAt":"2025-02-04","dateNote":"The sourced publication date does not establish an implementation or effective date."}},{"id":"fsf-v3-0","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"deepmind-fsf","label":"v3.0","publisherId":"google-deepmind","publishedAt":"2025-09-22","dateNote":"The sourced publication date does not establish an implementation or effective date."}},{"id":"fsf-v3-1","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"deepmind-fsf","label":"v3.1","publisherId":"google-deepmind","publishedAt":"2026-04-17","dateNote":"The sourced publication date does not establish an implementation or effective date."}},{"id":"john-schulman","name":"John Schulman","type":"person"},{"id":"durk-kingma","name":"Durk Kingma","type":"person"},{"id":"andrej-karpathy","name":"Andrej Karpathy","type":"person"},{"id":"jared-kaplan","name":"Jared Kaplan","type":"person"},{"id":"sam-mccandlish","name":"Sam McCandlish","type":"person"},{"id":"jan-leike","name":"Jan Leike","type":"person"},{"id":"daniel-gross","name":"Daniel Gross","type":"person"},{"id":"daniel-levy","name":"Daniel Levy","type":"person"},{"id":"jakub-pachocki","name":"Jakub Pachocki","type":"person"},{"id":"paul-christiano","name":"Paul Christiano","type":"person"},{"id":"metr","name":"Model Evaluation & Threat Research","type":"organisation"},{"id":"beth-barnes","name":"Beth Barnes","type":"person"},{"id":"metr-o1-preview-report","name":"METR preliminary o1-preview evaluation (2024)","type":"document"},{"id":"metr-canary-funding-2024","name":"METR Canary funding announcement (2024)","type":"document"},{"id":"mira-murati","name":"Mira Murati","type":"person"},{"id":"john-jumper","name":"John Jumper","type":"person"},{"id":"meta","name":"Meta","type":"organisation"},{"id":"mark-zuckerberg","name":"Mark Zuckerberg","type":"person"},{"id":"cohere","name":"Cohere","type":"organisation"},{"id":"deepseek","shortName":"DeepSeek","type":"organisation"},{"id":"liang-wenfeng","name":"Liang Wenfeng / 梁文锋","type":"person"},{"id":"deepseek-v3-cluster","name":"DeepSeek-V3 H800 training cluster","type":"infrastructure"},{"id":"alibaba-group","shortName":"Alibaba Group","type":"organisation"},{"id":"qwen-team","shortName":"Qwen Team","type":"organisation"},{"id":"zhipu","shortName":"Zhipu AI","type":"organisation"},{"id":"tsinghua","name":"Tsinghua University / 清华大学","type":"organisation"},{"id":"zhang-peng","name":"Zhang Peng / 张鹏","type":"person"},{"id":"tang-jie","name":"Tang Jie / 唐杰","type":"person"},{"id":"chatglm-report","name":"ChatGLM research history and techniques","type":"document"},{"id":"governor-of-california","name":"Governor of California","type":"public_body"},{"id":"openai-inc","shortName":"OpenAI nonprofit","type":"organisation"},{"id":"openai-gp-llc","name":"OpenAI GP LLC","type":"organisation"},{"id":"bret-taylor","name":"Bret Taylor","type":"person"},{"id":"jay-kreps","name":"Jay Kreps","type":"person"},{"id":"anthropic-coi-2021-01-26","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-certificate-of-incorporation","label":"Certificate (filed 2021-01-26)","publisherId":"anthropic","publishedAt":"2021-01-26","dateNote":"Filing date and time from the Division of Corporations stamp on page 1 (FILED 01:04 PM 01/26/2021, SR 20210225968, file number 4860621). No separate effective date is recorded."}},{"id":"anthropic-coi-2021-05-24","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-certificate-of-incorporation","label":"Restated certificate (filed 2021-05-24)","publisherId":"anthropic","publishedAt":"2021-05-24","dateNote":"Filing date and time from the Division of Corporations stamp on page 1 (FILED 09:49 AM 05/24/2021, SR 20212002474, file number 4860621). No separate effective date is recorded."}},{"id":"anthropic-coi-2023-03-31","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-certificate-of-incorporation","label":"Restated certificate (filed 2023-03-31)","publisherId":"anthropic","publishedAt":"2023-03-31","dateNote":"Filing date and time from the Division of Corporations stamp on page 1 (FILED 08:04 AM 03/31/2023, SR 20231236293, file number 4860621). No separate effective date is recorded."}},{"id":"anthropic-coi-2023-09-21","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-certificate-of-incorporation","label":"Restated certificate (filed 2023-09-21)","publisherId":"anthropic","publishedAt":"2023-09-21","dateNote":"Filing date and time from the Division of Corporations stamp on page 1 (FILED 05:26 PM 09/21/2023, SR 20233553229, file number 4860621). No separate effective date is recorded."}},{"id":"anthropic-coi-2024-01-29","name":"Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Anthropic, PBC (filed 2024-01-29)","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-certificate-of-incorporation","label":"Restated certificate (filed 2024-01-29)","publisherId":"anthropic","publishedAt":"2024-01-29","dateNote":"Filing date and time from the Division of Corporations stamp on page 1 (FILED 05:03 PM 01/29/2024, SR 20240278758, file number 4860621). No separate effective date is recorded."}},{"id":"anthropic-coi-2025-07-03","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"anthropic-certificate-of-incorporation","label":"Restated certificate (filed 2025-07-03)","publisherId":"anthropic","publishedAt":"2025-07-03","dateNote":"Filing date and time from the Division of Corporations stamp on page 1 (FILED 12:54 PM 07/03/2025, SR 20253269483, file number 4860621). No separate effective date is recorded."}},{"id":"us-white-house","name":"The White House","type":"public_body"},{"id":"dsit","shortName":"DSIT","type":"public_body"},{"id":"european-commission","name":"European Commission","type":"public_body"},{"id":"inflection-ai","name":"Inflection AI","type":"organisation"},{"id":"ibm","name":"IBM","type":"organisation"},{"id":"g42","name":"G42","type":"organisation"},{"id":"mistral-ai","name":"Mistral AI","type":"organisation"},{"id":"naver","name":"Naver","type":"organisation"},{"id":"samsung-electronics","name":"Samsung Electronics","type":"organisation"},{"id":"technology-innovation-institute","name":"Technology Innovation Institute","type":"organisation"},{"id":"minimax","name":"MiniMax","type":"organisation"},{"id":"zero-one-ai","name":"01.AI","type":"organisation"},{"id":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024","name":"Frontier AI Safety Commitments, AI Seoul Summit 2024","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments","label":"GOV.UK text (May 2024; list updated February 2025)","publisherId":"dsit","publishedAt":"2024-05-21","revisedAt":"2025-02-07","dateNote":"First published on 21 May 2024; the GOV.UK change history records an update on 7 February 2025 that added organisations to the list. The commitment text itself is unchanged between the 2024-05-21 capture and the live page."}},{"id":"gpai-code-of-practice-2025","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"eu-gpai-code-of-practice","label":"Final version (10 July 2025)","publisherId":"european-commission","publishedAt":"2025-07-10","dateNote":"Publication date given by the Commission’s press release and Code page. The chapter PDF now served is a re-rendered file with the same words."}},{"id":"lw-2024-the-sun-is-big-but-superintelligences","shortName":"Yudkowsky, The Sun is big, but superintelligences will not spare Earth a little sunlight (2024)","type":"document"},{"id":"european-parliament-and-council","shortName":"Parliament and Council","type":"public_body"},{"id":"eu-ai-act-2024","name":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), as published in the Official Journal","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"eu-ai-act","label":"As published in the Official Journal (12 July 2024)","publisherId":"european-parliament-and-council","publishedAt":"2024-07-12","dateNote":"The Official Journal header gives 12.7.2024 and the act is dated 13 June 2024 (signature). Article 113 sets separate dates of entry into force and application by chapter; no single effective date is recorded for the edition. Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 of 8 July 2026 later amended it; the consolidated text was not inspected."}},{"id":"cyberspace-administration-of-china","shortName":"Cyberspace Administration of China","type":"public_body"},{"id":"acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai","shortName":"Acemoglu, The Simple Macroeconomics of AI (2024)","type":"document"},{"id":"us-ai-safety-institute","shortName":"U.S. AISI","type":"public_body"},{"id":"korinek-suh-2024-scenarios-transition-agi","shortName":"Korinek and Suh, Scenarios for the Transition to AGI (2024)","type":"document"},{"id":"jones-2024-ai-dilemma-aer-insights","shortName":"Jones, The AI Dilemma (2024)","type":"document"},{"id":"ahmad-al-dahle","name":"Ahmad Al-Dahle","type":"person"},{"id":"aleksander-madry","name":"Aleksander Madry","type":"person"},{"id":"amazon-agi-sf-lab","name":"Amazon AGI SF Lab","type":"organisation"},{"id":"anca-dragan","name":"Anca Dragan","type":"person"},{"id":"baidu","name":"Baidu / 百度","type":"organisation"},{"id":"barret-zoph","name":"Barret Zoph","type":"person"},{"id":"bob-mcgrew","name":"Bob McGrew","type":"person"},{"id":"daan-wierstra","name":"Daan Wierstra","type":"person"},{"id":"daniel-de-freitas","name":"Daniel De Freitas","type":"person"},{"id":"daniel-kokotajlo","name":"Daniel Kokotajlo","type":"person"},{"id":"david-luan","name":"David Luan","type":"person"},{"id":"dominic-perella","name":"Dominic Perella","type":"person"},{"id":"fidji-simo","name":"Fidji Simo","type":"person"},{"id":"gemini-app-team","name":"Gemini app team","type":"organisation"},{"id":"google-research-model-building-teams","name":"Model-building teams in Google Research","type":"organisation"},{"id":"google-research-responsible-ai-teams","name":"Responsible AI teams in Google Research","type":"organisation"},{"id":"joaquin-quinonero-candela","name":"Joaquin Quiñonero Candela","type":"person"},{"id":"joshua-achiam","name":"Joshua Achiam","type":"person"},{"id":"julien-perolat","name":"Julien Perolat","type":"person"},{"id":"karen-simonyan","name":"Karén Simonyan","type":"person"},{"id":"karl-tuyls","name":"Karl Tuyls","type":"person"},{"id":"kevin-weil","name":"Kevin Weil","type":"person"},{"id":"krishna-rao","name":"Krishna Rao","type":"person"},{"id":"kyle-kosic","name":"Kyle Kosic","type":"person"},{"id":"lilian-weng","name":"Lilian Weng","type":"person"},{"id":"luke-muehlhauser","name":"Luke Muehlhauser","type":"person"},{"id":"mark-chen","name":"Mark Chen","type":"person"},{"id":"microsoft-ai","name":"Microsoft AI","type":"organisation"},{"id":"mike-krieger","name":"Mike Krieger","type":"person"},{"id":"miles-brundage","name":"Miles Brundage","type":"person"},{"id":"nicole-seligman","name":"Nicole Seligman","type":"person"},{"id":"noam-shazeer","name":"Noam Shazeer","type":"person"},{"id":"openai-agi-readiness-team","name":"AGI Readiness team (OpenAI)","type":"organisation"},{"id":"openai-safety-security-committee","name":"OpenAI Safety and Security Committee","type":"organisation"},{"id":"openai-superalignment-team","name":"Superalignment team (OpenAI)","type":"organisation"},{"id":"paul-nakasone","name":"Paul M. Nakasone","type":"person"},{"id":"rohin-shah","name":"Rohin Shah","type":"person"},{"id":"rosie-campbell","name":"Rosie Campbell","type":"person"},{"id":"sarah-friar","name":"Sarah Friar","type":"person"},{"id":"sean-white","name":"Sean White","type":"person"},{"id":"sensetime","name":"SenseTime / 商汤科技","type":"organisation"},{"id":"sue-desmond-hellmann","name":"Sue Desmond-Hellmann","type":"person"},{"id":"sunita-verma","name":"Sunita Verma","type":"person"},{"id":"tencent","name":"Tencent / 腾讯","type":"organisation"},{"id":"varun-mohan","name":"Varun Mohan","type":"person"},{"id":"vibhu-mittal","name":"Vibhu Mittal","type":"person"},{"id":"yang-zhilin","name":"Yang Zhilin","type":"person"},{"id":"yao-shunyu","name":"Yao Shunyu","type":"person"},{"id":"yi-tay","name":"Yi Tay","type":"person"},{"id":"zach-brock","name":"Zach Brock","type":"person"},{"id":"zhou-bowen","name":"Zhou Bowen","type":"person"},{"id":"zico-kolter","name":"Zico Kolter","type":"person"},{"id":"daron-acemoglu","name":"Daron Acemoglu","type":"person"},{"id":"charles-i-jones","name":"Charles I. Jones","type":"person"},{"id":"anton-korinek","name":"Anton Korinek","type":"person"},{"id":"donghyun-suh","name":"Donghyun Suh","type":"person"},{"id":"aiia","name":"Artificial Intelligence Industry Alliance (AIIA) / 中国人工智能产业发展联盟","type":"organisation"},{"id":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024","name":"Artificial Intelligence Safety Commitments (人工智能安全承诺), December 2024","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments","label":"December 2024","publisherId":"aiia","publishedAt":"2024-12","dateNote":"Cover dated 2024年12月; initial signatories signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024 and the text and list were posted on 24 December 2024. No effective date is stated. A later 2025 framework text (中国人工智能安全承诺框架) was not inspected."}},{"id":"ant-group","name":"Ant Group / 蚂蚁集团","type":"organisation"},{"id":"china-mobile","name":"China Mobile / 中国移动","type":"organisation"},{"id":"china-telecom-ai","name":"China Telecom AI / 中电信人工智能科技有限公司","type":"organisation"},{"id":"fourth-paradigm","name":"4Paradigm / 第四范式","type":"organisation"},{"id":"huawei","name":"Huawei / 华为","type":"organisation"},{"id":"iflytek","name":"iFlytek / 科大讯飞","type":"organisation"},{"id":"megvii","name":"Megvii / 旷视科技","type":"organisation"},{"id":"qihoo-360","name":"360 / 三六零","type":"organisation"},{"id":"tc260","name":"National Technical Committee 260 on Cybersecurity of SAC (全国网络安全标准化技术委员会)","type":"public_body"},{"id":"tc260-asgf-v1-0","name":"AI Safety Governance Framework, version 1.0 (人工智能安全治理框架 V1.0)","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"tc260-ai-safety-governance-framework","label":"1.0","publisherId":"tc260","publishedAt":"2024-09-09","dateNote":"Released on 9 September 2024 at the National Cybersecurity Awareness Week forum, per TC260's news item; the cover gives only 2024年9月. No effective date is stated."}},{"id":"tc260-asgf-v2-0","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"tc260-ai-safety-governance-framework","label":"2.0","publisherId":"tc260","publishedAt":"2025-09-15","dateNote":"Released on 15 September 2025 at the National Cybersecurity Awareness Week forum, per the CAC news item; the cover gives only 2025年9月. No effective date is stated."}},{"id":"tc260-asgf-v3-0","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"tc260-ai-safety-governance-framework","label":"3.0","publisherId":"tc260","publishedAt":"2026-09-14","dateNote":"Released on 14 September 2026 at the opening of National Cybersecurity Awareness Week, per TC260's news item; the cover gives 2026年9月. No effective date is stated."}},{"id":"volcano-engine","name":"Volcano Engine / 火山引擎","type":"organisation"},{"id":"gpai-code-of-practice-draft1-2024","name":"General-Purpose AI Code of Practice, initial draft (14 November 2024)","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"eu-gpai-code-of-practice","label":"Initial draft (14 November 2024)","publisherId":"european-commission","publishedAt":"2024-11-14","dateNote":"Publication date given by the Commission's library page, as read by the cross-family check of 2026-10-28; the draft itself is undated, and its PDF metadata gives creation on 14 November 2024. The second and third drafts were not retrieved."}},{"id":"seoul-declaration-2024","shortName":"Seoul Declaration (2024)","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"seoul-declaration","label":"GOV.UK text (published 21 May 2024)","publisherId":"dsit","publishedAt":"2024-05-21","dateNote":"GOV.UK publication page “Published: 21 May 2024”; the Korean government's publication was not inspected."}},{"id":"seoul-ministerial-statement-2024","name":"Seoul Ministerial Statement for advancing AI safety, innovation and inclusivity (22 May 2024)","shortName":"Seoul Ministerial Statement (2024)","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"seoul-ministerial-statement","label":"GOV.UK text (published 22 May 2024)","publisherId":"dsit","publishedAt":"2024-05-22","dateNote":"GOV.UK header “Published 22 May 2024”."}},{"id":"uk-kings-speech-2024","name":"The King's Speech 2024","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"uk-kings-speech-2024-text","label":"GOV.UK text (delivered 17 July 2024)","publisherId":"uk-prime-ministers-office","publishedAt":"2024-07-17","dateNote":"GOV.UK “Delivered on: 17 July 2024”, recorded as its date of publication."}},{"id":"us-bis-ai-reporting-nprm-2024","name":"Establishment of Reporting Requirements for the Development of Advanced Artificial Intelligence Models and Computing Clusters (proposed rule)","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"us-bis-ai-reporting-rule","label":"Proposed rule as published in the Federal Register (11 September 2024)","publisherId":"us-bureau-of-industry-and-security","publishedAt":"2024-09-11","dateNote":"Federal Register of 11 September 2024. No final rule was located."}},{"id":"us-uk-aisi-preeval-claude-35-sonnet-2024","shortName":"US–UK AISI evaluation of Claude 3.5 Sonnet (2024)","type":"document"},{"id":"us-uk-aisi-preeval-o1-2024","shortName":"US–UK AISI evaluation of o1 (2024)","type":"document"},{"id":"uk-ai-security-institute","shortName":"UK AI Security Institute","type":"public_body"},{"id":"us-bureau-of-industry-and-security","shortName":"BIS","type":"public_body"},{"id":"california-state-senate","shortName":"California Senate","type":"public_body"},{"id":"california-state-assembly","shortName":"California Assembly","type":"public_body"},{"id":"cn-dc-green-low-carbon-plan-2024","name":"Special Action Plan for the Green and Low-Carbon Development of Data Centres (数据中心绿色低碳发展专项行动计划)","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"cn-dc-green-low-carbon-plan","label":"Notice and attached plan as posted on gov.cn","publisherId":"cn-ndrc","publishedAt":"2024-07-03","dateNote":"Date of writing (成文日期) on the gov.cn notice page, 3 July 2024, recorded as its date of issue; the attachment’s file name is dated 2024-07-24, and the NDRC’s own release was not retrieved."}},{"id":"cn-mofcom-2024-46","name":"MOFCOM Announcement No. 46 of 2024 on strengthening export controls on related dual-use items to the United States (商务部公告2024年第46号)","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"cn-mofcom-2024-46-family","label":"As served by www.mofcom.gov.cn","publisherId":"cn-mofcom","publishedAt":"2024-12-03","effectiveAt":"2024-12-03","dateNote":"Document date (发文日期) 3 December 2024, recorded as its date of issue; effective on publication per its text."}},{"id":"us-bis-fdp-hbm-ifr-2024","name":"Foreign-Produced Direct Product Rule Additions, and Refinements to Controls for Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items (interim final rule)","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"us-bis-fdp-hbm-ifr","label":"As published in the Federal Register (5 December 2024), 89 FR 96790","publisherId":"us-bureau-of-industry-and-security","publishedAt":"2024-12-05","effectiveAt":"2024-12-02","dateNote":"Federal Register print; the effective date precedes publication."}},{"id":"lumen-orbit-wp-2024","shortName":"Lumen Orbit white paper (2024)","type":"document"},{"id":"ascend-results-release-2024","shortName":"Thales Alenia Space, ASCEND results (2024)","type":"document"},{"id":"cn-ndrc","shortName":"NDRC","type":"public_body"},{"id":"starcloud","shortName":"Starcloud","type":"organisation"},{"id":"thales-alenia-space","name":"Thales Alenia Space","type":"organisation"},{"id":"constellation-energy","name":"Constellation Energy Corporation","type":"organisation"},{"id":"crusoe","name":"Crusoe","type":"organisation"},{"id":"talen-energy","name":"Talen Energy Corporation","type":"organisation"},{"id":"us-department-of-commerce","name":"United States Department of Commerce","type":"public_body"},{"id":"us-ferc","name":"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission","type":"public_body"},{"id":"uk-synthetic-nucleic-acids-screening-guidance-2024","name":"UK screening guidance on synthetic nucleic acids for users and providers","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"uk-synthetic-nucleic-acids-screening-guidance","label":"As published on GOV.UK on 8 October 2024","publisherId":"dsit","publishedAt":"2024-10-08","dateNote":"The GOV.UK publication page states 'Published: 8 October 2024'. The GOV.UK search API gives a public timestamp of 2024-10-07 for the same page; the page's own stated date is used."}},{"id":"us-nsm-ai-2024","name":"Memorandum on Advancing the United States' Leadership in Artificial Intelligence; Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to Fulfill National Security Objectives; and Fostering the Safety, Security, and Trustworthiness of Artificial Intelligence","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"us-nsm-ai","label":"As posted on the White House briefing-room page of 24 October 2024 (archived copy)","publisherId":"us-white-house","publishedAt":"2024-10-24","dateNote":"Publication date from the archived White House page's own date line ('October 24, 2024'); the cached text carries no signature line or Federal Register citation, so no signature date is recorded. Whether the memorandum was later revoked or superseded was not established in this pass (open question)."}},{"id":"us-ostp-nucleic-acid-synthesis-screening-framework-2024","name":"Framework for Nucleic Acid Synthesis Screening","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"us-ostp-nucleic-acid-synthesis-screening-framework","label":"The copy served from the Biden White House archive, marked 'Revised: September 2024' with '2024 Version 1: April 2024'","publisherId":"us-ostp","publishedAt":"2024-04-29","revisedAt":"2024-09","dateNote":"Release date 29 April 2024 from the HHS ASPR page, which also gives 'revised September 2024'; the cover of the retrieved copy carries 'Revised: September 2024' and '2024 Version 1: April 2024'. The day of the September 2024 revision is not stated and stays unknown. The framework's own effective date for the funding requirement, 26 April 2025, is recorded as a claim."}},{"id":"us-ostp","name":"Office of Science and Technology Policy (Executive Office of the President)","type":"public_body"},{"id":"itif-shift-rhetoric-2024-04","name":"The Shift in Rhetoric on AI and Biothreats Is a Lesson on the Risks of Premature Regulation","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"itif-shift-rhetoric","label":"ITIF blog post (30 April 2024)","publisherId":"itif","publishedAt":"2024-04-30","dateNote":"The post's own byline reads \"By Martin Makaryan | April 30, 2024\" (`itif-2024`)."}},{"id":"kapoor-open-foundation-models-2024-02","name":"On the Societal Impact of Open Foundation Models","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"kapoor-open-foundation-models","label":"arXiv v1 (27 February 2024)","publisherId":"arxiv","publishedAt":"2024-02-27","dateNote":"The PDF's arXiv stamp reads \"arXiv:2403.07918v1 [cs.CY] 27 Feb 2024\" and the paper's own dateline reads \"February 27, 2024\" (`kapoor-open-2024`)."}},{"id":"llama-3-herd-paper","name":"The Llama 3 Herd of Models (arXiv:2407.21783)","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"meta-llama-3-herd-paper","label":"Version 3 of 23 November 2024","publisherId":"meta","publishedAt":"2024-07-31","revisedAt":"2024-11-23","dateNote":"Both dates from the arXiv submission history: v1 of 31 July 2024, v3 of 23 November 2024 (the version read). This is a different document from the dataset's llama-paper (the 2023 LLaMA paper)."}},{"id":"peppin-reality-ai-biorisk-2024-12","name":"The Reality of AI and Biorisk","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"peppin-reality-ai-biorisk","label":"arXiv v1 (2 December 2024)","publisherId":"arxiv","publishedAt":"2024-12-02","dateNote":"The PDF's arXiv stamp reads \"arXiv:2412.01946v1 [cs.AI] 2 Dec 2024\"; the paper's own front matter reads \"Released as a preprint on December 4, 2024\" (`peppin-reality-2024`). The stamp date is used, and the discrepancy is recorded rather than resolved."}},{"id":"rand-bio-redteam-report-2024","name":"The Operational Risks of AI in Large-Scale Biological Attacks: Results of a Red-Team Study","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"rand-bio-redteam","label":"Research report RR-A2977-2, published 25 January 2024","publisherId":"rand-corporation","publishedAt":"2024-01-25","dateNote":"Date from RAND's publication page for RR-A2977-2; the report PDF itself carries only '© 2024 RAND Corporation'."}},{"id":"uk-aisi-evaluations-may-2024","name":"Advanced AI evaluations at AISI: May update","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"uk-aisi-evaluations-update","label":"As published on 20 May 2024 under the institute's earlier name","publisherId":"uk-ai-security-institute","publishedAt":"2024-05-20","dateNote":"Byline date on the post. The institute was then named the AI Safety Institute; the page itself carries the later renaming note."}},{"id":"wmdp-benchmark-paper-2024","name":"The WMDP Benchmark: Measuring and Reducing Malicious Use With Unlearning (arXiv:2403.03218)","type":"document","documentVersion":{"family":"wmdp-benchmark-paper","label":"Version 7 of 15 May 2024, as described on the arXiv abstract page","publisherId":"arxiv","publishedAt":"2024-03-05","revisedAt":"2024-05-15","dateNote":"Dates from the arXiv abstract page: submitted 5 March 2024 (v1), last revised 15 May 2024 (v7)."}},{"id":"rand-corporation","name":"RAND Corporation","type":"organisation"}],"claims":[{"id":"sequoia-xai-2024","subject":"sequoia","predicate":"participated_in_round","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"xai"},"topic":"capital","statement":"xAI named Sequoia Capital as a participant in its Series B financing.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-26","note":"The date identifies this documented announcement or publication; it does not establish a continuing state."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionStage":"announced"}},{"id":"xai-round-total-2024","subject":"xai","predicate":"announced_funding","object":{"kind":"literal","value":6000000000,"unit":"USD"},"topic":"capital","statement":"xAI announced a $6 billion Series B funding round.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-26","note":"The date identifies this documented announcement or publication; it does not establish a continuing state."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionStage":"announced","amount":{"value":6000000000,"currency":"USD","bound":"exact","scope":"round_total"}}},{"id":"xai-colossus-2024","subject":"xai","predicate":"uses_infrastructure","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"colossus"},"topic":"compute","statement":"NVIDIA described Colossus as being used to train xAI’s Grok models.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-10-28","note":"The date identifies this documented announcement or publication; it does not establish a continuing state."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"colossus-nvidia-2024","subject":"colossus","predicate":"uses_hardware_from","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"nvidia"},"topic":"compute","statement":"NVIDIA described Colossus as comprising 100,000 NVIDIA Hopper GPUs.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-10-28","note":"The date identifies this documented announcement or publication; it does not establish a continuing state."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"quantity":{"value":100000,"unit":"NVIDIA Hopper GPUs"}}},{"id":"deepmind-fsf-2024","subject":"google-deepmind","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"fsf-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Google DeepMind introduced its initial Frontier Safety Framework.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","note":"The date identifies this documented announcement or publication; it does not establish a continuing state."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"openai-o1-card-2024","subject":"openai","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"o1-card-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"OpenAI published the o1 System Card version labelled updated December 5, 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-05","note":"The date identifies this documented announcement or publication; it does not establish a continuing state."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"o1-evaluates-deception-2024","subject":"o1-card-2024","predicate":"reports_evaluation_of","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"deceptive-alignment"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The o1 System Card lists deceptive alignment among categories covered by external red teamers.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-05","note":"The date identifies this documented announcement or publication; it does not establish a continuing state."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"issued-rsp-2-0","subject":"anthropic","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"rsp-v2-0"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Anthropic published Responsible Scaling Policy v2.0, identified by its effective date of 2024-10-15.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"The stated effective date is retained; a separate publication day is not inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"supersedes-rsp-2-0","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"supersedes_document","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"rsp-2023"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Responsible Scaling Policy v2.0 replaces v1.0 in the publisher’s documented framework version sequence.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"The stated effective date is retained; a separate publication day is not inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"rsp-v2-asl-meaning","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"changes_from","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"rsp-2023"},"topic":"governance","statement":"RSP v2.0 changes “ASL” to refer to groups of safeguards, rather than also referring to models.