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Eloundou et al., “GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models” (2023-03-17) bears on M03. The authors argue LLMs meet general-purpose-technology criteria of pervasiveness, improvement and complementary innovation. The authors note that co-invention requirements typical of general-purpose technologies may slow LLM diffusion. Copy claim link
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Supporting evidence: primary · 1 source
Date 2023-03-17 · publication Role Context Register (kind of text) Nonfiction Missing element (M03-10) No statement that measured productivity gains lag adoption. (M03-11) Refers to slowed diffusion, not to measured productivity lagging adoption. Tier Tier 1. Scholarly working paper with an economist author: Daniel Rock (D2, 2026-10-11, confirmed); the other three were at OpenAI or OpenResearch, as the paper states. Scope and limits (First passage) Wording reproduced as in arXiv v1 (including 'suggesting that as'). (Second passage) Diffusion lag due to co-invention, stated as possibility.
The evidence 02 primary source Supports the claim
GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models ↗ arXiv:2303.10130v1 · 2023-03-17
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Source excerpt “We conclude that Generative Pre-trained Transformers exhibit characteristics of general-purpose technologies (GPTs), suggesting that as these models could have notable economic, social, and policy implications.” Location in source pdf page 1; Abstract
Machine-checked · 2026-10-14
Source details and check notes Authors Tyna Eloundou; Sam Manning; Pamela Mishkin; Daniel Rock Version Full text (v1). Current copy retrieved directly on 2026-10-09; no archive capture (Wayback unreachable), so earlier bytes are not authenticated. SHA-256 f3c91bc909258b4824e2ea101a4f489aaea75d422adaf8508a79883b0d0f74bd. Journal version not retrieved. Eloundou, T., Manning, S., Mishkin, P., & Rock, D. (2024). GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs. Science, 384(6702), 1306–1308. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj0998 Canonical address Open the canonical source ↗ Accessed 2026-10-09 Language English (en) Attribution Tyna Eloundou, Sam Manning, Pamela Mishkin, Daniel Rock, “GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models”, arXiv:2303.10130v1, 2023-03-17. Reuse No open redistribution licence asserted. Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution. Check notes Candidate pack passage M03-10 (research/economics-mainstream). The quotation (25 words) matched the retrieved current copy (SHA-256 f3c91bc909258b4824e2ea101a4f489aaea75d422adaf8508a79883b0d0f74bd) in the pack's verification. Re-checked at admission on 2026-10-14 against a copy retrieved that day. primary source Supports the claim
GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models ↗ arXiv:2303.10130v1 · 2023-03-17
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Cite the original source Cite the original document, not Selekoa. Check these details against it.
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Source excerpt “Although the potential for tasks to be affected is extensive, GPTs must be incorporated into broader systems to realize this potential fully. As is common with general-purpose technologies, such co-invention barriers may impede the rapid diffusion of GPTs into economic applications.” Location in source pdf page 11; 4 Results, 4.1 Summary Statistics (printed p. 10 begins section 4.1 on preceding page)
Machine-checked · 2026-10-14
Source details and check notes Authors Tyna Eloundou; Sam Manning; Pamela Mishkin; Daniel Rock Version Full text (v1). Current copy retrieved directly on 2026-10-09; no archive capture (Wayback unreachable), so earlier bytes are not authenticated. SHA-256 f3c91bc909258b4824e2ea101a4f489aaea75d422adaf8508a79883b0d0f74bd. Journal version not retrieved. Eloundou, T., Manning, S., Mishkin, P., & Rock, D. (2024). GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs. Science, 384(6702), 1306–1308. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj0998 Canonical address Open the canonical source ↗ Accessed 2026-10-09 Language English (en) Attribution Tyna Eloundou, Sam Manning, Pamela Mishkin, Daniel Rock, “GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models”, arXiv:2303.10130v1, 2023-03-17. Reuse No open redistribution licence asserted. Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution. Check notes Candidate pack passage M03-11 (research/economics-mainstream). The quotation (41 words) matched the retrieved current copy (SHA-256 f3c91bc909258b4824e2ea101a4f489aaea75d422adaf8508a79883b0d0f74bd) in the pack's verification. Re-checked at admission on 2026-10-14 against a copy retrieved that day. Status and meaning Editorial status. Not reviewed by an editor . An exploratory record that no editor has accepted. This status does not say whether a person has read any linked passage. Each evidence record above shows how it was checked.
Relation