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"The stated effective date is retained; a separate publication day is not inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"changeBasis":"changelog"}},{"id":"amazon-anthropic-tranche-2024","subject":"amazon","predicate":"invested_in","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"capital","statement":"Amazon reported making a further $2.75 billion investment in Anthropic, completing its initial $4 billion total.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-03-27","basis":"announcement","note":"Announcement date; the transaction stage is separately recorded."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionType":"investment","relationshipContext":"external","transactionStage":"invested","amount":{"value":2750000000,"currency":"USD","bound":"exact","scope":"transaction"}}},{"id":"amazon-anthropic-new-2024","subject":"amazon","predicate":"investment_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"capital","statement":"Anthropic announced a new $4 billion Amazon investment, which would bring the total to $8 billion.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-22","basis":"announcement","note":"Announcement date; the transaction stage is separately recorded."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionType":"investment","relationshipContext":"external","transactionStage":"announced","amount":{"value":4000000000,"currency":"USD","bound":"exact","scope":"transaction"}}},{"id":"anthropic-aws-primary-training-2024","subject":"anthropic","predicate":"selected_cloud_provider","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aws"},"topic":"compute","statement":"Anthropic announced AWS as its primary cloud and training partner.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-22","basis":"announcement","note":"Announcement date; the transaction stage is separately recorded."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionType":"cloud_services","relationshipContext":"external","transactionStage":"announced"}},{"id":"anthropic-aws-trainium-plan-2024","subject":"anthropic","predicate":"compute_capacity","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aws"},"topic":"compute","statement":"Anthropic said it planned to use Trainium platforms to train its most advanced foundation models.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-22","basis":"announcement","note":"Announcement date; the transaction stage is separately recorded."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionType":"compute_capacity","relationshipContext":"external","transactionStage":"planned"}},{"id":"google-anthropic-equity-2024","subject":"google","predicate":"invested_in","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"capital","statement":"The CMA reported that Google held non-voting Anthropic shares as of August 2024.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-08","note":"August 2024 holding snapshot; decision issued November 19 and full text published December 24."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionType":"equity_investment","relationshipContext":"external","transactionStage":"invested"}},{"id":"google-anthropic-convertible-debt-2024","subject":"google","predicate":"extended_credit_to","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"capital","statement":"The CMA described Google extending convertible debt financing to Anthropic through a series of notes.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-11-19","note":"Arrangement described in the November 19 decision; no exact loan closing or disbursement date inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionType":"convertible_debt","relationshipContext":"external","transactionStage":"completed"}},{"id":"anthropic-google-nonexclusive-2024","subject":"anthropic","predicate":"cloud_terms","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"google"},"topic":"compute","statement":"The CMA described a nonexclusive agreement for Google to supply compute capacity to Anthropic.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-11-19","note":"Terms described at the decision date; exact signing date is not supplied."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionType":"cloud_services","relationshipContext":"external","transactionStage":"contracted"}},{"id":"xai-series-c-total-2024","subject":"xai","predicate":"announced_funding","object":{"kind":"literal","value":6000000000,"unit":"USD"},"topic":"capital","statement":"xAI reported closing a $6 billion Series C funding round.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-23","basis":"announcement","note":"Announcement date; the transaction stage is separately recorded."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionType":"funding_round","relationshipContext":"external","transactionStage":"closed","amount":{"value":6000000000,"currency":"USD","bound":"exact","scope":"round_total"}}},{"id":"nvidia-xai-series-c-2024","subject":"nvidia","predicate":"participated_in_round","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"xai"},"topic":"capital","statement":"xAI named NVIDIA as a participant in its closed Series C round.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-23","basis":"announcement","note":"Announcement date; the transaction stage is separately recorded."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionType":"equity_investment","relationshipContext":"external","transactionStage":"closed"}},{"id":"xai-colossus-expansion-plan-2024","subject":"xai","predicate":"plans_capacity","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"colossus"},"topic":"compute","statement":"xAI said Colossus would soon expand to a combined 200,000 NVIDIA Hopper GPUs.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-23","basis":"announcement","note":"Announcement date; the transaction stage is separately recorded."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionType":"compute_capacity","relationshipContext":"external","period":"Soon; no specific completion date disclosed.","transactionStage":"planned","quantity":{"value":200000,"unit":"NVIDIA Hopper GPUs (combined total)","bound":"exact"}}},{"id":"schulman-openai-posttraining-2022-2024","subject":"john-schulman","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"John Schulman’s biography dates his OpenAI post-training co-lead role to 2022–2024.","time":{"kind":"interval","from":"2022","until":"2024","note":"Retrospective career account supplies these boundaries at the stored precision; no exact joining or departure day inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Post-training co-lead"}},{"id":"kingma-anthropic-research-from-2024","subject":"durk-kingma","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"people","statement":"Durk Kingma’s biography dates the start of his large-scale machine-learning research at Anthropic to 2024.","time":{"kind":"interval","from":"2024","note":"The page says 2024–Current; retain the stated start year and no end boundary. An omitted end is unknown, not a live employment assertion."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Machine-learning researcher"}},{"id":"karpathy-openai-return-2023-2024","subject":"andrej-karpathy","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Andrej Karpathy describes returning to OpenAI in 2023–2024 to build a midtraining and synthetic-data team.","time":{"kind":"interval","from":"2023","until":"2024","note":"Retrospective career account supplies these boundaries at the stored precision; no exact joining or departure day inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Midtraining / synthetic-data team builder"}},{"id":"kaplan-anthropic-cso-2024","subject":"jared-kaplan","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"people","statement":"Anthropic’s October 2024 RSP announcement identifies Jared Kaplan as Chief Science Officer.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-10-15","note":"Role snapshot at the dated source; no start, end or continuing appointment inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Chief Science Officer"}},{"id":"kaplan-anthropic-rso-2024","subject":"jared-kaplan","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"people","statement":"Anthropic announced that Jared Kaplan would serve as Responsible Scaling Officer.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-10-15","note":"Snapshot of announced responsibility, not a documented effective appointment day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Responsible Scaling Officer"}},{"id":"mccandlish-anthropic-cto-2024","subject":"sam-mccandlish","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"people","statement":"Anthropic’s October 2024 RSP announcement identifies Sam McCandlish as Chief Technology Officer.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-10-15","note":"Role snapshot at the dated source; no start, end or continuing appointment inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Chief Technology Officer"}},{"id":"sutskever-openai-departure-announced-2024","subject":"ilya-sutskever","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"OpenAI announced that Ilya Sutskever and the company were going to part ways.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-14","basis":"announcement","note":"Announcement date only; the passage does not establish a final working day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Chief Scientist"}},{"id":"pachocki-openai-chief-scientist-2024","subject":"jakub-pachocki","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"OpenAI announced Jakub Pachocki as its new Chief Scientist in May 2024.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-05-14","note":"Snapshot of the announced appointment; no exact effective date inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Chief Scientist"}},{"id":"ilya-sutskever-ssi-cofounder-2024","subject":"ilya-sutskever","predicate":"co_founded","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ssi"},"topic":"people","statement":"Reuters identifies Ilya Sutskever as a co-founder of Safe Superintelligence in its June 2024 launch report.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024","note":"Founding year supported by the contemporaneous launch report; announcement day is not treated as incorporation day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"daniel-levy-ssi-cofounder-2024","subject":"daniel-levy","predicate":"co_founded","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ssi"},"topic":"people","statement":"Reuters identifies Daniel Levy as a co-founder of Safe Superintelligence in its June 2024 launch report.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024","note":"Founding year supported by the contemporaneous launch report; announcement day is not treated as incorporation day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"daniel-gross-ssi-cofounder-2024","subject":"daniel-gross","predicate":"co_founded","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ssi"},"topic":"people","statement":"Reuters identifies Daniel Gross as a co-founder of Safe Superintelligence in its June 2024 launch report.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024","note":"Founding year supported by the contemporaneous launch report; announcement day is not treated as incorporation day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"capital-ii-anthropic-aws-nonexclusive-2024","subject":"anthropic","predicate":"cloud_terms","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aws"},"topic":"compute","statement":"The CMA describes Anthropic’s agreement for AWS compute capacity as non-exclusive.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-09-27","note":"Dated description of contractual terms, not an inferred signing date or current arrangement."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionType":"cloud_services","relationshipContext":"external","transactionStage":"contracted"}},{"id":"capital-ii-anthropic-google-commitment-2024","subject":"anthropic","predicate":"compute_capacity","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"google"},"topic":"compute","statement":"The CMA records a compute commitment by Anthropic to Google under their compute-supply agreement.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-11-19","note":"Dated description of contractual terms, not an inferred signing date or current arrangement."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionType":"compute_capacity","relationshipContext":"external","conditions":"Amounts and duration redacted in the public decision.","transactionStage":"contracted"}},{"id":"eval-i-barnes-metr","subject":"beth-barnes","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"metr"},"topic":"people","statement":"AXRP introduces Beth Barnes as METR’s head of research.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-07-28","note":"Publication-date role description, not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Head of research"}},{"id":"eval-i-metr-o1-report","subject":"metr","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"metr-o1-preview-report"},"topic":"governance","statement":"METR published its preliminary o1-preview evaluation report.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-12","basis":"publication","note":"Publication date, not the date of the underlying evaluation."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"eval-i-o1-method","subject":"metr-o1-preview-report","predicate":"uses_method_from","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"metr-gpt4o-report"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"METR’s o1-preview report explicitly reuses the general-autonomy test suite from its GPT-4o report.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-12","basis":"publication","note":"Publication date, not the date of the underlying evaluation."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"method":"General-autonomy test task suite"}},{"id":"eval-i-metr-gpt4o-report","subject":"metr","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"metr-gpt4o-report"},"topic":"governance","statement":"METR published its preliminary GPT-4o evaluation report.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-08-07","basis":"publication","note":"Publication date, not the date of the underlying evaluation."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"eval-i-metr-funding-publication","subject":"metr","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"metr-canary-funding-2024"},"topic":"capital","statement":"METR published an announcement of support through The Audacious Project.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-09","basis":"publication","note":"Date of funding announcement; not disbursement."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"eval-i-funding-credit","subject":"metr-canary-funding-2024","predicate":"explicitly_credits","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"audacious-project"},"topic":"capital","statement":"METR’s Canary announcement credits The Audacious Project with catalysing funding.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-09","basis":"publication","note":"Date of funding announcement; not disbursement."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"atlas-jumper-gdm","subject":"john-jumper","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"google-deepmind"},"topic":"people","statement":"Google DeepMind identified John Jumper as a Director in its October 2024 announcement.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-10-09","note":"Source-dated snapshot; no start, end or continuing role is inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Director"}},{"id":"xm-open-weights","subject":"xai","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"xai-open-weights-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"xAI announced release of Grok-1 base weights and architecture under Apache 2.0.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-03-17","basis":"publication","note":"Date of this source expression; not an invention or implementation date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"xm-open-strategy","subject":"meta","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"meta-open-strategy-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Meta published Zuckerberg’s argument for an open-model ecosystem.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-23","basis":"publication","note":"Date of this source expression; not an invention or implementation date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"xm-zuckerberg-strategy","subject":"mark-zuckerberg","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"meta-open-strategy-2024"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Mark Zuckerberg authored Meta’s July 2024 open-AI strategy essay.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-23","basis":"publication","note":"Date of this source expression; not an invention or implementation date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"xm-zuckerberg-meta","subject":"mark-zuckerberg","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"meta"},"topic":"people","statement":"The strategy essay identifies Zuckerberg as Meta founder and CEO.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-07-23","note":"Historical source snapshot; no continuing appointment or capacity is inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Founder and CEO"}},{"id":"cn-deepseek-v3","subject":"deepseek","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"deepseek-v3-report"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"DeepSeek published its V3 training report.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-27","basis":"publication","note":"Date of this source expression or announcement, not a separately verified implementation date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cn-liang-v3","subject":"liang-wenfeng","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"deepseek-v3-report"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Wenfeng Liang is listed among the V3 report’s contributors.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-27","basis":"publication","note":"Date of this source expression or announcement, not a separately verified implementation date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cn-deepseek-h800","subject":"deepseek","predicate":"uses_infrastructure","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"deepseek-v3-cluster"},"topic":"compute","statement":"DeepSeek reported training V3 on a cluster of 2,048 NVIDIA H800 GPUs.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-12-27","note":"Historical source snapshot; no continuing role or current condition inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionType":"infrastructure_use","relationshipContext":"internal","transactionStage":"operational","quantity":{"value":2048,"unit":"NVIDIA H800 GPUs in the V3 training cluster","bound":"exact"}}},{"id":"cn-h800-nvidia","subject":"deepseek-v3-cluster","predicate":"uses_hardware_from","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"nvidia"},"topic":"compute","statement":"The reported V3 cluster used NVIDIA H800 hardware.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-12-27","note":"Historical source snapshot; no continuing role or current condition inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cn-qwen25-release","subject":"qwen-team","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"qwen25-announcement"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Qwen Team published the Qwen2.5 announcement later cited in DeepSeek-R1.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-19","basis":"publication","note":"Date of this source expression or announcement, not a separately verified implementation date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cn-zhang-zhipu","subject":"zhang-peng","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"zhipu"},"topic":"people","statement":"Zhang Peng is identified as Zhipu CEO at an August 2024 ceremony.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-08-15","note":"Historical source snapshot; no continuing role or current condition inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"CEO at the reported ceremony"}},{"id":"cn-tang-tsinghua","subject":"tang-jie","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"tsinghua"},"topic":"people","statement":"The same ceremony report identifies Tang Jie as a Tsinghua computer-science professor.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-08-15","note":"Historical source snapshot; no continuing role or current condition inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Computer-science professor"}},{"id":"cn-zhipu-chatglm","subject":"zhipu","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"chatglm-report"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Zhipu AI is a named institutional affiliation of the joint ChatGLM report.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-06-18","basis":"publication","note":"Date of this source expression or announcement, not a separately verified implementation date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cn-tsinghua-chatglm","subject":"tsinghua","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"chatglm-report"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Tsinghua University is the other named institutional affiliation of the ChatGLM report.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-06-18","basis":"publication","note":"Date of this source expression or announcement, not a separately verified implementation date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cn-tang-chatglm","subject":"tang-jie","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"chatglm-report"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Jie Tang appears in the ChatGLM report’s Team GLM author list.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-06-18","basis":"publication","note":"Date of this source expression or announcement, not a separately verified implementation date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cn-chatglm-rlhf","subject":"chatglm-report","predicate":"discusses","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"rlhf"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The ChatGLM report describes instruction tuning followed by SFT and RLHF, with ChatGPT explicitly named as a motivation.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-06-18","basis":"publication","note":"Date of this source expression or announcement, not a separately verified implementation date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"rsp-v2-0-assessed-weakening","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"changes_from","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"rsp-2023"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Did RSP v2.0’s changes to threshold and mitigation specification reduce the verifiability of Anthropic’s safety commitments relative to v1.0?","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"v2.0’s effective date; the assessments were published afterwards (SaferAI on 2024-10-23)."},"derivation":"posed","resolution":"unresolved","attributes":{"changeBasis":"assessment"}},{"id":"prov-rsp-v2-0-misuse-uplift-threshold","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"CBRN weapons Capability Threshold"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-rsp-v2-0-no-train-deploy-without-safeguards","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Commitment not to train or deploy without adequate safeguards"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-rsp-v2-0-ceo-rso-decision-board-ltbt-informed","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"CEO and RSO deployment decision shared with Board and LTBT"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-fsf-2024-alert-threshold","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Early warning evaluations with a pass condition"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-fsf-2024-evaluation-interval","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Evaluation every 6x effective compute and 3 months’ fine-tuning"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-fsf-2024-response-plan","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Response plan when evaluation thresholds are reached"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-fsf-2024-hold-pending-mitigations","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Hold on deployment or development if mitigations not ready"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-fsf-2024-autonomy-ccl","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Autonomy level 1 CCL"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"provchange-rsp-v2-0-misuse-uplift-threshold","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"changes_from","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"rsp-2023"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Dated by the later edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported","attributes":{"changeBasis":"document_comparison","provision":{"kind":"threshold","key":"rsp-misuse-uplift-threshold"}}},{"id":"prov-rsp-v2-0-lower-safeguards-if-others-pass","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Required Safeguards may be lowered if another actor passes a threshold"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-rsp-v2-0-pause-training","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Pause training until ASL-3 Security Standard implemented"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-rsp-v2-0-restrict-and-pause","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Restrict deployment and scaling if safeguards showing fails"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-rsp-v2-0-may-proceed-with-safeguards","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"May deploy and train above threshold once ASL-3 Required Safeguards met"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-rsp-v2-0-security-alone-continue-training","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"ASL-3 Security Standard alone suffices to continue training"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-rsp-v2-0-policy-change-approval","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Policy changes proposed by CEO and RSO, approved by Board"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"absent-rsp-v2-0-weights-deletion-decision","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"provision_not_found","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"CISO and CEO convened to decide on weight deletion"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Absence recorded for this edition, dated by its effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"provchange-rsp-v2-0-pause-training","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"changes_from","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"rsp-2023"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Dated by the later edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported","attributes":{"changeBasis":"document_comparison","provision":{"kind":"required_action","key":"rsp-pause-training"}}},{"id":"provchange-rsp-v2-0-policy-change-approval","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"changes_from","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"rsp-2023"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Dated by the later edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported","attributes":{"changeBasis":"document_comparison","provision":{"kind":"decision_authority","key":"rsp-policy-change-approval"}}},{"id":"cs-openai-inc-legal-form-2024","subject":"openai-inc","predicate":"has_legal_form","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Corporation exempt under IRC section 501(c)(3); formed 2015; legal domicile Delaware"},"topic":"governance","statement":"OpenAI, Inc. reports on its Form 990 for tax year 2024 that it is a corporation exempt under section 501(c)(3), formed in 2015, with Delaware as its state of legal domicile. The return is filed under the name “OpenAI Foundation fka OpenAI Inc”, and its Schedule O states that OpenAI Inc. changed its name to OpenAI Foundation as of 28 October 2025.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024","note":"Header items are reported for tax year 2024 (1 January to 31 December 2024). The return was submitted on 2025-11-17 according to the render, so the filer name, the checked name-change box and the Schedule O explanation reflect the return as submitted. Formation is given to the year only."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cs-openai-990-2024-gp-llc-controls-global","subject":"openai-gp-llc","predicate":"holds_control_right","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai-global-llc"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Form 990 for tax year 2024 filed as “OpenAI Foundation fka OpenAI Inc” lists OpenAI Global LLC (with a disregarded single-member LLC) as a related organisation taxable as a partnership whose direct controlling entity is OpenAI GP LLC, and lists OpenAI GP LLC as a disregarded entity whose direct controlling entity is OpenAI Foundation.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024","note":"Reported for tax year 2024; the return was submitted on 2025-11-17. The schedule gives the controlling entity’s name as “OpenAI Foundation”, the name the filer says it adopted on 28 October 2025, after the tax year."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"control":{"right":"controls","instrument":"Form 990, tax year 2024, Schedule R Part III: direct controlling entity of a related partnership","stage":"effective"}}},{"id":"cs-altman-board-return-2024","subject":"sam-altman","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai-inc"},"topic":"governance","statement":"OpenAI announced on 8 March 2024 that Sam Altman, as CEO, would rejoin the OpenAI board of directors.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-03-08","note":"Date of the announcement. The effective date of the return is not stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Member of the board of directors (as CEO)"}},{"id":"cs-openai-structure-plan-2024","subject":"openai","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai-structure-evolve-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"OpenAI published “Why OpenAI’s structure must evolve to advance our mission” on 27 December 2024. It said its board was evaluating the corporate structure and described a plan to transform its existing for-profit into a Delaware public benefit corporation that would run and control OpenAI’s operations and business, while the nonprofit would hire a leadership team and staff to pursue charitable initiatives.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-27","basis":"publication","note":"Publication date on the post (day precision), also matched in the Internet Archive capture of 2024-12-27."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-anthropic-coi-2024-01-29-class-t-phase-in","subject":"anthropic-coi-2024-01-29","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Class T phase-in: four or eight months after board determination of $5bn or $6bn raised, or 24 May 2026 and 2027"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-01-29","basis":"publication","note":"Filing date of the certificate, recorded as its publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"provchange-anthropic-coi-2024-01-29-class-t-phase-in","subject":"anthropic-coi-2024-01-29","predicate":"changes_from","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic-coi-2023-09-21"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-01-29","basis":"publication","note":"Filing date of the later certificate."},"resolution":"supported","attributes":{"changeBasis":"document_comparison","provision":{"kind":"threshold","key":"class-t-phase-in"}}},{"id":"cs-kreps-anthropic-board-2024","subject":"jay-kreps","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Anthropic announced on 29 May 2024 that Jay Kreps had joined its board of directors and that he was appointed by its Long-Term Benefit Trust.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-05-29","note":"Date of the announcement. No end is inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Member of the board of directors (appointed by the Long-Term Benefit Trust)"}},{"id":"cs-christiano-anthropic-ltbt-trustee","subject":"paul-christiano","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic-ltbt"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Paul Christiano was named by Anthropic on 19 September 2023 as one of the five initial Trustees of its Long-Term Benefit Trust; Anthropic’s page later states that he stepped down in April 2024 to take a role as Head of AI Safety at the U.S. AI Safety Institute.","time":{"kind":"interval","until":"2024-04","note":"Named as an initial Trustee on 2023-09-19; the start of his term is not stated. The end is the month given in Anthropic’s undated footnote."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Trustee (initial Trustee)"}},{"id":"cm-link-rsp-v2-0-wh","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"references_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"wh-voluntary-ai-commitments-2023-07"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Anthropic’s Responsible Scaling Policy v2.0 states that the policy also helps satisfy Anthropic’s Voluntary White House Commitments (2023).","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"The edition’s stated effective date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"scope":"helps satisfy","link":"fulfils"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-published","subject":"dsit","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology published the Frontier AI Safety Commitments on GOV.UK on 21 May 2024, the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit, and updated the page on 7 February 2025 to add organisations to its list.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication on GOV.UK; the update of 7 February 2025 is recorded on the signatory records it added."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cm-seoul-amazon","subject":"amazon","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Amazon is listed among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-anthropic","subject":"anthropic","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Anthropic is listed among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-cohere","subject":"cohere","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Cohere is listed among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-google","subject":"google","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Google is listed, as “Google”, among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-g42","subject":"g42","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"G42 is listed among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-ibm","subject":"ibm","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"IBM is listed among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-inflection-ai","subject":"inflection-ai","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Inflection AI is listed among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-meta","subject":"meta","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Meta is listed among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-microsoft","subject":"microsoft","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Microsoft is listed among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-mistral-ai","subject":"mistral-ai","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Mistral AI is listed among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-naver","subject":"naver","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Naver is listed among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-openai","subject":"openai","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"OpenAI is listed among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-samsung-electronics","subject":"samsung-electronics","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Samsung Electronics is listed among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-technology-innovation-institute","subject":"technology-innovation-institute","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Technology Innovation Institute is listed among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-xai","subject":"xai","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"xAI is listed among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"cm-seoul-zhipu","subject":"zhipu","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Zhipu AI is listed, as “Zhipu.ai”, among the sixteen organisations that, according to the GOV.UK text of 21 May 2024, the UK and Republic of Korea governments announced had agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"First publication of the GOV.UK text, on the opening day of the AI Seoul Summit; the Internet Archive capture of 2024-05-21 has the sixteen-name list."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"prov-fasc-2024-publish-framework","subject":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Publish a safety framework focused on severe risks by the AI Summit in France"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"The edition’s first publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-fasc-2024-intolerable-thresholds","subject":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Thresholds at which severe risks would be deemed intolerable"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"The edition’s first publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-fasc-2024-threshold-input","subject":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Thresholds defined with input from trusted actors, including home governments"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"The edition’s first publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-fasc-2024-no-development","subject":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"In the extreme, no development or deployment if risks cannot be kept below thresholds"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"The edition’s first publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"prov-fasc-2024-transparency-exception","subject":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Public transparency, except where disclosure would increase risk or reveal sensitive commercial information disproportionately"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"The edition’s first publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cm-link-rsp-v2-0-seoul","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"references_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Anthropic’s Responsible Scaling Policy v2.0 states that the policy also helps satisfy Anthropic’s Frontier AI Safety Commitments (2024).","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"The edition’s stated effective date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"scope":"helps satisfy","link":"fulfils"}}},{"id":"yk-y18-lw-2024-the-sun-is-big-but-superintelligences-c","subject":"lw-2024-the-sun-is-big-but-superintelligences","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"earth-not-worth-taking"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The post “The Sun is big, but superintelligences will not spare Earth a little sunlight” (2024-09-23) contests Y18. Concludes his reply to the claim that, because the solar system is large, superintelligences will leave Earth alone: a tiny cost is still a cost to minds that do not value us. Answering the claim that a superintelligence would leave Earth alone because the Solar System is big, he argues by analogy that great wealth does not imply giving a small share to any particular party. Replies to the suggestion that humanity could trade with superintelligences for sunlight: Ricardo's law assumes each party's labour goes on existing and does not show that keeping humans is more profitable than using their share.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-23","basis":"publication","note":"LessWrong postedAt."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"Under the message-level rule, the passage, read with the paragraph, message or dialogue turn it belongs to, gives a reason against the premise that a superintelligence would leave us a small share, because sparing Earth would cost it very little, and against the premise that humans could trade with a superintelligence for what we need."}}}},{"id":"aia-enacted","subject":"european-parliament-and-council","predicate":"enacted","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"eu-ai-act-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The European Parliament and the Council adopted Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, the Artificial Intelligence Act, which is dated 13 June 2024 and was published in the Official Journal on 12 July 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-06-13","basis":"signature","note":"The act is dated at Brussels on 13 June 2024 (day precision). The Official Journal publication date is 12 July 2024. Entry into force and the dates of application are stated in Article 113 and are separate events."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art3-systemic-risk-definition","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Systemic risk: a risk specific to the high-impact capabilities of general-purpose AI models"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art51-compute-presumption","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Presumed high-impact capabilities: training compute greater than 10^25 floating point operations"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art52-notification","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Notify the Commission within two weeks of meeting the systemic-risk condition"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art53-technical-documentation","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Draw up and keep up to date technical documentation of the model"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art53-open-source-exception","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Open-source exemption from two documentation duties does not cover models with systemic risk"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art55-model-evaluation","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Model evaluation with adversarial testing for models with systemic risk"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art55-assess-mitigate","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Assess and mitigate possible systemic risks at Union level"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art55-incident-reporting","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Report serious incidents without undue delay to the AI Office"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art55-cybersecurity","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Adequate cybersecurity protection for the model and its physical infrastructure"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art55-code-reliance","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Providers may rely on codes of practice until a harmonised standard is published"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art56-code-deadline","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Codes of practice to be ready by 2 May 2025"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art56-fallback-implementing-acts","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Commission may set common rules by implementing act if no adequate code exists by 2 August 2025"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art56-adequacy-assessment","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"AI Office and the Board assess whether codes of practice cover Articles 53 and 55"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art101-gpai-fines","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Commission fines on providers of general-purpose AI models up to 3% of turnover or EUR 15 million"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art113-chapter-v-date","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Chapters III (Section 4), V (general-purpose AI models), VII and XII and Article 78 apply from 2 August 2025, except Article 101"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"aia-art111-earlier-models","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Models placed on the market before 2 August 2025: comply by 2 August 2027"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Dates of application are stated separately in Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ec-g08-acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai-a","subject":"acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"modest-near-term-ai-productivity-effect"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Acemoglu, “The Simple Macroeconomics of AI” (2024-04-05) articulates G08. A task-based estimate using Hulten's theorem: the share of tasks exposed to AI times the average task-level cost saving. The GDP effect after an assumed investment response; under the investment assumptions of earlier automation the upper bound rises to 1.6–1.8%.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-04-05","basis":"publication","note":"Title page \"April 5, 2024\"."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2025-01-06","note":"Only retrieved capture of the PDF."},"tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Tier 1 (unchanged). Economist (MIT Economics, author-hosted PDF) writing for a core economics venue: prepared for Economic Policy; NBER Working Paper 32487; journal version in Economic Policy."},"conditions":"Task-based model; cost savings at the task level; existing estimates of exposure (about 4.6% of tasks affected within ten years) and of cost savings (15.4%)."}}},{"id":"ec-g09-acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai-b","subject":"acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"explosive-growth-estimates"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Acemoglu, “The Simple Macroeconomics of AI” (2024-04-05) bears on G09. Compares his ten-year estimate with larger forecasts. A footnote cites Davidson (2021) among those who expect \"explosive\" growth.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-04-05","basis":"publication","note":"Title page \"April 5, 2024\"."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Concerns the next ten years and current AI; does not assess explosive growth this century.","attested":{"date":"2025-01-06","note":"Only retrieved capture of the PDF."},"tier":{"value":1,"basis":"Tier 1 (unchanged). Economist (MIT Economics, author-hosted PDF) writing for a core economics venue: prepared for Economic Policy; NBER Working Paper 32487; journal version in Economic Policy."}}}},{"id":"ec-m02-acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai-a","subject":"acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ai-as-task-automation"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Acemoglu, “The Simple Macroeconomics of AI” (2024-05) articulates M02. Acemoglu models AI in a task framework where automation expands the set of tasks allocated to capital, alongside task complementarity, deepening and new tasks.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05","basis":"publication","note":"Cover \"May 2024\". The economics-growth pack records an author-hosted version dated 2024-04-05. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."},"conditions":"Task-based model with tasks allocated between capital and labour by comparative advantage."}}},{"id":"ec-m05-acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai-b","subject":"acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machines-cheaper-at-every-task"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Acemoglu, “The Simple Macroeconomics of AI” (2024-05) bears on M05. Acemoglu lists a revolutionary, near-singularity scenario among four possible macro effects, says it cannot be ruled out, and excludes it from his analysis. Acemoglu argues that better wage and productivity outcomes depend on AI creating new tasks for workers, which he says is feasible in theory but not the industry's current focus.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05","basis":"publication","note":"Cover \"May 2024\". The economics-growth pack records an author-hosted version dated 2024-04-05. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"(M05-39) Acknowledges a transformative scenario as possible but does not state or model machines doing all tasks, including new ones, more cheaply. (M05-40) Presupposes that new tasks in which labour is productive can be created; does not consider machines outcompeting labour in them.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."}}}},{"id":"ec-m06a-acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai-a","subject":"acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"automation-lowers-labour-income"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Acemoglu, “The Simple Macroeconomics of AI” (2024-05) articulates M06a. Using Acemoglu and Restrepo (2022) general-equilibrium estimates, Acemoglu finds AI's wage effects more evenly spread than earlier automation but negative for low-education women and widening the capital–labour income gap.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05","basis":"publication","note":"Cover \"May 2024\". The economics-growth pack records an author-hosted version dated 2024-04-05. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."},"conditions":"Exposure measures from Eloundou et al. with easy/hard task distinction; propagation matrix from 1980–2016."}}},{"id":"ec-m06b-acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai-b","subject":"acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"compensating-policy-for-ai"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Acemoglu, “The Simple Macroeconomics of AI” (2024-05) bears on M06b. Acemoglu argues that new-task creation with better wage outcomes may need new institutions and regulation and a reorientation of the AI industry.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05","basis":"publication","note":"Cover \"May 2024\". The economics-growth pack records an author-hosted version dated 2024-04-05. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Calls for policy to redirect technology rather than redistribution or compensation.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."}}}},{"id":"ec-m07-acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai-b","subject":"acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"task-based-exposure-measurement"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Acemoglu, “The Simple Macroeconomics of AI” (2024-05) bears on M07. Acemoglu converts Eloundou et al.'s task exposure measure into a wage-bill-weighted share of US labour tasks exposed to AI.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05","basis":"publication","note":"Cover \"May 2024\". The economics-growth pack records an author-hosted version dated 2024-04-05. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Re-aggregates another text's task-based exposure estimates rather than measuring exposure from task descriptions itself.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."}}}},{"id":"ec-m08-acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai-a","subject":"acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ai-productivity-over-next-decade"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Acemoglu, “The Simple Macroeconomics of AI” (2024-04-05) articulates M08. Acemoglu applies a Hulten's-theorem task framework to exposure and cost-saving estimates to bound AI's ten-year TFP effect, against much larger forecasts (Goldman Sachs, McKinsey). Allowing for hard-to-learn tasks where AI gains are smaller lowers the ten-year TFP bound. Acemoglu converts the TFP bounds to GDP effects under two investment-response assumptions. The author-hosted version of 5 April 2024 gives no more than 0.71% over ten years, and less than 0.55% allowing for hard tasks; the NBER version of May 2024 gives 0.66% and 0.53%.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-04-05","basis":"publication","note":"Title page of the author-hosted version: \"April 5, 2024\". The NBER version (cover \"May 2024\") gives different figures; its passages are dated May 2024 by their source."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2025-01-06","note":"Only retrieved capture of the author-hosted PDF; the current copy retrieved on 2026-10-25 is byte-identical to it. The May 2024 passages are known from a current copy of the NBER version."},"tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."},"conditions":"(April version) Task-level cost savings from existing exposure and productivity estimates; the second figure adds the author’s easy/hard-task assumptions. (M08-04) Gains from cost savings at task level via automation and task complementarity only; excludes new tasks, deepening of automation and science-transforming effects; US economy. (M08-05) As above, plus easy/hard task classification assumptions. (M08-06) Modest investment response (capital rising in proportion to TFP) versus an investment boom like earlier automation."}}},{"id":"christiano-us-aisi-head-of-ai-safety-2024","subject":"paul-christiano","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"us-ai-safety-institute"},"topic":"people","statement":"NIST’s announcement of 16 April 2024 says Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo named Paul Christiano head of AI safety at the U.S. AI Safety Institute.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-04-16","note":"Date of the announcement. No start date, end date or period of service is stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Head of AI safety (executive leadership team)"}},{"id":"ec-e01-korinek-suh-2024-scenarios-transition-agi-b","subject":"korinek-suh-2024-scenarios-transition-agi","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ai-improving-ai-accelerates-capability"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Korinek and Suh, “Scenarios for the Transition to AGI” (2024-03) bears on E01. Following Aghion et al. (2019) and Trammell and Korinek (2023), the model shows a 'type II singularity' (infinite output in finite time) once automation passes a threshold.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-03","basis":"publication","note":"Cover \"March 2024\". Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"A model scenario under stated conditions, not the author’s own claim.","missing":"Self-reinforcing growth from automated R&D (G02); AI does not improve AI in the model.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue); Korinek and Suh are economists."},"conditions":"Sufficient automation of final-output and knowledge production; constant saving rate and allocation; no depreciation."}}},{"id":"ec-e01-acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai-b","subject":"acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ai-improving-ai-accelerates-capability"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Acemoglu, “The Simple Macroeconomics of AI” (2024-05) bears on E01. Explains the paper's scope; the example given is DeepMind's protein-folding and crystal-structure work.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05","basis":"publication","note":"Cover \"May 2024\". The economics-growth pack records an author-hosted version dated 2024-04-05. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"About AI changing scientific research generally, not AI improving AI; a timing judgement for the paper's horizon, not a rejection of the possibility.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."},"conditions":"Within a 10-year horizon."}}},{"id":"ec-e02-korinek-suh-2024-scenarios-transition-agi-b","subject":"korinek-suh-2024-scenarios-transition-agi","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machine-intelligence-exceeds-humans-in-all-domains"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Korinek and Suh, “Scenarios for the Transition to AGI” (2024-03) bears on E02. The paper models wages and output under scenarios that 'may culminate' in AGI.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-03","basis":"publication","note":"Cover \"March 2024\". Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Defines AGI as ability to perform all human tasks (M05-type), not cognitive superiority.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue); Korinek and Suh are economists."}}}},{"id":"ec-e02-acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai-b","subject":"acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"machine-intelligence-exceeds-humans-in-all-domains"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Acemoglu, “The Simple Macroeconomics of AI” (2024-05) bears on E02. Footnote 1 cites Korinek and Suh (2024) and those who see a confirmation of Kurzweil's (2005) singularity forecast; Acemoglu contrasts 'more grounded' forecasters.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05","basis":"publication","note":"Cover \"May 2024\". The economics-growth pack records an author-hosted version dated 2024-04-05. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"relay","missing":"Reports others' AGI expectations (all tasks, M05-type); no cognitive superiority stated and not Acemoglu's view.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."}}}},{"id":"ec-e03-jones-2024-ai-dilemma-aer-insights-a","subject":"jones-2024-ai-dilemma-aer-insights","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ai-existential-risk-in-economic-analysis"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Jones, “The AI Dilemma: Growth versus Existential Risk” (2024-12) articulates E03. Published version of Jones's working paper; the abstract attributes existential risk from a misaligned superintelligence to 'many experts'.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12","basis":"publication","note":"Crossref record doi:10.1257/aeri.20230570 (issued 2024-12). Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"AER: Insights (AEA journal); Jones is an economist."}}}},{"id":"ec-e05-korinek-suh-2024-scenarios-transition-agi-a","subject":"korinek-suh-2024-scenarios-transition-agi","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"economics-engagement-with-superintelligence"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Korinek and Suh, “Scenarios for the Transition to AGI” (2024-03) articulates E05. Final list of next steps after a 'compute-centric' model of the transition to AGI.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-03","basis":"publication","note":"Cover \"March 2024\". Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue); Korinek and Suh are economists."}}}},{"id":"ec-e05-korinek-suh-2024-scenarios-transition-agi-b","subject":"korinek-suh-2024-scenarios-transition-agi","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"economics-engagement-with-superintelligence"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Korinek and Suh, “Scenarios for the Transition to AGI” (2024-03) bears on E05. Followed by Good (1965) on an intelligence explosion, Bostrom (2014) on superintelligence and Yudkowsky (2013) on 'several of the economic implications of the transition to AGI'. Literature review entry on Jones's existential-risk paper.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-03","basis":"publication","note":"Cover \"March 2024\". Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"(E05-23) Connects an economics paper to the superintelligence literature by citation; citation is not engagement with its claims, and the cited authors are non-economists. (E05-24) Acknowledges existential risk as part of AGI discussion; the paper itself does not model it.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue); Korinek and Suh are economists."}}}},{"id":"ec-e05-acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai-b","subject":"acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"economics-engagement-with-superintelligence"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Acemoglu, “The Simple Macroeconomics of AI” (2024-05) bears on E05. First of four possible medium-run macro effects of AI; the paper analyses the more modest task-level effects.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05","basis":"publication","note":"Cover \"May 2024\". The economics-growth pack records an author-hosted version dated 2024-04-05. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"Explicitly sets the singularity aside from the analysis; it neither states nor rejects AI self-improvement or superintelligence, and the 'singularity' meant is a productivity revolution.","tier":{"value":1,"basis":"NBER working paper (core venue)."}}}},{"id":"lg-gc-yao-shunyu-openai-2024","subject":"yao-shunyu","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Science and Technology Innovation Board Daily (科创板日报) reported on 17 December 2025 that Yao Shunyu joined OpenAI in 2024; his undated personal website describes him as a researcher at OpenAI.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024","note":"Year of joining as reported; start month and end not established. The personal page is undated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"researcher"}},{"id":"lg-mx-kosic-xai-departure-2024","subject":"kyle-kosic","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"xai"},"topic":"people","statement":"TechCrunch reported on 11 February 2026 that infrastructure lead Kyle Kosic had left xAI for OpenAI in mid-2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024","note":"The source says 'mid-2024'; this is the reported departure period, not an announcement date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Infrastructure lead"}},{"id":"lg-oai-karpathy-departure-2024","subject":"andrej-karpathy","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Andrej Karpathy announced in a post dated 14 February 2024 (UTC) that he had left OpenAI the previous day.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-02-14","note":"UTC date of the post (13 February in US Pacific time); the post says he left “yesterday”."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Not stated in the post"}},{"id":"lg-oai-fidji-simo-board-2024","subject":"fidji-simo","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai-inc"},"topic":"governance","statement":"OpenAI announced on 8 March 2024 that Fidji Simo, CEO and Chair of Instacart, was one of three new members of its board of directors.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-03-08","note":"Announcement date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Board member"}},{"id":"lg-oai-nicole-seligman-board-2024","subject":"nicole-seligman","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai-inc"},"topic":"governance","statement":"OpenAI announced on 8 March 2024 that Nicole Seligman, former EVP and General Counsel at Sony Corporation, was one of three new members of its board of directors.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-03-08","note":"Announcement date; the review announcement of the same day calls it an election of new members."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Board member"}},{"id":"lg-oai-sue-desmond-hellmann-board-2024","subject":"sue-desmond-hellmann","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai-inc"},"topic":"governance","statement":"OpenAI announced on 8 March 2024 that Sue Desmond-Hellmann was one of three new members of its board of directors.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-03-08","note":"Announcement date; the review announcement of the same day calls it an election of new members."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Board member"}},{"id":"lg-deal-microsoft-ai-unit-2024","subject":"microsoft-ai","predicate":"unit_of","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"microsoft"},"topic":"institutions","statement":"Microsoft announced on 19 March 2024 a new organisation called Microsoft AI, formed with Mustafa Suleyman and Karén Simonyan.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-03-19","note":"Announcement date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced"}},{"id":"lg-deal-microsoft-inflection-agreement-2024","subject":"microsoft","predicate":"licensing_hiring_agreement","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"inflection-ai"},"topic":"institutions","statement":"The UK Competition and Markets Authority stated in the summary of its phase 1 decision (published on 4 September 2024) that Microsoft had announced on 19 March 2024 the hiring of former Inflection employees amounting, in the CMA's understanding, to almost all of Inflection's team, and that Microsoft had entered into arrangements with Inflection including a non-exclusive licence to use Inflection IP.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-03-19","note":"Date on which, according to the CMA, Microsoft announced the hiring; the dates of the licence and other arrangements are not given in the summary."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"lg-deal-simonyan-inflection-chief-scientist-2024","subject":"karen-simonyan","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"inflection-ai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Microsoft's 19 March 2024 announcement described Karén Simonyan as a co-founder and Chief Scientist of Inflection.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-03-19","note":"Role as described on the date of Microsoft's announcement."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Co-founder and Chief Scientist"}},{"id":"lg-deal-simonyan-microsoft-ai-chief-scientist-2024","subject":"karen-simonyan","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"microsoft-ai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Microsoft announced on 19 March 2024 that Karén Simonyan was joining Microsoft AI as Chief Scientist, reporting to Mustafa Suleyman.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-03-19","note":"Announcement date; not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"Chief Scientist, Microsoft AI"}},{"id":"lg-deal-suleyman-microsoft-ai-ceo-2024","subject":"mustafa-suleyman","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"microsoft-ai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Microsoft announced on 19 March 2024 that Mustafa Suleyman would be EVP and CEO, Microsoft AI, reporting to Satya Nadella.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-03-19","note":"Announcement date; not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"EVP and CEO, Microsoft AI"}},{"id":"lg-gc-zhou-bowen-shanghai-ai-lab-2024","subject":"zhou-bowen","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"shanghai-ai-lab"},"topic":"people","statement":"Zhou Bowen’s Tsinghua University faculty page, retrieved on 15 October 2026, lists him as director and chief scientist of Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory from April 2024.","time":{"kind":"interval","from":"2024-04","note":"Start as stated on the undated page (“2024.4 至今”, April 2024 to present); the page mentions data “as of August 2026”. Role as shown on the page when retrieved on 15 October 2026; the page is undated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"主任、首席科学家 (director and chief scientist)"}},{"id":"lg-gs-kokotajlo-openai-departure-2024","subject":"daniel-kokotajlo","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Business Insider reported on 9 May 2024 that Daniel Kokotajlo, who worked on OpenAI's governance team, had left the company the previous month; Kokotajlo's LessWrong profile states that he quit OpenAI due to losing confidence that it would behave responsibly around the time of AGI.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-04","note":"Month of the departure as reported by Business Insider on 9 May 2024 (“last month”); no dated announcement by Kokotajlo was retrieved, and his profile statement is undated (retrieved 15 October 2026)."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"worked on the governance team","statedReason":{"by":"daniel-kokotajlo","text":"Kokotajlo states that he quit because he had lost confidence that OpenAI would behave responsibly around the time of AGI.","evidenceId":"lg-ev-gs-kokotajlo-openai-departure-2024-profile"}}},{"id":"lg-goo-model-teams-to-gdm-2024","subject":"google-research-model-building-teams","predicate":"unit_of","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"google-deepmind"},"topic":"institutions","statement":"Sundar Pichai announced on 18 April 2024 that Google would consolidate the teams building models across Research and Google DeepMind, with all of this work to sit in Google DeepMind.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-04-18","note":"Announcement date; completion date not stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced"}},{"id":"lg-goo-responsible-ai-teams-to-gdm-2024","subject":"google-research-responsible-ai-teams","predicate":"unit_of","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"google-deepmind"},"topic":"institutions","statement":"Sundar Pichai announced on 18 April 2024 that Responsible AI teams in Google Research were moving to Google DeepMind.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-04-18","note":"Announcement date; completion date not stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced"}},{"id":"lg-ant-krieger-cpo-2024","subject":"mike-krieger","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"people","statement":"Anthropic announced on 15 May 2024 that Mike Krieger had joined it as Chief Product Officer.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-05-15","note":"Date of the announcement, which says he has joined; the start date is not given."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Chief Product Officer"}},{"id":"lg-gs-superalignment-team-absorbed-2024","subject":"openai-superalignment-team","predicate":"unit_disbanded","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"institutions","statement":"WIRED reported on 17 May 2024 that OpenAI had confirmed that its Superalignment team was no more; WIRED wrote that the group's work would be absorbed into OpenAI's other research efforts.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-05-17","note":"Date of the report, by which OpenAI had confirmed that the team was no more. No OpenAI statement with its own date was retrieved, and no effective date is given."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"lg-oai-leike-departure-2024","subject":"jan-leike","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Jan Leike posted on X on 17 May 2024 that the previous day had been his last day at OpenAI as head of alignment, superalignment lead and executive; he stated that he had been disagreeing with OpenAI leadership about the company’s core priorities for quite some time, until a breaking point was reached.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","note":"Date of the post; his last working day is stated as the previous day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Head of alignment, superalignment lead and executive","statedReason":{"by":"jan-leike","text":"Leike stated that he had been disagreeing with OpenAI leadership about the company’s core priorities for quite some time, until a breaking point was reached.","evidenceId":"lg-ev-oai-leike-departure-2024-2"}}},{"id":"lg-deal-mittal-inflection-cto-2024","subject":"vibhu-mittal","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"inflection-ai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Inflection's CEO Sean White announced on 20 May 2024 that Vibhu Mittal had joined Inflection as Chief Technology Officer.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-05-20","note":"Date of the post; the start date is not stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Chief Technology Officer"}},{"id":"lg-deal-white-inflection-ceo-2024","subject":"sean-white","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"inflection-ai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Sean White wrote in a post on Inflection AI's blog on 20 May 2024 that he was the new CEO of Inflection.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-05-20","note":"Date of the post; the appointment date is not stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"CEO"}},{"id":"lg-ant-rao-cfo-2024","subject":"krishna-rao","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"people","statement":"Anthropic announced on 21 May 2024 that Krishna Rao had joined it as Chief Financial Officer.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-05-21","note":"Date of the announcement, which says he has joined; the start date is not given."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Chief Financial Officer"}},{"id":"lg-ant-leike-joins-2024","subject":"jan-leike","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"people","statement":"Jan Leike posted on X on 28 May 2024 that he was joining Anthropic and that his new team would work on scalable oversight, weak-to-strong generalization and automated alignment research.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-05-28","note":"Date of the post (16:50 UTC); not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"Leader of a new team on scalable oversight, weak-to-strong generalization and automated alignment research (as worded: “my new team”)"}},{"id":"lg-oai-schulman-head-of-alignment-science-2024","subject":"john-schulman","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"OpenAI’s announcement of 28 May 2024 identifies John Schulman as Head of Alignment Science.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-05-28","note":"Role as shown in the announcement of that date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Head of Alignment Science"}},{"id":"lg-oai-ssc-formed-2024","subject":"openai-safety-security-committee","predicate":"unit_of","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai-inc"},"topic":"governance","statement":"OpenAI announced on 28 May 2024 that its board had formed a Safety and Security Committee to make recommendations to the full board on critical safety and security decisions.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-05-28","note":"Announcement date of the committee’s formation."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"lg-oai-taylor-ssc-chair-2024","subject":"bret-taylor","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai-safety-security-committee"},"topic":"governance","statement":"OpenAI announced on 28 May 2024 that its Safety and Security Committee would be led by four directors, with Bret Taylor as Chair.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-05-28","note":"Announcement date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"Chair, Safety and Security Committee"}},{"id":"lg-oai-weng-head-of-safety-systems-2024","subject":"lilian-weng","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"OpenAI’s announcement of 28 May 2024 identifies Lilian Weng as Head of Safety Systems.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-05-28","note":"Role as shown in the announcement of that date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Head of Safety Systems"}},{"id":"lg-ant-muehlhauser-board-departure-2024","subject":"luke-muehlhauser","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Anthropic announced on 29 May 2024 that Luke Muehlhauser had decided to step down from its board of directors; Anthropic stated that he would focus on his work at Open Philanthropy.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-29","note":"Date of the announcement; the effective date of the departure is not stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Member of the board of directors","statedReason":{"by":"anthropic","text":"Anthropic's announcement states that he stepped down to focus on his work at Open Philanthropy.","evidenceId":"lg-ev-ant-muehlhauser-board-departure-2024"}}},{"id":"lg-oai-friar-cfo-2024","subject":"sarah-friar","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"OpenAI announced on 10 June 2024 that Sarah Friar was joining as Chief Financial Officer.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-06-10","note":"Announcement date; not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"Chief Financial Officer"}},{"id":"lg-oai-weil-cpo-2024","subject":"kevin-weil","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"OpenAI announced on 10 June 2024 that Kevin Weil was joining as Chief Product Officer.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-06-10","note":"Announcement date; not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"Chief Product Officer"}},{"id":"lg-oai-nakasone-board-2024","subject":"paul-nakasone","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai-inc"},"topic":"governance","statement":"OpenAI announced on 13 June 2024 that Paul M. Nakasone had joined its board of directors.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-06-13","note":"Announcement date; the source says he joined “today”."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Board member"}},{"id":"lg-oai-nakasone-ssc-2024","subject":"paul-nakasone","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai-safety-security-committee"},"topic":"governance","statement":"OpenAI announced on 13 June 2024 that Paul M. Nakasone would join the board’s Safety and Security Committee.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-06-13","note":"Announcement date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"Committee member"}},{"id":"lg-new-sutskever-ssi-launch-2024","subject":"ilya-sutskever","predicate":"launched","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ssi"},"topic":"people","statement":"Ilya Sutskever announced on X on 19 June 2024 that he was starting a new company, quoting SSI’s post introducing Safe Superintelligence.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-06-19","note":"Date of the X post (17:00 UTC); a public announcement, not a date of incorporation."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"lg-deal-amazon-adept-agreement-2024","subject":"amazon","predicate":"licensing_hiring_agreement","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"adept"},"topic":"institutions","statement":"Adept announced on 28 June 2024 that its co-founders and some of its team were joining Amazon's AGI organization and that Amazon was licensing Adept's agent technology, multimodal models and a few datasets; Adept stated that pursuing both general intelligence and an enterprise agent product would have required significant attention on fundraising for its foundation models.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-06-28","note":"Date of Adept's announcement; joining and licence dates not stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","statedReason":{"by":"adept","text":"Adept stated that continuing its initial plan of building both general intelligence and an enterprise agent product would have required significant attention on fundraising for its foundation models, and presented the strategy updates as a way to keep momentum on its agent technology.","evidenceId":"lg-ev-deal-amazon-adept-agreement-reason"}}},{"id":"lg-deal-brock-adept-ceo-2024","subject":"zach-brock","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"adept"},"topic":"people","statement":"Adept announced on 28 June 2024 that Zach Brock, its Head of Engineering, would be taking over as CEO.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-06-28","note":"Announcement date; not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"CEO"}},{"id":"lg-gs-candela-openai-preparedness-2024","subject":"joaquin-quinonero-candela","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Engadget reported on 27 December 2025 that Sam Altman had said in July 2024, when Aleksander Madry was reassigned, that the Head of Preparedness role would be taken over by Joaquin Quiñonero Candela and Lilian Weng. This record is Joaquin Quiñonero Candela’s part of that statement.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-07","note":"Month of Altman's statement as dated by Engadget (“back in July 2024 … at the time”); Obsolete also dates the takeover to July 2024. Not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"Head of Preparedness (with Lilian Weng)"}},{"id":"lg-gs-weng-openai-preparedness-2024","subject":"lilian-weng","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Engadget reported on 27 December 2025 that Sam Altman had said in July 2024, when Aleksander Madry was reassigned, that the Head of Preparedness role would be taken over by Joaquin Quiñonero Candela and Lilian Weng. This record is Lilian Weng’s part of that statement.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-07","note":"Month of Altman's statement as dated by Engadget (“back in July 2024 … at the time”). Not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"Head of Preparedness (with Joaquin Quiñonero Candela)"}},{"id":"lg-gs-madry-openai-reassigned-2024","subject":"aleksander-madry","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"CNBC reported on 23 July 2024 that OpenAI had, the previous week, removed Aleksander Madry, one of its top safety executives, from his role and reassigned him to a job focused on AI reasoning.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-07-23","note":"Date of the report; the report places the reassignment in the previous week. Not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"job focused on AI reasoning"}},{"id":"lg-deal-defreitas-character-ai-departure-2024","subject":"daniel-de-freitas","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"character-ai"},"topic":"people","statement":"TechCrunch reported on 2 August 2024 that Character.AI co-founder Daniel De Freitas was joining Google with some other employees of the startup.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-08-02","note":"Date of the report; not a last working day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"co-founder (title not stated)"}},{"id":"lg-deal-google-character-ai-agreement-2024","subject":"google","predicate":"licensing_hiring_agreement","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"character-ai"},"topic":"institutions","statement":"TechCrunch reported on 2 August 2024 that Google was signing a non-exclusive agreement to use Character.AI's technology and that Character.AI's co-founders and some other employees were joining Google.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-08-02","note":"Date of the report of the announced agreement; signing and effective dates not stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced"}},{"id":"lg-deal-perella-character-ai-interim-ceo-2024","subject":"dominic-perella","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"character-ai"},"topic":"people","statement":"TechCrunch reported on 2 August 2024 that Character.AI's general counsel Dominic Perella was becoming interim CEO.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-08-02","note":"Date of the report; not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"interim CEO"}},{"id":"lg-deal-shazeer-character-ai-ceo-2024","subject":"noam-shazeer","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"character-ai"},"topic":"people","statement":"TechCrunch reported on 2 August 2024 that Noam Shazeer was co-founder and CEO of Character.AI.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-08-02","note":"Role as reported on the article date; start date not stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"co-founder and CEO"}},{"id":"lg-deal-shazeer-character-ai-departure-2024","subject":"noam-shazeer","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"character-ai"},"topic":"people","statement":"TechCrunch reported on 2 August 2024 that Character.AI co-founder and CEO Noam Shazeer was returning to Google.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-08-02","note":"Date of the report; not a last working day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"co-founder and CEO"}},{"id":"lg-goo-shazeer-gdm-2024","subject":"noam-shazeer","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"google-deepmind"},"topic":"people","statement":"TechCrunch reported on 2 August 2024 a Google statement that Noam Shazeer was joining Google DeepMind's research team.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-08-02","note":"Report date; not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"member of Google DeepMind's research team"}},{"id":"lg-ant-schulman-joins-2024","subject":"john-schulman","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"people","statement":"TechCrunch reported on 5 August 2024 that John Schulman had written, in a note posted on X, that he had decided to pursue his alignment work at Anthropic.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-08-05","note":"Post timestamp 2024-08-06 00:00 UTC, which is 5 August in US Pacific time; TechCrunch's report is dated 5 August. Not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"Not named in the source (announced move to pursue his alignment work at Anthropic)"}},{"id":"lg-oai-schulman-departure-2024","subject":"john-schulman","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"John Schulman posted on X on 6 August 2024 (UTC; 5 August in US Pacific time) a note saying that he had decided to leave OpenAI; he stated that the choice stemmed from his wish to deepen his focus on AI alignment and to return to hands-on technical work.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-08-06","note":"UTC date of the post (5 August in US Pacific time); not a last working day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Head of Alignment Science (title from “OpenAI Board Forms Safety and Security Committee” (OpenAI), 28 May 2024; not stated in the post)","statedReason":{"by":"john-schulman","text":"Schulman stated that the choice stemmed from his wish to deepen his focus on AI alignment and to return to hands-on technical work.","evidenceId":"lg-ev-oai-schulman-departure-2024"}}},{"id":"lg-cn-yang-zhilin-moonshot-ceo-2024","subject":"yang-zhilin","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"moonshot-ai"},"topic":"people","statement":"The South China Morning Post identified Yang Zhilin on 7 August 2024 as Moonshot AI’s chief executive.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-08-07","note":"Date of the report; not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"chief executive"}},{"id":"lg-oai-kolter-board-2024","subject":"zico-kolter","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai-inc"},"topic":"governance","statement":"OpenAI announced on 8 August 2024 the appointment of Zico Kolter to its board of directors.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-08-08","note":"Announcement date; not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Board member"}},{"id":"lg-gs-dragan-gdm-safety-alignment-org-2024","subject":"anca-dragan","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"google-deepmind"},"topic":"people","statement":"A post of 20 August 2024 by members of Google DeepMind's AGI Safety & Alignment team states that the team is part of an AI Safety and Alignment organisation led by Anca Dragan.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-08-20","note":"Date of the post. Not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"leads the AI Safety and Alignment organisation"}},{"id":"lg-gs-shah-gdm-asat-leadership-2024","subject":"rohin-shah","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"google-deepmind"},"topic":"people","statement":"A post of 20 August 2024 by members of Google DeepMind's AGI Safety & Alignment team lists Rohin Shah in the team's leadership team, with Anca Dragan, Allan Dafoe and Dave Orr.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-08-20","note":"Date of the post. Not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"member of the leadership team, AGI Safety & Alignment team"}},{"id":"lg-gw-perolat-h-company-departure-2024","subject":"julien-perolat","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"h-company"},"topic":"people","statement":"Sifted reported on 24 August 2024 that Julien Perolat, a co-founder of H Company, was leaving the company.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-08-24","note":"Publication date of the report; not a last working day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"co-founder"}},{"id":"lg-gw-tuyls-h-company-departure-2024","subject":"karl-tuyls","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"h-company"},"topic":"people","statement":"Sifted reported on 24 August 2024 that Karl Tuyls, a co-founder of H Company, was leaving the company.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-08-24","note":"Publication date of the report; not a last working day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"co-founder"}},{"id":"lg-gw-wierstra-h-company-departure-2024","subject":"daan-wierstra","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"h-company"},"topic":"people","statement":"Sifted reported on 24 August 2024 that Daan Wierstra, a co-founder of H Company, was leaving the company.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-08-24","note":"Publication date of the report; not a last working day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"co-founder"}},{"id":"lg-deal-mohan-windsurf-ceo-2024","subject":"varun-mohan","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"windsurf"},"topic":"people","statement":"TechCrunch described Varun Mohan on 29 August 2024 as Codeium's co-founder and CEO.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-08-29","note":"Role as reported on the article date; start date not stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"co-founder and CEO"}},{"id":"lg-oai-kolter-ssc-chair-2024","subject":"zico-kolter","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai-safety-security-committee"},"topic":"governance","statement":"OpenAI announced on 16 September 2024 that the Safety and Security Committee would become an independent board oversight committee chaired by Zico Kolter.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-09-16","note":"Announcement date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"Chair, Safety and Security Committee"}},{"id":"lg-gs-achiam-openai-mission-alignment-2024","subject":"joshua-achiam","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"TechCrunch reported on 25 September 2024 that Josh Achiam, a research scientist, would take on a new role at OpenAI as head of mission alignment.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-09-25","note":"Date of the report of Sam Altman's note to staff; not a start date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"Head of Mission Alignment"}},{"id":"lg-oai-mcgrew-departure-2024","subject":"bob-mcgrew","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"TechCrunch reported on 25 September 2024 that OpenAI’s chief research officer, Bob McGrew, had left the company, according to a post on X by Sam Altman.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-25","note":"Date as reported; not a last working day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Chief research officer"}},{"id":"lg-oai-murati-departure-2024","subject":"mira-murati","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"TechCrunch reported on 25 September 2024 that OpenAI’s CTO Mira Murati had posted on X that she was leaving the company.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-25","note":"The Wednesday of TechCrunch’s report of 25 September 2024 (a Wednesday), the date of the announcement as reported; not a last working day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Chief Technology Officer"}},{"id":"lg-oai-markchen-research-lead-2024","subject":"mark-chen","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Mark Chen posted on X on 26 September 2024 (UTC) that he would lead research at OpenAI alongside the account @merettm; TechCrunch reported on 25 September 2024 that Sam Altman had said Chen was being promoted to SVP of research and would lead the research organisation in partnership with Jakub Pachocki.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-09-26","note":"UTC date of the post (25 September in US Pacific time)."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","role":"Research lead with Jakub Pachocki; reported as SVP of research"}},{"id":"lg-oai-zoph-departure-2024","subject":"barret-zoph","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Barret Zoph posted on X on 26 September 2024 (UTC) a note to OpenAI saying that he had decided to leave the company.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-26","note":"UTC date of the post (25 September in US Pacific time)."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Research VP (as reported; not stated in the retrieved post text)"}},{"id":"lg-goo-gemini-app-team-to-gdm-2024","subject":"gemini-app-team","predicate":"unit_of","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"google-deepmind"},"topic":"institutions","statement":"Sundar Pichai announced on 17 October 2024 that the Gemini app team would join Google DeepMind under Demis Hassabis.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-10-17","note":"Announcement date; completion date not stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced"}},{"id":"lg-gs-agi-readiness-team-distributed-2024","subject":"openai-agi-readiness-team","predicate":"unit_disbanded","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"institutions","statement":"Miles Brundage, who led OpenAI's AGI Readiness team, wrote on 23 October 2024 that the remainder of the team would be distributed among other teams.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-23","note":"Date of the statement of a planned change; no effective date is given."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced"}},{"id":"lg-gs-brundage-openai-departure-2024","subject":"miles-brundage","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Miles Brundage wrote on 23 October 2024 that he was leaving OpenAI, where he was Senior Advisor for AGI Readiness; he stated that he wanted to impact and influence AI's development from outside the industry.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-23","note":"Date of the post. The post says he remains at OpenAI “until the end of day this Friday”; the last working day is not recorded."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Senior Advisor for AGI Readiness","statedReason":{"by":"miles-brundage","text":"Brundage stated that he wanted to impact and influence AI's development from outside the industry rather than inside.","evidenceId":"lg-ev-gs-brundage-openai-departure-2024-reason"}}},{"id":"lg-oai-weng-departure-2024","subject":"lilian-weng","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Lilian Weng posted on X on 8 November 2024 that she had decided to leave OpenAI after almost seven years.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-08","note":"Date of the post (UTC); not a last working day."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Not stated in the post (title Head of Safety Systems from “OpenAI Board Forms Safety and Security Committee” (OpenAI), 28 May 2024)"}},{"id":"lg-new-tay-gdm-2024","subject":"yi-tay","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"google-deepmind"},"topic":"people","statement":"Yi Tay wrote on 25 November 2024 that he was returning to Google DeepMind as a senior staff research scientist.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-11-25","note":"Publication date of the post; the post describes it as his first week back."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Senior staff research scientist"}},{"id":"lg-new-tay-reka-departure-2024","subject":"yi-tay","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"reka"},"topic":"people","statement":"Yi Tay announced on his blog on 25 November 2024 that he was returning to Google DeepMind after his time at Reka.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-25","note":"Publication date of the post (UTC+8); the post says it was his first week back, but gives no last day at Reka."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"co-founder"}},{"id":"lg-gs-campbell-openai-departure-2024","subject":"rosie-campbell","predicate":"departure_announced","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Rosie Campbell wrote on 1 December 2024 that it had been her last week at OpenAI; she stated that, after Miles Brundage's departure and the dissolution of the AGI Readiness team, she believed she could pursue the mission of ensuring safe and beneficial AGI more effectively externally.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-01","note":"Date of the post; the post says the preceding week was her last at OpenAI. The last working day is not recorded."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Not named in the post (she names the Policy Research team as one she moved to earlier)","statedReason":{"by":"rosie-campbell","text":"Campbell stated that after Brundage's departure and the dissolution of the AGI Readiness team she believed she could pursue the mission of safe and beneficial AGI more effectively outside OpenAI.","evidenceId":"lg-ev-gs-campbell-openai-departure-2024-reason"}}},{"id":"lg-deal-verma-character-ai-cto-2024","subject":"sunita-verma","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"character-ai"},"topic":"people","statement":"Character.AI announced on 5 December 2024 that Sunita Verma was its new Chief Technology Officer.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-12-05","note":"Announcement date; start date not stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"Chief Technology Officer"}},{"id":"lg-deal-amazon-agi-sf-lab-unit-2024","subject":"amazon-agi-sf-lab","predicate":"unit_of","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"amazon"},"topic":"institutions","statement":"Amazon announced on 9 December 2024 the formation of the Amazon AGI SF Lab, seeded by the team it had hired from Adept.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-12-09","note":"Announcement date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"lg-deal-luan-amazon-agi-sf-2024","subject":"david-luan","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"amazon"},"topic":"people","statement":"Amazon Science identified David Luan on 9 December 2024 as VP of Autonomy and head of Amazon's AGI SF Lab.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-12-09","note":"Role as shown on the post date; start date not stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"VP of Autonomy and head of Amazon's AGI SF Lab"}},{"id":"lg-mx-aldahle-meta-vp-2024","subject":"ahmad-al-dahle","predicate":"held_role","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"meta"},"topic":"people","statement":"A Meta newsroom post of 19 December 2024 bylines Ahmad Al-Dahle as Meta's VP and Head of Generative AI.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-12-19","note":"Snapshot at the post's publication date; no interval is inferred."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"role":"VP e Head de Inteligência Artificial Generativa (VP and Head of Generative AI)"}},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d3-safeguards","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Safeguards required"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d3-halt","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Pause, non-deployment or non-training"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d4-determination","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Determination of capability or safeguard adequacy"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d4-oversight","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Board or external oversight"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d6-competitor","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Provisions conditioned on other developers"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d6-discretion","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Other exceptions or discretion"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d3-safeguards","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Safeguards required"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d3-halt","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Pause, non-deployment or non-training"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d4-determination","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"provision_not_found","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Determination of capability or safeguard adequacy"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Absence recorded for this edition, dated by its publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d4-oversight","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"provision_not_found","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Board or external oversight"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Absence recorded for this edition, dated by its publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d6-competitor","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"provision_not_found","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Provisions conditioned on other developers"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Absence recorded for this edition, dated by its publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d6-discretion","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Other exceptions or discretion"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ap-daron-acemoglu-acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai","subject":"daron-acemoglu","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"acemoglu-2024-simple-macroeconomics-of-ai"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"“The Simple Macroeconomics of AI” (2024-05) credits Daron Acemoglu as its author.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05","basis":"publication","note":"Date the source record gives for this text; authorship is credited in the inspected expression."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ap-charles-i-jones-jones-2024-ai-dilemma-aer-insights","subject":"charles-i-jones","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"jones-2024-ai-dilemma-aer-insights"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"“The AI Dilemma: Growth versus Existential Risk” (2024-12) credits Charles I. Jones as its author.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12","basis":"publication","note":"Date the source record gives for this text; authorship is credited in the inspected expression."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ap-anton-korinek-korinek-suh-2024-scenarios-transition-agi","subject":"anton-korinek","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"korinek-suh-2024-scenarios-transition-agi"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"“Scenarios for the Transition to AGI” (2024-03) credits Anton Korinek as one of its 2 authors.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-03","basis":"publication","note":"Date the source record gives for this text; authorship is credited in the inspected expression."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ap-donghyun-suh-korinek-suh-2024-scenarios-transition-agi","subject":"donghyun-suh","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"korinek-suh-2024-scenarios-transition-agi"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"“Scenarios for the Transition to AGI” (2024-03) credits Donghyun Suh as one of its 2 authors.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-03","basis":"publication","note":"Date the source record gives for this text; authorship is credited in the inspected expression."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ap-eliezer-yudkowsky-lw-2024-the-sun-is-big-but-superintelligences","subject":"eliezer-yudkowsky","predicate":"authored","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"lw-2024-the-sun-is-big-but-superintelligences"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"“The Sun is big, but superintelligences will not spare Earth a little sunlight” (2024-09-23) credits Eliezer Yudkowsky as its author.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-23","basis":"publication","note":"Date the source record gives for this text; authorship is credited in the inspected expression."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d1-cbrn","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear weapons"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d1-cyber","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Cyber operations"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d1-autonomy","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Autonomy, self-improvement or AI research and development"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d1-persuasion","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Persuasion or manipulation"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d1-other","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Other named domains"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d2-levels","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Named levels or thresholds"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d2-definition","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"How a threshold is defined"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d5-cadence","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Evaluation timing"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d7-internal","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Internal reporting"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d7-external","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Public or external reporting"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d8-process","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Revision process and approval"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-rsp-v2-0-d8-changes","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Stated changes from the previous edition"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d1-cbrn","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear weapons"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d1-cyber","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Cyber operations"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d1-autonomy","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Autonomy, self-improvement or AI research and development"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d1-persuasion","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"provision_not_found","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Persuasion or manipulation"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Absence recorded for this edition, dated by its publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d1-other","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Other named domains"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d2-levels","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Named levels or thresholds"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d2-definition","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"How a threshold is defined"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d5-cadence","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Evaluation timing"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d7-internal","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"provision_not_found","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Internal reporting"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Absence recorded for this edition, dated by its publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d7-external","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"provision_not_found","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Public or external reporting"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Absence recorded for this edition, dated by its publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cmp-fsf-2024-d8-process","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Revision process and approval"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Comparison cell for this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"c2-baidu-20f-fy2023-genai-filing","subject":"baidu","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"baidu-20f-fy2023"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Baidu's annual report on Form 20-F, filed on 15 March 2024, states that Baidu completed the security assessment and algorithm filing required under the Generative AI Services Measures and other applicable rules before launching ERNIE Bot to the public.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-03-15","basis":"publication","note":"Filing date of the annual report; the filing does not date the assessment or the algorithm filing."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"c2-governance-tc260-asgf-v1-classification-grading","subject":"tc260-asgf-v1-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Classification and grading of AI systems with a risk-level testing and evaluation system"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-09","basis":"publication","note":"Release date of the cited edition; the provision's own effect or application date is not stated."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"c2-governance-tc260-asgf-v1-end-use-traceability","subject":"tc260-asgf-v1-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Improve end-use traceability to prevent use in manufacturing weapons of mass destruction"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-09","basis":"publication","note":"Release date of the cited edition; the provision's own effect or application date is not stated."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"c2-governance-tc260-asgf-v1-industry-self-discipline","subject":"tc260-asgf-v1-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Industry associations to draw up AI safety self-discipline conventions above regulatory requirements"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-09","basis":"publication","note":"Release date of the cited edition; the provision's own effect or application date is not stated."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"c2-governance-tc260-asgf-v1-published","subject":"tc260","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"tc260-asgf-v1-0"},"topic":"governance","statement":"TC260 (全国网络安全标准化技术委员会) released version 1.0 of the AI Safety Governance Framework on 9 September 2024 at the main forum of the 2024 National Cybersecurity Awareness Week.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-09","basis":"publication","note":"Release date stated in TC260's news item (page dated 2024-09-10); the PDF cover gives 2024年9月."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"c2-governance-tc260-asgf-v1-registration","subject":"tc260-asgf-v1-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Registration and filing of AI systems above compute or reasoning thresholds or in specific sectors"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-09","basis":"publication","note":"Release date of the cited edition; the provision's own effect or application date is not stated."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"c2-governance-tc260-asgf-v1-training-data-cbrn","subject":"tc260-asgf-v1-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Screen training data to exclude sensitive data in high-risk fields such as nuclear, biological, chemical and missile weapons"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-09","basis":"publication","note":"Release date of the cited edition; the provision's own effect or application date is not stated."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-frontier-research","subject":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Risk assessment of frontier applications such as agents and embodied intelligence, with public disclosure"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12","basis":"publication","note":"Cover month of the cited edition (2024年12月)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-pre-release-red-teaming","subject":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Red-team testing of AI models before release or update"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12","basis":"publication","note":"Cover month of the cited edition (2024年12月)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-published","subject":"aiia","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Artificial Intelligence Industry Alliance (AIIA) drafted and issued the Artificial Intelligence Safety Commitments (人工智能安全承诺), a text dated December 2024 whose full text CAICT posted on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12","basis":"publication","note":"Month printed on the cover (2024年12月). The post of 24 December 2024 is the earliest dated expression located in this pack's searches; no earlier release day is stated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-safety-team","subject":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Internal professional team for AI risk assessment and safety governance, with a named safety lead"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12","basis":"publication","note":"Cover month of the cited edition (2024年12月)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-alibaba-group","subject":"alibaba-group","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Alibaba is listed, as 阿里巴巴（中国）有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-ant-group","subject":"ant-group","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Ant Group is listed, as 蚂蚁科技集团股份有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-baidu","subject":"baidu","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Baidu is listed, as 北京百度网讯科技有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-china-mobile","subject":"china-mobile","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"China Mobile is listed, as 中国移动通信集团有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-china-telecom-ai","subject":"china-telecom-ai","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"China Telecom AI is listed, as 中电信人工智能科技有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-deepseek","subject":"deepseek","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"DeepSeek is listed, as 北京深度求索人工智能基础技术研究有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-fourth-paradigm","subject":"fourth-paradigm","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"4Paradigm is listed, as 第四范式（北京）技术有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-huawei","subject":"huawei","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Huawei is listed, as 华为技术有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-iflytek","subject":"iflytek","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"iFlytek is listed, as 科大讯飞股份有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-megvii","subject":"megvii","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Megvii is listed, as 北京旷视科技有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-minimax","subject":"minimax","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"MiniMax is listed, as 上海稀宇科技有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-qihoo-360","subject":"qihoo-360","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"360 is listed, as 三六零安全科技股份有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-sensetime","subject":"sensetime","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"SenseTime is listed, as 上海商汤智能科技有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-tencent","subject":"tencent","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Tencent is listed, as 深圳市腾讯计算机系统有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-volcano-engine","subject":"volcano-engine","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Volcano Engine is listed, as 北京火山引擎科技有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-zero-one-ai","subject":"zero-one-ai","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"01.AI is listed, as 北京零一万物科技有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"c2-governance-aiia-aisc-signatory-zhipu","subject":"zhipu","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aiia-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"Zhipu AI is listed, as 北京智谱华章科技有限公司, among the 17 companies on the initial signatory list (首批签署企业名单) of the AIIA AI Safety Commitments posted by CAICT on 24 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-24","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the post that published the list. The post says the 17 companies of the initial batch signed at a CAICT forum on 23 December 2024; that is the publisher's statement, and the signing of each company is not separately dated."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"listed"}}},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-annex13-criteria","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Annex XIII criteria for designating models with systemic risk"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Annex XIII is applied through Article 51 in Chapter V, which applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art3-gpai-model-definition","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Definition of general-purpose AI model"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Article 3 is in Chapter I, which in the 2024 text applies from 2 February 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (a)); the duties that use the definition are in Chapter V, which applies from 2 August 2025 (point (b); recorded separately). Whether Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 changed point (a) is not recorded here."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art51-3-delegated-thresholds","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Commission to amend thresholds and supplement benchmarks by delegated acts"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Chapter V (Articles 51 to 56) applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art51-classification-conditions","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Systemic-risk classification on either of two conditions"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Chapter V (Articles 51 to 56) applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art51-commission-decision","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Classification by Commission decision, ex officio or on a qualified alert, against Annex XIII"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Chapter V (Articles 51 to 56) applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art52-2-rebuttal","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Provider may argue, with its notification, that the model exceptionally does not present systemic risks"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Chapter V (Articles 51 to 56) applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art52-4-designation","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Commission designation on Annex XIII criteria; delegated acts to amend Annex XIII"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Chapter V (Articles 51 to 56) applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art52-5-reassessment","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Reassessment of a designation on reasoned request, at the earliest six months after the decision"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Chapter V (Articles 51 to 56) applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art52-6-public-list","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Commission to publish and update a list of general-purpose AI models with systemic risk"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Chapter V (Articles 51 to 56) applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art53-1-b-downstream","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Information and documentation for downstream AI system providers"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Chapter V (Articles 51 to 56) applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art53-1-c-copyright-policy","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Copyright compliance policy, including identifying and complying with text-and-data-mining reservations"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Chapter V (Articles 51 to 56) applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art53-1-d-training-summary","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Public, sufficiently detailed summary of training content on the AI Office template"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Chapter V (Articles 51 to 56) applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art53-4-code-reliance","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Providers may rely on codes of practice for Article 53(1) until a harmonised standard is published"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Chapter V (Articles 51 to 56) applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art54-3-tasks","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Mandated tasks of the authorised representative, including keeping Annex XI documentation for 10 years"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Chapter V (Articles 51 to 56) applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art54-authorised-representative","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Third-country providers to appoint an EU authorised representative before placing a model on the Union market"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Chapter V (Articles 51 to 56) applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art55-1-chapeau","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Systemic-risk duties apply in addition to Articles 53 and 54"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Chapter V (Articles 51 to 56) applies from 2 August 2025 (Article 113, third paragraph, point (b); recorded separately)."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art92-3-access","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Commission may request access to the model through APIs or other technical means, including source code"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Article 92 is in Chapter IX, Section 5, which is not among the parts Article 113, third paragraph, point (b), applies from 2 August 2025, so it applies from the general date of 2 August 2026 (recorded separately). Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 does not amend Article 92 or point (b) of Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art92-evaluations","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"AI Office power to conduct evaluations of general-purpose AI models"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 2024-07-12 (the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024). Article 92 is in Chapter IX, Section 5, which is not among the parts Article 113, third paragraph, point (b), applies from 2 August 2025, so it applies from the general date of 2 August 2026 (recorded separately). Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 does not amend Article 92 or point (b) of Article 113."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-cop-draft1-light-detail","subject":"gpai-code-of-practice-draft1-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"A first draft, light in detail"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-14","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the Commission’s publication of the initial draft on 14 November 2024."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-cop-draft1-published","subject":"european-commission","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"gpai-code-of-practice-draft1-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The European Commission published the initial draft of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice on 14 November 2024. The draft is presented by the Chairs and Vice-Chairs of the four working groups, who invited written feedback from Plenary participants and observers by Thursday, 28 November, 12:00 CET.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-14","basis":"publication","note":"The Commission's library page gives the publication date 14 November 2024, as read by the cross-family check (2026-10-28). The draft itself is undated; its feedback deadline names Thursday, 28 November, and its PDF metadata gives creation on 14 November 2024."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-cop-draft1-risk-types","subject":"gpai-code-of-practice-draft1-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Six types of systemic risk: cyber offence; CBRN; loss of control; automated AI R&D; persuasion and manipulation; large-scale discrimination"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-14","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the Commission’s publication of the initial draft on 14 November 2024."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-cop-draft1-ssf","subject":"gpai-code-of-practice-draft1-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Measure 7: adopt, implement and make available a Safety and Security Framework"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-14","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the Commission’s publication of the initial draft on 14 November 2024."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-cop-draft1-ssr-before-market","subject":"gpai-code-of-practice-draft1-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Send Safety and Security Reports to the AI Office before placing a new model with systemic risk on the market"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-14","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the Commission’s publication of the initial draft on 14 November 2024."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-cn-filings-2024-published","subject":"cyberspace-administration-of-china","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"cn-cac-genai-filings-announcement-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"On 3 April 2024 the CAC published an announcement of filed generative AI services under the Interim Measures, stating that further locally filed services would be summarised and updated on its website without further announcements, and that online generative AI applications must display the filed service used, with model name and filing number.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-04-03","basis":"announcement","note":"Date of the gov.cn page (sourced to the CAC website)."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-intl-seoul-declaration-hiroshima","subject":"seoul-declaration-2024","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"g7-hiroshima-code-of-conduct-2023"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Seoul Declaration states that its participants continue to focus on supporting the operationalisation of the Hiroshima Process International Code of Conduct for Organizations Developing Advanced AI Systems.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-intl-seoul-declaration-notes-fasc","subject":"seoul-declaration-2024","predicate":"cites","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"frontier-ai-safety-commitments-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Seoul Declaration recognises the particular responsibility of organisations developing and deploying frontier AI and, in that regard, notes the Frontier AI Safety Commitments.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-intl-seoul-declaration-participants","subject":"seoul-declaration-2024","predicate":"lists_participants","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Australia, Canada, the European Union, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of Singapore, the United Kingdom, the United States of America"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Seoul Declaration opens as a statement of world leaders representing ten countries and the European Union (count made by Selekoa).","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-05-21","note":"Date as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"listing":{"count":11,"countBasis":"counted"}}},{"id":"fl-intl-seoul-declaration-published","subject":"dsit","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"seoul-declaration-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Department for Science, Innovation and Technology published the Seoul Declaration for safe, innovative and inclusive AI, with the annexed Statement of Intent on AI safety science, on GOV.UK on 21 May 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-intl-seoul-ministerial-cbrn-risk","subject":"seoul-ministerial-statement-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Recognises that severe risks could be posed by a model or system capability to meaningfully assist non-state actors with chemical or biological weapons."},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-22","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-intl-seoul-ministerial-developer-responsibility","subject":"seoul-ministerial-statement-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Reaffirms the particular responsibility of developers for the safety of frontier AI models or systems."},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-22","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-intl-seoul-ministerial-participants","subject":"seoul-ministerial-statement-2024","predicate":"lists_participants","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, the Netherlands, Nigeria, New Zealand, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Rwanda, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Republic of Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the representative of the European Union"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Seoul Ministerial Statement is made in the names of the ministers of 27 countries and the representative of the European Union (count made by Selekoa); China is not among those named.","time":{"kind":"snapshot","date":"2024-05-22","note":"As served on GOV.UK on 2026-10-27; the page shows no update."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"listing":{"count":28,"countBasis":"counted"}}},{"id":"fl-intl-seoul-ministerial-proposals-for-paris","subject":"seoul-ministerial-statement-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Plans collaboration to identify severe-risk thresholds and define frontier capabilities that could pose severe risks, with the ambition of developing proposals before the AI Action Summit in France."},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-22","basis":"publication","note":"The statement sets the AI Action Summit as the horizon, not a calendar date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-intl-seoul-ministerial-published","subject":"dsit","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"seoul-ministerial-statement-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Department for Science, Innovation and Technology published the Seoul Ministerial Statement for advancing AI safety, innovation and inclusivity on GOV.UK on 22 May 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-22","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-intl-seoul-ministerial-thresholds","subject":"seoul-ministerial-statement-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Acknowledges the signatories' role, in partnership with others, in identifying thresholds at which frontier AI risks would be severe without appropriate mitigations."},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-22","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-eu-aia-art113-entry-into-force","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Entry into force: the twentieth day following publication (computed: 1 August 2024)"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-08-01","basis":"effective","note":"Computed from the Article 113 rule and the Official Journal date 12.7.2024; Article 113 states no calendar date (decision 4). Entry into force is distinct from the dates of application, recorded separately."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-us-nist-ai-800-1-ipd-published","subject":"us-ai-safety-institute","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"nist-ai-800-1-ipd-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The U.S. AI Safety Institute issued the initial public draft of NIST AI 800-1, \"Managing Misuse Risk for Dual-Use Foundation Models\", dated July 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07","basis":"publication","note":"Month from the title page."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-us-aisi-agreement-anthropic-announced","subject":"us-ai-safety-institute","predicate":"evaluation_engagement","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"governance","statement":"On 29 August 2024 NIST announced that the U.S. AI Safety Institute had agreements (a Memorandum of Understanding with each company) enabling collaboration on AI safety research, testing and evaluation with Anthropic, including access to major new models before and after public release.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-08-29","basis":"announcement","note":"Date of the announcement, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","evaluatedSystem":"The company's major new models, before and after their public release (as announced)","activityScope":"Formal collaboration on AI safety research, testing and evaluation under a memorandum of understanding (its text not inspected)"}},{"id":"fl-us-aisi-agreement-openai-announced","subject":"us-ai-safety-institute","predicate":"evaluation_engagement","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"governance","statement":"On 29 August 2024 NIST announced that the U.S. AI Safety Institute had agreements (a Memorandum of Understanding with each company) enabling collaboration on AI safety research, testing and evaluation with OpenAI, including access to major new models before and after public release.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-08-29","basis":"announcement","note":"Date of the announcement, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"announced","evaluatedSystem":"The company's major new models, before and after their public release (as announced)","activityScope":"Formal collaboration on AI safety research, testing and evaluation under a memorandum of understanding (its text not inspected)"}},{"id":"fl-us-bis-reporting-nprm-published","subject":"us-bureau-of-industry-and-security","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"us-bis-ai-reporting-nprm-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Bureau of Industry and Security published a proposed rule, with request for comment, establishing reporting requirements for the development of advanced AI models and computing clusters under Executive Order 14110, in the Federal Register of 11 September 2024, with comments due by 11 October 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-11","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-us-bis-reporting-nprm-quarterly-notification","subject":"us-bis-ai-reporting-nprm-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Proposed quarterly notification for training runs above 10^26 operations (proposed 15 CFR 702.7(a))"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-11","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-us-aisi-preeval-claude35-published","subject":"us-ai-safety-institute","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"us-uk-aisi-preeval-claude-35-sonnet-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"On 19 November 2024 NIST published a summary of a joint US AISI–UK AISI pre-deployment evaluation of Anthropic’s upgraded Claude 3.5 Sonnet, stating that findings were shared with Anthropic before public release.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-19","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-us-aisi-preeval-o1-published","subject":"us-ai-safety-institute","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"us-uk-aisi-preeval-o1-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"On 18 December 2024 NIST published a summary of a joint US AISI–UK AISI pre-deployment evaluation of OpenAI’s o1, stating that findings were shared with OpenAI before public release.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-18","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-us-ca-sb1047-passed-senate","subject":"california-state-senate","predicate":"passed","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ca-sb1047-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"According to the author’s office, the California Senate passed SB 1047 by 32 votes to 1 on 21 May 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-21","note":"Senate floor vote on the bill as it then stood."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-us-ca-sb1047-passed-assembly","subject":"california-state-assembly","predicate":"passed","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ca-sb1047-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"According to the author’s office, the California State Assembly passed SB 1047 by 49 votes to 15 on 28 August 2024, returning it to the Senate.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-08-28","note":"Assembly floor vote."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-us-ca-sb1047-senate-final-vote","subject":"california-state-senate","predicate":"passed","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ca-sb1047-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"According to the author’s office, the California Senate passed SB 1047 by 29 votes to 9 on 29 August 2024, sending it to the Governor.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-08-29","note":"Senate vote on the bill as amended in the Assembly (the release calls it a final vote)."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-us-ca-sb1047-vetoed","subject":"governor-of-california","predicate":"vetoed","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ca-sb1047-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Governor of California returned SB 1047 to the Senate without his signature by a veto message dated 29 September 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-29","note":"Date stamp on the letter (OCR \"SEP 2 9 2024\")."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"fl-uk-us-aisi-mou-signed","subject":"dsit","predicate":"signed_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"uk-us-ai-safety-mou-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"A GOV.UK press release of 2 April 2024 announces that the UK and US signed a Memorandum of Understanding, on 1 April 2024 as the release states, to work together on developing tests for the most advanced AI models, signed by Michelle Donelan and Gina Raimondo as Technology Secretary and US Commerce Secretary.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-04-02","basis":"announcement","note":"Dated by the GOV.UK release (“Published 2 April 2024”). The release states that the memorandum was signed on Monday 1 April 2024; the memorandum’s text was not inspected, so the signature date is recorded as stated, not as a signature record."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"stage":"signed","scope":"UK–US cooperation between the AI Safety Institutes"}}},{"id":"fl-uk-kings-speech-2024-frontier-legislation","subject":"uk-kings-speech-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The government will seek to establish appropriate legislation to place requirements on those working to develop the most powerful AI models."},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-17","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as the edition states it, dated by its date of publication, 2024-07-17. GOV.UK “Delivered on: 17 July 2024”, recorded as its date of publication."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cpo-pw-cn-dc-plan-issued","subject":"cn-ndrc","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"cn-dc-green-low-carbon-plan-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The NDRC, MIIT, NEA and National Data Administration issued the Special Action Plan for the Green and Low-Carbon Development of Data Centres under document number 发改环资〔2024〕970号, dated 3 July 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-03","basis":"publication","note":"成文日期 on the gov.cn notice page; public release later in July 2024 (PDF attachment file name dated 2024-07-24). Date of issue as the text gives it (the document date or date line), recorded as its date of publication as in earlier admissions; no signing event is shown."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cpo-ch-cn-mofcom-2024-46-us","subject":"cn-mofcom-2024-46","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"In principle no licences for gallium, germanium, antimony and superhard-material exports to the United States"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-03","basis":"publication","note":"Effective on publication. Date of issue as the text gives it (the document date or date line), recorded as its date of publication as in earlier admissions; no signing event is shown."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cpo-ch-bis-fdp-hbm-2024-hbm","subject":"us-bis-fdp-hbm-ifr-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"New controls on high bandwidth memory (ECCN 3A090.c)"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-05","basis":"publication","note":"Compliance date for the HBM controls: 31 December 2024."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cpo-ch-bis-fdp-hbm-2024-published","subject":"us-bureau-of-industry-and-security","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"us-bis-fdp-hbm-ifr-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Bureau of Industry and Security published the interim final rule \"Foreign-Produced Direct Product Rule Additions, and Refinements to Controls for Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items\" in the Federal Register of 5 December 2024, effective 2 December 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-05","basis":"publication","note":"Effective 2 December 2024, before publication; compliance dates for several instructions (including the HBM controls) 31 December 2024."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cpo-orb-ascend-results","subject":"thales-alenia-space","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ascend-results-release-2024"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Thales Alenia Space announced the results of the ASCEND feasibility study on 27 June 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-06-27","basis":"publication","note":"Dateline of the release."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cpo-orb-oc1-lumen-2024","subject":"lumen-orbit-wp-2024","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"oc1-orbital-solar-supply"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The Lumen Orbit white paper (September 2024) argues that data centres in orbit can use solar power around the clock, unhindered by night, weather and the atmosphere.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2024-12-24","note":"The cover prints September 2024 (v1.01). The earliest copy located is an Internet Archive capture of 24 December 2024, which the cross-family check found byte-identical to the copy retrieved for the pack and again at admission; this admission could not reach the Archive."}}}},{"id":"cpo-orb-oc2-ascend-2024","subject":"ascend-results-release-2024","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"oc2-radiative-cooling-advantage"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The ASCEND results release (June 2024) states that space data centres would not require water to cool them.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-06-27","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction"}}},{"id":"cpo-orb-oc2-lumen-2024","subject":"lumen-orbit-wp-2024","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"oc2-radiative-cooling-advantage"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The Lumen Orbit white paper (September 2024) argues that orbital data centres can lower cooling costs by passive radiative cooling to space.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["articulation"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2024-12-24","note":"The cover prints September 2024 (v1.01). The earliest copy located is an Internet Archive capture of 24 December 2024, which the cross-family check found byte-identical to the copy retrieved for the pack and again at admission."}}}},{"id":"cpo-orb-oc3-lumen-2024","subject":"lumen-orbit-wp-2024","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"oc3-terrestrial-constraints"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The Lumen Orbit white paper (September 2024) argues that orbital data centres can be scaled almost indefinitely without the physical or permitting constraints faced on Earth.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2024-12-24","note":"The cover prints September 2024 (v1.01). The earliest copy located is an Internet Archive capture of 24 December 2024, which the cross-family check found byte-identical to the copy retrieved for the pack and again at admission."}}}},{"id":"cpo-orb-oc4-lumen-2024","subject":"lumen-orbit-wp-2024","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"oc4-launch-cost-condition"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The Lumen Orbit white paper (September 2024) assumes a long-term launch price of about $30 per kilogram and argues that at such prices launch is no longer a primary cost driver.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2024-12-24","note":"The cover prints September 2024 (v1.01). The earliest copy located is an Internet Archive capture of 24 December 2024, which the cross-family check found byte-identical to the copy retrieved for the pack and again at admission."},"estimates":[{"holder":"stated in the text","value":"about USD 30 per kg","horizon":"as stated in the text","definition":"launch price per kilogram","conditional":true,"conditions":"launch price per kilogram, stated expectation"}]}}},{"id":"cpo-orb-oc5-ascend-2024","subject":"ascend-results-release-2024","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"oc5-lifecycle-emissions"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The ASCEND results release (June 2024) states that, to significantly reduce the CO2 emissions of data processing and storage, space data centres would require a launcher ten times less emissive over its lifecycle.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-06-27","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"Conditional on a launcher ten times less emissive over its lifecycle."}}},{"id":"cpo-orb-oc6-lumen-2024","subject":"lumen-orbit-wp-2024","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"oc6-heat-rejection-limit"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The Lumen Orbit white paper (September 2024) states that a gigawatt-scale orbital data centre would need radiators dissipating gigawatts of heat, by far the largest deployed in space, while estimating them at under half the solar-array size.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"a statement that heat rejection is a significant constraint: the paper presents the radiator requirement as manageable","attested":{"date":"2024-12-24","note":"The cover prints September 2024 (v1.01). The earliest copy located is an Internet Archive capture of 24 December 2024, which the cross-family check found byte-identical to the copy retrieved for the pack and again at admission."}}}},{"id":"cpo-orb-oc7-lumen-2024","subject":"lumen-orbit-wp-2024","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"oc7-radiation-effects"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The Lumen Orbit white paper (September 2024) states that shielding is required against radiation-induced latch-up, transients and total-dose effects in sensitive components, while arguing that shielding mass per unit of compute falls with container size.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2024-12-24","note":"The cover prints September 2024 (v1.01). The earliest copy located is an Internet Archive capture of 24 December 2024, which the cross-family check found byte-identical to the copy retrieved for the pack and again at admission."}}}},{"id":"cpo-orb-oc8-lumen-2024","subject":"lumen-orbit-wp-2024","predicate":"bears_on_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"oc8-no-repair"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The Lumen Orbit white paper (September 2024) states that its design lets compute containers and other modules be swapped out to replace old or faulty equipment.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["context"],"register":"nonfiction","missing":"a statement that repair in orbit is impracticable: it describes a design with swappable modules","attested":{"date":"2024-12-24","note":"The cover prints September 2024 (v1.01). The earliest copy located is an Internet Archive capture of 24 December 2024, which the cross-family check found byte-identical to the copy retrieved for the pack and again at admission."}}}},{"id":"cpo-orb-oc11-lumen-2024","subject":"lumen-orbit-wp-2024","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"oc11-sky-and-debris"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The Lumen Orbit white paper (September 2024) argues that, if best practices are followed, terrestrial astronomy is unlikely to be affected by orbital data centres in its chosen dawn-dusk orbit, while naming debris mitigation as a key hurdle.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"publication","note":"Date of publication, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","attested":{"date":"2024-12-24","note":"The cover prints September 2024 (v1.01). The earliest copy located is an Internet Archive capture of 24 December 2024, which the cross-family check found byte-identical to the copy retrieved for the pack and again at admission."}}}},{"id":"cpo-orb-lumen-wp-published","subject":"starcloud","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"lumen-orbit-wp-2024"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"Lumen Orbit (now Starcloud) published the white paper \"Why we should train AI in space\", whose version 1.01 is dated September 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"publication","note":"Month printed on the v1.01 cover; no day given."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cpo-dc-crusoe-abilene-initial-phase","subject":"crusoe-abilene-campus","predicate":"status_stated","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"initial phase under construction since June 2024; energization targeted for first half of 2025"},"topic":"compute","statement":"Crusoe stated in March 2025 that it began constructing its Abilene AI data center in June 2024 and that the initial phase, two buildings and 200+ megawatts, was expected to be energized in the first half of 2025.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2025-03-18","basis":"announcement","note":"Date of the announcement, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"quantity":{"value":200,"unit":"MW (as worded: \"200+ megawatts\")","bound":"more_than","measures":"not_stated"},"statedDates":[{"kind":"construction_start_stated","date":"2024-06","statedBy":"crusoe"},{"kind":"target_operation","date":"2025","wording":"first half of 2025","statedBy":"crusoe"}]}},{"id":"cpo-dc-meta-richland-announced","subject":"meta","predicate":"announced_site","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"meta-richland-parish"},"topic":"compute","statement":"Louisiana Economic Development announced on 4 December 2024 that Meta would build a $10 billion artificial intelligence data center in Richland Parish, northeast Louisiana.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-04","basis":"announcement","note":"Date of the announcement, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionStage":"announced","amount":{"value":10000000000,"currency":"USD","bound":"exact","scope":"project","scopeNote":"planned investment, as stated"}}},{"id":"cpo-pw-amazon-dominion-north-anna","subject":"amazon","predicate":"power_agreement","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"dominion-energy"},"topic":"compute","statement":"Amazon announced on 16 October 2024 an agreement with Dominion Energy to explore developing a small modular reactor project near Dominion's North Anna nuclear station, which Amazon said would bring at least 300 MW of power to the Virginia region.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-16","basis":"announcement","note":"Date from the page's datePublished metadata (2024-10-16); the page text shows no date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionStage":"announced","quantity":{"value":300,"unit":"megawatts (as worded: 'at least 300 megawatts of power')","bound":"at_least","measures":"not_stated"},"power":{"technology":"nuclear","mechanism":"smr_development"},"stageWording":"signed an agreement to explore"}},{"id":"cpo-pw-amazon-energy-northwest","subject":"amazon","predicate":"power_agreement","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"energy-northwest"},"topic":"compute","statement":"Amazon announced on 16 October 2024 an agreement with Energy Northwest to enable development of four advanced small modular reactors in Washington, expected to generate roughly 320 MW in a first phase with an option to increase to 960 MW.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-16","basis":"announcement","note":"Date from the page's datePublished metadata (2024-10-16); the page text shows no date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionStage":"announced","quantity":{"value":320,"unit":"MW first phase, option to 960 MW total (as worded)","bound":"approximate","measures":"generation_capacity"},"statedDates":[{"kind":"target_operation","wording":"early 2030s","statedBy":"amazon"}],"power":{"technology":"nuclear","mechanism":"smr_development"}}},{"id":"cpo-pw-cn-dc-plan-green-power-2025","subject":"cn-dc-green-low-carbon-plan-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Task (4): by end-2025, an initial computing–power coordination mechanism and over 80% green electricity for new data centres at national hub nodes"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-03","basis":"publication","note":"Date of issue as the text gives it (the document date or date line), recorded as its date of publication as in earlier admissions; no signing event is shown."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"cpo-pw-msft-constellation-crane-ppa","subject":"constellation-energy","predicate":"power_agreement","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"microsoft"},"topic":"compute","statement":"Constellation announced on 20 September 2024 that it had signed a 20-year power purchase agreement with Microsoft that would pave the way for restarting Three Mile Island Unit 1 as the Crane Clean Energy Center, with Microsoft purchasing energy from the plant as part of its goal to match the power its PJM data centers use with carbon-free energy.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09-20","basis":"announcement","note":"Signing stated by Constellation in the release; the signature date itself is not given."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionStage":"contracted","quantity":{"value":835,"unit":"megawatts (as worded: 'approximately 835 megawatts of carbon-free energy to the grid')","bound":"approximate","measures":"grid_connection"},"statedDates":[{"kind":"target_operation","date":"2028","statedBy":"constellation-energy"}],"power":{"technology":"nuclear","mechanism":"restart"},"term":"20 years (as stated)"}},{"id":"cpo-pw-google-kairos-agreement","subject":"google","predicate":"power_agreement","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"kairos-power"},"topic":"compute","statement":"Google announced on 14 October 2024 an agreement to purchase nuclear energy from multiple small modular reactors to be developed by Kairos Power, intended to bring the first reactor online by 2030 with further deployments through 2035, enabling up to 500 MW of power to US grids.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-14","basis":"announcement","note":"Date of the announcement, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionStage":"announced","quantity":{"value":500,"unit":"MW (as worded: 'up to 500 MW of new 24/7 carbon-free power')","bound":"up_to","measures":"grid_connection"},"statedDates":[{"kind":"target_operation","date":"2030","statedBy":"google"},{"kind":"target_operation","date":"2035","statedBy":"google"}],"power":{"technology":"nuclear","mechanism":"smr_development"}}},{"id":"cpo-pw-meta-nuclear-rfp","subject":"meta","predicate":"announced_plan","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Request for proposals for 1–4 GW of new US nuclear generation capacity"},"topic":"compute","statement":"Meta announced on 3 December 2024 a request for proposals to identify nuclear energy developers, aiming to add 1–4 GW of new US nuclear generation capacity delivered from the early 2030s, citing grids that power its data centers.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-03","basis":"announcement","note":"Date of the announcement, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"quantity":{"value":4,"unit":"GW of new nuclear generation capacity (as worded: a range of 1 to 4 GW)","bound":"up_to","measures":"generation_capacity","range":{"from":1,"to":4}},"statedDates":[{"kind":"delivery_target","wording":"early 2030s","statedBy":"meta"}],"power":{"technology":"nuclear","mechanism":"other"}}},{"id":"cpo-pw-talen-aws-cumulus-sale","subject":"talen-energy","predicate":"power_agreement","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"aws"},"topic":"compute","statement":"Talen announced on 4 March 2024 the sale of its Cumulus data-centre campus in north-eastern Pennsylvania, connected to its Susquehanna nuclear plant; its release does not name the buyer, which Talen’s results of 14 March 2024 name as AWS, as the cross-family check read both. World Nuclear News later reported the 960 MW campus sold to AWS with a long-term power supply agreement.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-03-04","basis":"announcement","note":"Date of Talen’s release, as the cross-family check read it in a capture."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionStage":"announced","quantity":{"value":960,"unit":"MW (as worded: '960 MW Cumulus data centre campus')","bound":"exact","measures":"not_stated"},"power":{"technology":"nuclear","mechanism":"supply"}}},{"id":"cpo-pw-amazon-talen-colocation","subject":"amazon","predicate":"power_agreement","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"talen-energy"},"topic":"compute","statement":"Amazon stated on 16 October 2024 that it had previously signed an agreement to co-locate a data center facility next to Talen Energy's nuclear facility in Pennsylvania, which would directly power its data centers with carbon-free energy.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-16","basis":"announcement","note":"Date of Amazon's statement, from the page's datePublished metadata (2024-10-16; the page text shows no date); the agreement's own date is not given."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"transactionStage":"contracted","power":{"technology":"nuclear","mechanism":"onsite_generation"}}},{"id":"cpo-pw-ferc-susquehanna-isa-rejected","subject":"us-ferc","predicate":"regulator_decision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Rejection of the amended Susquehanna Interconnection Service Agreement (co-located load 300 MW to 480 MW)"},"topic":"governance","statement":"FERC, by order issued on 1 November 2024 (189 FERC ¶ 61,078, Docket ER24-2172), rejected the amended Interconnection Service Agreement among PJM, Susquehanna Nuclear and PPL Electric Utilities, which would have increased the co-located load at the Susquehanna plant from 300 MW to 480 MW. World Nuclear News reported the rejection on 4 November 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-01","basis":"publication","note":"Date the order was issued, as it states; the report is dated 4 November 2024."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"quantity":{"value":480,"unit":"MW co-located load (proposed, up from 300 MW)","bound":"exact","measures":"facility_power"},"power":{"technology":"nuclear","mechanism":"interconnection"}}},{"id":"cpo-ch-tsmc-chips-preliminary","subject":"us-department-of-commerce","predicate":"government_award","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"tsmc-arizona"},"topic":"capital","statement":"President Biden’s statement of 8 April 2024 said the Department of Commerce was announcing a preliminary agreement with TSMC to support the construction of leading-edge semiconductor manufacturing facilities in the United States, and that TSMC would also build a third chip factory in Phoenix, increasing its total investment in Arizona to $65 billion.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-04-08","basis":"announcement","note":"Date of the presidential statement; NIST later dates the preliminary memorandum of terms to an announcement of 8 April 2024."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"awardStage":"preliminary"}},{"id":"cpo-ch-tsmc-chips-final-award","subject":"us-department-of-commerce","predicate":"government_award","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"tsmc-arizona"},"topic":"capital","statement":"NIST announced on 15 November 2024 that the Department of Commerce had awarded TSMC Arizona up to $6.6 billion in direct CHIPS Incentives funding, to be disbursed on completion of project milestones, plus up to $5 billion of proposed loans, supporting a planned investment of more than $65 billion in three Phoenix fabs; the release says the chips will power artificial intelligence among other industries.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-15","basis":"announcement","note":"Date of the NIST release announcing the final award; the award agreement itself was not retrieved (integrator’s correction before the audit: basis was \"approval\")."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"amount":{"value":6600000000,"currency":"USD","bound":"up_to","scope":"transaction","scopeNote":"direct funding"},"awardStage":"final"}},{"id":"cpo-orb-ascend-1gw-aim","subject":"thales-alenia-space","predicate":"announced_plan","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"ASCEND: deploy one gigawatt of space data centres before 2050"},"topic":"compute","statement":"Thales Alenia Space stated that ASCEND aims to deploy one gigawatt before 2050.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-06-27","basis":"announcement","note":"Date of the announcement, as the source gives it."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"quantity":{"value":1,"unit":"GW (as worded: 'one gigawatt')","bound":"exact","measures":"not_stated"},"statedDates":[{"kind":"target_operation","date":"2050","statedBy":"thales-alenia-space"}]}},{"id":"ab-fw-fsf-2024-bio-amateur-enablement-level-1","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Bio amateur enablement level 1: significantly enabling a non-expert to develop known biothreats"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-fw-fsf-2024-bio-expert-enablement-level-1","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Bio expert enablement level 1: significantly enabling an expert to develop novel biothreats"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-fw-fsf-2024-biosecurity-domain-definition","subject":"fsf-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Biosecurity risk domain: risks of models assisting in the development, preparation and/or execution of a biological attack"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-17","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s publication date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-fw-rsp-v2-0-cbrn-assessment-baseline","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"CBRN threshold assessed against 2023-level online resources, with funding and up to a year but no initial specialised expertise"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-fw-rsp-v2-0-cbrn-capabilities-list-sharing","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"A list of specific CBRN capabilities of concern is maintained, treated as sensitive, and planned to be shared with AI Safety Institutes and the Frontier Model Forum"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-fw-rsp-v2-0-cbrn-required-safeguards","subject":"rsp-v2-0","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"CBRN Capability Threshold requires the ASL-3 Deployment Standard and the ASL-3 Security Standard"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-15","basis":"effective","note":"Provision as stated in this edition, dated by the edition’s effective date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-scr-ostp-framework-eo14110-link","subject":"us-ostp-nucleic-acid-synthesis-screening-framework-2024","predicate":"references_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"us-eo-14110-2023"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Framework for Nucleic Acid Synthesis Screening states that the committee that produced it was established in 2023 to develop a framework for nucleic acid synthesis screening pursuant to section 4.4(b)(i) of Executive Order 14110.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"revision","note":"Dated by the revision of September 2024, the expression in which the wording was checked. The framework was first released on 29 April 2024, and the April edition was not retrieved, so that release is not treated as authenticating this wording."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"link":"responds_to"}}},{"id":"ab-scr-ostp-framework-published","subject":"us-ostp","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"us-ostp-nucleic-acid-synthesis-screening-framework-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Office of Science and Technology Policy released the Framework for Nucleic Acid Synthesis Screening on 29 April 2024, and the copy served from the Biden White House archive on 28 October 2026 is marked as revised in September 2024, with April 2024 given as version 1.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-04-29","basis":"publication","note":"Release date stated by the HHS ASPR page, which adds 'revised September 2024'. The retrieved copy's cover carries 'Revised: September 2024' and '2024 Version 1: April 2024'; the day of the September 2024 revision is not stated and stays unknown. Version 1 of April 2024 was not retrieved."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-scr-ostp-framework-2026-review","subject":"us-ostp-nucleic-acid-synthesis-screening-framework-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Interagency review before 13 October 2026 and recurring review of the framework"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"revision","note":"Provision as the retrieved expression states it: the copy marked 'Revised: September 2024', whose day is not stated, so the record carries the September 2024 revision as its date and basis; the release of 29 April 2024 is dated in the sibling record recorded separately. The date 13 October 2026 is the framework's own, three years after the 2023 HHS guidance was issued."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-scr-ostp-framework-attestation","subject":"us-ostp-nucleic-acid-synthesis-screening-framework-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Attestation criterion for adherence (criterion 1), with signature, contact, annual update and 72-hour notification"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"revision","note":"Provision as the text states it, dated by its date of revision, September 2024. Release date 29 April 2024 from the HHS ASPR page, which also gives 'revised September 2024'; the cover of the retrieved copy carries 'Revised: September 2024' and '2024 Version 1: April 2024'. The day of the September 2024 revision is not stated and stays unknown. The framework's own effective date for the funding requirement, 26 April 2025, is recorded as a claim."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-scr-ostp-framework-exceptions","subject":"us-ostp-nucleic-acid-synthesis-screening-framework-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Case-by-case exceptions by heads of federal funding agencies"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"revision","note":"Provision as the text states it, dated by its date of revision, September 2024. Release date 29 April 2024 from the HHS ASPR page, which also gives 'revised September 2024'; the cover of the retrieved copy carries 'Revised: September 2024' and '2024 Version 1: April 2024'. The day of the September 2024 revision is not stated and stays unknown. The framework's own effective date for the funding requirement, 26 April 2025, is recorded as a claim."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-scr-ostp-framework-scope","subject":"us-ostp-nucleic-acid-synthesis-screening-framework-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Scope: federally funded life sciences research procurement, and the providers and manufacturers whose distribution is covered"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"revision","note":"Provision as the text states it, dated by its date of revision, September 2024. Release date 29 April 2024 from the HHS ASPR page, which also gives 'revised September 2024'; the cover of the retrieved copy carries 'Revised: September 2024' and '2024 Version 1: April 2024'. The day of the September 2024 revision is not stated and stays unknown. The framework's own effective date for the funding requirement, 26 April 2025, is recorded as a claim."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-scr-uk-guidance-addressees","subject":"uk-synthetic-nucleic-acids-screening-guidance-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Addressees: all entities involved in the provision and use of synthetic nucleic acids operating in the UK"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-08","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as the published expression states it, dated by its publication on GOV.UK."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-scr-uk-guidance-ai-in-background","subject":"uk-synthetic-nucleic-acids-screening-guidance-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Stated reason for the guidance, naming converging technologies such as AI"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-08","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as the published expression states it, dated by its publication on GOV.UK."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-scr-uk-guidance-customer-screening","subject":"uk-synthetic-nucleic-acids-screening-guidance-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Customer screening: identity verification, retention of screening information and re-verification at least every 18 months"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-08","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as the published expression states it, dated by its publication on GOV.UK."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-scr-uk-guidance-published","subject":"dsit","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"uk-synthetic-nucleic-acids-screening-guidance-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The UK screening guidance on synthetic nucleic acids for users and providers was published on GOV.UK on 8 October 2024, described there as guidance for users and providers involved in the provision, use and transfer of synthetic nucleic acids and of benchtop equipment that synthesises nucleic acids in the UK.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-08","basis":"publication","note":"The GOV.UK publication page states 'Published: 8 October 2024'. The GOV.UK search API returns a public timestamp of 2024-10-07 for the same page; the page's own stated date is used."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-scr-uk-guidance-scope","subject":"uk-synthetic-nucleic-acids-screening-guidance-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Standing: the guidance sets out expected standards of responsible practice"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-08","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as the published expression states it, dated by its publication on GOV.UK."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-scr-uk-guidance-statutory-notification","subject":"uk-synthetic-nucleic-acids-screening-guidance-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Where an order engages statutory controls, the provider must ask the user for proof of notification or licence"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-08","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as the published expression states it, dated by its publication on GOV.UK."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-scr-uk-guidance-website-statement","subject":"uk-synthetic-nucleic-acids-screening-guidance-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Providers aligned to the guidance should note this on their website"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-08","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as the published expression states it, dated by its publication on GOV.UK."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-scr-ostp-framework-funding-requirement-effective","subject":"us-ostp-nucleic-acid-synthesis-screening-framework-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Date from which the funding requirement applies to purchases (26 April 2025)"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-09","basis":"revision","note":"Provision as the text states it, dated by its date of revision, September 2024. Release date 29 April 2024 from the HHS ASPR page, which also gives 'revised September 2024'; the cover of the retrieved copy carries 'Revised: September 2024' and '2024 Version 1: April 2024'. The day of the September 2024 revision is not stated and stays unknown. The framework's own effective date for the funding requirement, 26 April 2025, is recorded as a claim."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-gov-eu-ai-act-annex13-biological-sequences","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Annex XIII, point (d): the specific type of inputs and outputs, with biological sequences as its example"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 12 July 2024. Annex XIII is applied through Article 51; the application dates are recorded in the dataset."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-gov-eu-ai-act-no-article-cbrn","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"provision_not_found","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"No article of the Regulation names chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear risk"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Absence recorded for the Official Journal expression of 12 July 2024; amendments made after that date, including Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, were not searched."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-gov-eu-ai-act-recital110-cbrn","subject":"eu-ai-act-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Recital 110: CBRN risks among the risks international approaches have identified for general-purpose AI models"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-07-12","basis":"publication","note":"Provision as published in the Official Journal on 12 July 2024; the Regulation is dated 13 June 2024. A recital states reasoning and is not itself an obligation."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-gov-us-nsm-ai-2024-issued","subject":"us-white-house","predicate":"enacted","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"us-nsm-ai-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The White House issued the national security memorandum on advancing United States leadership in artificial intelligence, harnessing AI for national security objectives and fostering AI safety, security and trustworthiness, posted on its briefing-room page under the date 24 October 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-24","basis":"publication","note":"The date line of the archived White House page. The cached text carries no signature line, no memorandum number and no Federal Register citation, so the date is the page's publication date, not a stated signature date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-gov-us-nsm-aisi-guidance-bio-chem","subject":"us-nsm-ai-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Guidance topic: how to measure capabilities relevant to the risk that AI models could enable development of biological and chemical weapons (Sec. 3.3(e)(ii)(A))"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-24","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the memorandum's posting; the directive runs 180 days from that date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-gov-us-nsm-aisi-two-models","subject":"us-nsm-ai-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Voluntary preliminary pre-deployment testing of at least two frontier AI models, assessing biological and chemical weapons capabilities (Sec. 3.3(e)(i))"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-24","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the memorandum's posting; the directive runs 180 days from that date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-gov-us-nsm-aisi-unclassified-testing","subject":"us-nsm-ai-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Enduring capability for voluntary unclassified pre-deployment safety testing, including biosecurity and chemical weapons assessments (Sec. 3.3(c))"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-24","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the memorandum's posting; the subsection states no deadline for this directive."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-gov-us-nsm-classified-evaluations","subject":"us-nsm-ai-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Classified evaluations of AI models' capacity to generate or exacerbate deliberate chemical and biological threats, with a roadmap and safeguards (Sec. 3.3(g)(i))"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-24","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the memorandum's posting; the roadmap directive runs 210 days from that date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-gov-us-nsm-fulfils-eo14110","subject":"us-nsm-ai-2024","predicate":"references_commitment","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"us-eo-14110-2023"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The national security memorandum of 24 October 2024 states in its first section that it fulfils the directive set out in subsection 4.8 of Executive Order 14110.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-24","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the memorandum's posting; Executive Order 14110 is dated 30 October 2023."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"commitment":{"link":"fulfils"}}},{"id":"ab-gov-us-nsm-publishing-best-practices","subject":"us-nsm-ai-2024","predicate":"states_provision","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Convening on voluntary best practices for publishing computational biological and chemical models and data sets (Sec. 3.3(g)(iv))"},"topic":"governance","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-10-24","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the memorandum's posting; the directive runs 180 days from that date."},"resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-ev-rand-redteam-no-difference","subject":"rand-bio-redteam-report-2024","predicate":"states_evaluation_result","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The report states that it found no statistically significant difference in the viability of the plans its red cells produced with or without large language model assistance."},"topic":"governance","statement":"RAND’s red-team study states that it found no statistically significant difference in the viability of the plans produced by its red cells with or without large language model assistance, for the two models and the twelve cells of its main comparison.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-01-25","basis":"publication","note":"The result as published on 25 January 2024; the report describes the models as those existing as of summer 2023."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"evaluatedSystem":"Two unnamed large language models, referred to as LLM A and LLM B, as available in summer 2023","evaluation":{"what":"Whether access to a large language model meaningfully increased the feasibility of planning a biological attack, relative to internet access alone","how":"A red-team study: teams worked under an internet-only control condition or with model access, and their outputs were scored on a nine-point scale by subject matter experts through an adjudication process","result":"No statistically significant difference in the viability of the plans produced with or without model assistance, in the combined analysis and in the per-model comparisons","caveats":"The report states that participants might have lacked the expertise to emulate actual attackers, that the study design could have impeded realistic planning, that it did not measure the distance between the capability frontier and the knowledge needed, and that it would widen the test in future work."}}},{"id":"ab-ev-rand-redteam-published","subject":"rand-corporation","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"rand-bio-redteam-report-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"RAND published 'The Operational Risks of AI in Large-Scale Biological Attacks: Results of a Red-Team Study' (RR-A2977-2) on 25 January 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-01-25","basis":"publication","note":"Date stated on RAND's publication page for RR-A2977-2; the report PDF carries only a 2024 copyright line."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-ev-wmdp-benchmark-measures","subject":"wmdp-benchmark-paper-2024","predicate":"reports_evaluation_of","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"bio-misuse-capability-evaluation"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The WMDP benchmark paper states that it publicly releases a dataset of 3,668 multiple-choice questions serving as a proxy measurement of hazardous knowledge in biosecurity, cybersecurity and chemical security, developed by a consortium of academics and technical consultants and filtered to remove sensitive information before release.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-15","basis":"publication","note":"Version 7 of the preprint, as described on the arXiv abstract page; version 1 was submitted on 5 March 2024."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-ev-uk-aisi-may2024-chembio-result","subject":"uk-aisi-evaluations-may-2024","predicate":"states_evaluation_result","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The update states that several of the five large language models tested demonstrated expert-level knowledge of chemistry and biology, answering over 600 private expert-written questions at levels similar to humans with PhD-level training."},"topic":"governance","statement":"The UK institute's May 2024 evaluations update states that several of the five publicly available large language models it tested demonstrated expert-level knowledge of chemistry and biology, answering over 600 private expert-written chemistry and biology questions at levels similar to humans with PhD-level training.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-20","basis":"publication","note":"The result as published on 20 May 2024; the models are anonymised in the post."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"evaluatedSystem":"Five publicly available large language models, anonymised in the post by colour","evaluation":{"what":"Whether the models could provide expert-level knowledge in chemistry and biology that could be used for beneficial but also harmful purposes","how":"Over 600 private expert-written open-text questions across four question areas, graded against the performance of human experts with relevant doctorates or work experience who had web access and up to an hour per question","result":"Several models demonstrated expert-level knowledge of chemistry and biology; most models performed similarly to the human experts, with two stated exceptions","caveats":"The post states that its work does not provide any assurance that a model is safe or unsafe, and that the institute remains aware of the potential gap between evaluation performance and performance in the wild."}}},{"id":"ab-ev-uk-aisi-may2024-published","subject":"uk-ai-security-institute","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"uk-aisi-evaluations-may-2024"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The UK institute, then named the AI Safety Institute, published 'Advanced AI evaluations at AISI: May update' on 20 May 2024, stating that it had tested leading AI models for cyber, chemical, biological and agent capabilities and for safeguard effectiveness.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-05-20","basis":"publication","note":"Byline date on the post ('Technical staff — May 20, 2024')."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-ev-usaisi-anthropic-claude35-engagement","subject":"us-ai-safety-institute","predicate":"evaluation_engagement","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"anthropic"},"topic":"governance","statement":"NIST states that US AISI and UK AISI conducted a joint pre-deployment evaluation of Anthropic's upgraded Claude 3.5 Sonnet, with biological capabilities among the four domains tested, and that the findings were shared with Anthropic before public release.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-19","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the publication of the summary; the testing is described as taking place during a limited period of pre-deployment access, which is not dated. The expression checked is the copy served on 2026-10-28, whose footer reads 'Released November 19, 2024, Updated March 20, 2025'; what the page was changed in on that date is not stated, and the record keeps the release date, not the update date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"reported_performed","evaluatedSystem":"The upgraded Claude 3.5 Sonnet released on 22 October 2024","activityScope":"Joint pre-deployment evaluation of the upgraded Claude 3.5 Sonnet across biological capabilities, cyber capabilities, software and AI development, and safeguard efficacy"}},{"id":"ab-ev-usaisi-claude35-bio-result","subject":"us-uk-aisi-preeval-claude-35-sonnet-2024","predicate":"states_evaluation_result","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The summary states that US AISI evaluated the upgraded Claude 3.5 Sonnet on a set of multiple-choice research task questions and that performance was comparable to reference models and significantly below measured human expert baselines in most instances."},"topic":"governance","statement":"The joint pre-deployment evaluation summary for Anthropic's upgraded Claude 3.5 Sonnet states that US AISI evaluated the model on a set of multiple-choice biology research task questions and that its performance was comparable to the reference models and significantly below measured human expert baselines in most instances.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-19","basis":"publication","note":"The finding as published on 19 November 2024; the testing period is described only as a limited period of pre-deployment access. The expression checked is the copy served on 2026-10-28, whose footer reads 'Released November 19, 2024, Updated March 20, 2025'; what the page was changed in on that date is not stated, and the record keeps the release date, not the update date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"evaluatedSystem":"The upgraded Claude 3.5 Sonnet released on 22 October 2024, compared with the earlier Sonnet 3.5, o1-preview and GPT-4o","evaluation":{"what":"The model's relative biological capabilities on practical research tasks, including how it could be misused","how":"Question answering on multiple-choice research task questions, with agent tasks, qualitative probing by scientific experts and red teaming used across the exercise","result":"Performance comparable to the reference models and significantly below measured human expert baselines in most instances","caveats":"The summary states that the biological findings rest on US AISI's testing only, that UK AISI was not publishing its findings in this domain at the time, that comparisons were intended only to assess relative capability improvements, and that smaller differences may fall within the margins of error."}}},{"id":"ab-ev-usaisi-claude35-tooling-pilot","subject":"us-uk-aisi-preeval-claude-35-sonnet-2024","predicate":"states_evaluation_result","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The summary states that US AISI piloted an evaluation method augmenting the model with access to bioinformatic tools, which when tested with Sonnet 3.5 resulted in increased performance beyond the model alone, at times exceeding measured human expert baselines."},"topic":"governance","statement":"The joint pre-deployment evaluation summary for the upgraded Claude 3.5 Sonnet states that US AISI piloted an evaluation method that augments the model with access to bioinformatic tools, and that when tested with Sonnet 3.5 this resulted in increased performance beyond the model alone, at times exceeding measured human expert baselines.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-19","basis":"publication","note":"The finding as published on 19 November 2024. The expression checked is the copy served on 2026-10-28, whose footer reads 'Released November 19, 2024, Updated March 20, 2025'; what the page was changed in on that date is not stated, and the record keeps the release date, not the update date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"evaluatedSystem":"The upgraded Claude 3.5 Sonnet, augmented with access to bioinformatic tools","evaluation":{"what":"Whether augmenting the model with access to bioinformatic tools changes its performance on biology research task questions","how":"A piloted evaluation method giving the model access to such tools, compared with the model alone","result":"Increased performance beyond the model alone, at times exceeding measured human expert baselines","caveats":"Described as a pilot; the summary publishes no figures, states that the findings are from US AISI's testing only and that smaller differences may fall within the margins of error."}}},{"id":"ab-ev-llama3-cb-uplift-result","subject":"llama-3-herd-paper","predicate":"states_evaluation_result","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The paper states that quantitative analysis of its chemical and biological weapons uplift study showed no significant uplift in performance related to usage of the Llama 3 model, in the aggregate and in its subgroup breakdowns."},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Llama 3 paper states that its uplift testing for chemical and biological weapons found no significant uplift in performance related to use of the Llama 3 model, both in an aggregate comparison with a web-only control condition and in its subgroup breakdowns.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-23","basis":"revision","note":"As stated in version 3 of the paper; the study itself is not dated in the passage read."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"evaluatedSystem":"Llama 3 70B and Llama 3 405B","evaluation":{"what":"Whether use of the model meaningfully increased what participants could produce on tasks proxying attack planning, relative to web search only","how":"A human-participant uplift study with two-person teams in control and model-assisted conditions, scored by subject matter experts on a common scale, with a preliminary study used to validate the design","result":"No significant uplift in performance related to usage of the Llama 3 model, in the aggregate analysis and in the subgroup breakdowns","caveats":"The paper reports the result for its own conditions and scoring; the record does not restate the scenario design, and the paper's separate risk assessment is recorded as its own claim."}}},{"id":"ab-ev-llama3-paper-published","subject":"meta","predicate":"published","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"llama-3-herd-paper"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Llama 3 authors at Meta published 'The Llama 3 Herd of Models' as arXiv:2407.21783, first submitted on 31 July 2024, with the version read here submitted on 23 November 2024.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-23","basis":"revision","note":"Version 3, the expression read. Version 1 was submitted on 31 July 2024, recorded in the document entry as the first publication date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-ev-llama3-risk-assessment","subject":"llama-3-herd-paper","predicate":"states_evaluation_result","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The paper states that, after validating its results with subject matter experts, it assesses that there is a low risk that release of Llama 3 models will increase ecosystem risk related to biological or chemical weapon attacks."},"topic":"governance","statement":"The Llama 3 paper states that, after validating its uplift results with CBRNE subject matter experts, it assesses that there is a low risk that release of the Llama 3 models will increase ecosystem risk related to biological or chemical weapon attacks.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-11-23","basis":"revision","note":"As stated in version 3 of the paper."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"evaluatedSystem":"The Llama 3 models as released in 2024","evaluation":{"what":"Whether releasing the models would increase ecosystem risk related to biological or chemical weapon attacks","how":"The developers' own reading of their uplift study, validated with subject matter experts","result":"An assessment of low risk that release will increase ecosystem risk","caveats":"An assessment by the releasing party, resting on the one study reported in the paper."}}},{"id":"ab-ev-o1-card-cb-medium-result","subject":"o1-card-2024","predicate":"states_evaluation_result","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"Medium risk for chemical and biological threat creation: the card states its evaluations found o1 can help experts with the operational planning of reproducing a known biological threat, which meets OpenAI's medium risk threshold."},"topic":"governance","statement":"The o1 System Card states that its evaluations found o1 can help experts with the operational planning of reproducing a known biological threat, which it says meets OpenAI's medium risk threshold, and that the Safety Advisory Group classified the pre-mitigation model as medium risk for CBRN.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-05","basis":"publication","note":"The classification as stated in the card expression of 5 December 2024. The expression checked is the PDF served at cdn.openai.com/o1-system-card-20241205.pdf on 2026-10-28, which carries a footnote in §3 ('Scope of testing') reading 'Section added after December 5th on 12/19/2024'; the served file is therefore a later expression than the card's stated date of 5 December 2024, the card does not say what else differs, and the record keeps the stated date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"evaluatedSystem":"o1, pre-mitigation and post-mitigation versions as described in the card","evaluation":{"what":"Chemical and biological threat creation capability, against OpenAI's own risk thresholds","how":"A suite of internal evaluations, with risk levels assigned by indicators and reviewed by the Safety Advisory Group","result":"Score for o1: Medium, the same as o1-preview; the Safety Advisory Group classified the pre-mitigation model as overall medium risk, including medium risk for CBRN, and rated post-mitigation risk the same","caveats":"The card states that the exact performance numbers for the model used in production may vary with final parameters, system prompt and other factors, and that the model tested was a near-final post-mitigation model."}}},{"id":"ab-ev-o1-card-cbrn-category","subject":"o1-card-2024","predicate":"reports_evaluation_of","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"bio-misuse-capability-evaluation"},"topic":"governance","statement":"The o1 System Card states that OpenAI's Preparedness evaluations cover four risk categories, one of which is CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear), and that o1 was evaluated in accordance with the Preparedness Framework.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-05","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the card expression of 5 December 2024. The expression checked is the PDF served at cdn.openai.com/o1-system-card-20241205.pdf on 2026-10-28, which carries a footnote in §3 ('Scope of testing') reading 'Section added after December 5th on 12/19/2024'; the served file is therefore a later expression than the card's stated date of 5 December 2024, the card does not say what else differs, and the record keeps the stated date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported"},{"id":"ab-ev-o1-card-non-expert-statement","subject":"o1-card-2024","predicate":"states_evaluation_result","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The card states that the models do not enable non-experts to create biological threats, because creating such a threat requires hands-on laboratory skills that the models cannot replace."},"topic":"governance","statement":"The o1 System Card states that the models do not enable non-experts to create biological threats, because creating such a threat requires hands-on laboratory skills that the models cannot replace.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-05","basis":"publication","note":"As stated in the card expression of 5 December 2024. The expression checked is the PDF served at cdn.openai.com/o1-system-card-20241205.pdf on 2026-10-28, which carries a footnote in §3 ('Scope of testing') reading 'Section added after December 5th on 12/19/2024'; the served file is therefore a later expression than the card's stated date of 5 December 2024, the card does not say what else differs, and the record keeps the stated date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"evaluatedSystem":"o1, as evaluated for the December 2024 card","evaluation":{"what":"Whether the evaluated models enable non-experts to create biological threats","how":"The card's reading of its own chemical and biological evaluation suite","result":"The models do not enable non-experts, because the card states that creating such a threat requires hands-on laboratory skills the models cannot replace","caveats":"Stated as part of the same summary that classifies the model as medium risk for expert operational planning; the card gives no measurement for the non-expert case."}}},{"id":"ab-ev-usaisi-o1-bio-result","subject":"us-uk-aisi-preeval-o1-2024","predicate":"states_evaluation_result","object":{"kind":"literal","value":"The summary states that US AISI found o1's performance on a set of multiple-choice biology research task questions to be generally comparable to the best-performing reference models tested across an array of question sets."},"topic":"governance","statement":"The joint pre-deployment evaluation summary for OpenAI's o1 states that US AISI found the model's performance on a set of multiple-choice biology research task questions to be generally comparable to the best-performing reference models tested across an array of question sets.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-18","basis":"publication","note":"The finding as published on 18 December 2024, for the version of o1 to which the institutes had pre-deployment access. The expression checked is the copy served on 2026-10-28, whose footer reads 'Released December 18, 2024, Updated February 4, 2025'; what the page was changed in on that date is not stated, and the record keeps the release date, not the update date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"evaluatedSystem":"o1 as made available for pre-deployment testing, compared with o1-preview, GPT-4o and two versions of Claude 3.5 Sonnet","evaluation":{"what":"The model's relative biological capabilities on practical research tasks, including how it could be misused","how":"Question answering on multiple-choice research task questions, with an evaluation method that also augments the model with access to bioinformatic tools","result":"Performance generally comparable to the best-performing reference models tested; the summary states that performance increased when the model was augmented with additional tooling","caveats":"The summary states that the biological findings are from US AISI's testing only, that the tested version had tool-calling and formatting problems addressed by adapted agent designs, that smaller differences may fall within the margins of error, and that the report makes no claims about the performance of other versions of o1."}}},{"id":"ab-ev-usaisi-openai-o1-engagement","subject":"us-ai-safety-institute","predicate":"evaluation_engagement","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"openai"},"topic":"governance","statement":"NIST states that US AISI and UK AISI conducted a joint pre-deployment evaluation of OpenAI's o1 across three domains including biological capabilities, and OpenAI's own system card states that pre-deployment evaluations by the two institutes were conducted on a version of o1 and are not included in the card.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-18","basis":"publication","note":"Dated by the publication of the NIST summary; the testing took place during a limited period of pre-deployment access, which neither document dates. The expression checked is the NIST copy served on 2026-10-28, whose footer reads 'Released December 18, 2024, Updated February 4, 2025'; what the page was changed in on that date is not stated, and the record keeps the release date, not the update date. The o1 System Card expression checked is the PDF served at cdn.openai.com/o1-system-card-20241205.pdf on 2026-10-28, which carries a footnote in §3 ('Scope of testing') reading 'Section added after December 5th on 12/19/2024'; the served file is therefore a later expression than the card's stated date of 5 December 2024, the card does not say what else differs, and the record keeps the stated date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"activityStage":"reported_performed","evaluatedSystem":"OpenAI o1, released 5 December 2024","activityScope":"Joint pre-deployment evaluation of o1 across cyber capabilities, biological capabilities, and software and AI development"}},{"id":"ab-arg-d1-mouton-contests","subject":"rand-bio-redteam-report-2024","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ab-prop-current-system-uplift"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"RAND's report on the operational risks of AI in large-scale biological attacks (RR-A2977-2, 25 January 2024) states that it found no statistically significant difference in the overall viability of biological weapon attack plans generated with or without the aid of the large language models it tested, and that such planning is beyond the capability frontier of the models available in summer 2023.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-01-25","basis":"publication","note":"Publication date given on the RAND landing page for RR-A2977-2."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting","earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"The report's conclusions also state what it does not quantify.","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"The report gives a measured comparison against an internet-only control as its reason, rather than only asserting the contrary."}}}},{"id":"ab-arg-d6-kapoor-contests","subject":"kapoor-open-foundation-models-2024-02","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ab-prop-open-weights-bio-risk"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"\"On the Societal Impact of Open Foundation Models\" (arXiv v1, 27 February 2024) states that across several misuse vectors, biological weapons among them, current research is insufficient to characterise the marginal risk of open foundation models relative to pre-existing technologies.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-02-27","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the arXiv v1 stamp and the paper's own dateline."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting","earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"Contests the evidential basis, not the possibility of risk. Earliest located contesting text among those searched in this pass.","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"The paper disputes the evidential premise by asking for marginal risk relative to pre-existing technologies, rather than asserting the contrary conclusion."}}}},{"id":"ab-arg-d1-itif-contests","subject":"itif-shift-rhetoric-2024-04","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ab-prop-current-system-uplift"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"An ITIF commentary of 30 April 2024 states that experts, having studied the issue more closely, have concluded that large language models do not introduce a new set of capabilities or significantly enhance existing ones that could lead to a biological attack.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-04-30","basis":"publication","note":"Dateline of the post."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"A policy commentary, reporting other work; the claim about an expert consensus is the post's own.","engagement":{"kind":"contrary-only","rationale":"The post asserts the contrary conclusion and attributes it to other studies, rather than giving its own reason against a premise."}}}},{"id":"ab-arg-d1-peppin-contests","subject":"peppin-reality-ai-biorisk-2024-12","predicate":"contests_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ab-prop-current-system-uplift"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The preprint \"The Reality of AI and Biorisk\" (arXiv v1, 2 December 2024) states that the available literature does not support the notion that access to biological information and planning through current, publicly available large language models can significantly increase biorisk.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-02","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the arXiv v1 stamp; the paper's front matter gives 4 December 2024 as its release date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["contesting"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"Stated as a finding about the literature, and limited by the paper to current models.","engagement":{"kind":"engages-premise","rationale":"The paper gives its reading of the published studies as its reason, not only the contrary conclusion."}}}},{"id":"ab-arg-d3-peppin-articulates","subject":"peppin-reality-ai-biorisk-2024-12","predicate":"articulates_proposition","object":{"kind":"entity","entityId":"ab-prop-evaluation-validity"},"topic":"ideas","statement":"The preprint \"The Reality of AI and Biorisk\" (arXiv v1, 2 December 2024) states that existing studies of AI-related biorisk are nascent, often speculative, or limited in methodological maturity and transparency.","time":{"kind":"event","date":"2024-12-02","basis":"publication","note":"Date of the arXiv v1 stamp; the paper's front matter gives 4 December 2024 as its release date."},"derivation":"explicit","resolution":"supported","attributes":{"thought":{"roles":["earliest-located"],"register":"nonfiction","qualifier":"Stated of the studies available to the authors in late 2024."}}}],"sources":[],"evidence":[],"at":{"entities":[0,1,2,3,4,5,7,8,13,15,19,21,22,26,29,36,39,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,68,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,84,106,109,110,115,118,124,135,157,162,163,172,174,177,179,180,187,188,191,192,194,204,207,209,216,219,225,226,227,228,229,230,232,233,234,235,237,242,243,244,245,246,248,249,252,253,418,490,491,502,534,584,600,606,615,618,624,628,635,636,639,650,654,655,657,661,670,673,674,675,703,710,712,717,718,720,722,723,729,734,739,743,744,745,753,755,756,758,759,763,780,781,787,790,793,804,806,809,814,815,829,830,832,837,841,845,848,889,890,927,935,936,937,940,941,954,957,959,973,988,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1007,1020,1021,1035,1045,1049,1050,1061,1064,1069,1070,1079,1082,1086,1091,1095,1107,1113,1114,1140,1142,1184,1191,1195,1210,1218,1219,1226,1240,1241,1242,1246,1247,1251,1253,1262],"claims":[12,13,14,15,18,26,27,58,74,87,117,118,119,120,127,128,129,133,134,135,145,151,154,161,162,163,170,171,173,174,175,249,250,258,266,267,268,270,271,313,329,346,347,348,358,359,360,361,373,381,382,383,384,385,386,397,403,404,405,429,430,431,432,433,499,517,526,529,532,535,536,583,591,592,626,633,640,641,664,665,666,669,696,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,720,721,722,723,724,725,1107,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1207,1209,1285,1292,1338,1388,1414,1439,1444,1447,1479,1499,1500,1512,1513,1528,1558,1559,1560,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100,2101,2177,2271,2277,2331,2471,2493,2494,2495,2496,2497,2498,2499,2500,2501,2502,2503,2504,2589,2590,2591,2592,2593,2594,2595,2596,2597,2598,2599,2739,2740,2741,2742,2743,2744,2745,2746,2747,2748,2749,2750,2751,2752,2753,2754,2755,2756,2757,2758,2759,2760,2761,2762,2763,2764,2765,2766,2863,2864,2865,2866,2867,2868,2869,2870,2871,2872,2873,2874,2875,2876,2877,2878,2879,2880,2881,2882,2883,2884,2885,2904,2944,2945,2946,2947,2948,2949,2950,2951,2952,2953,2968,2974,2975,2976,2977,2978,2979,2980,3006,3007,3008,3009,3025,3026,3043,3057,3065,3066,3077,3078,3081,3082,3084,3087,3089,3092,3096,3099,3107,3111,3119,3133,3167,3168,3171,3172,3179,3184,3189,3190,3191,3217,3218,3224,3251,3252,3253,3254,3255,3256,3302,3303,3304,3305,3306,3307,3308,3309,3310,3311,3312,3313,3314,3315,3330,3331,3332,3333,3334,3335,3336,3337,3338,3339,3364,3365,3366,3367,3368,3369,3370,3371,3372,3373,3374,3375,3376,3377,3378,3379,3426,3427,3428,3429,3430],"sources":[],"evidence":[]},"version":"1lg47t7"}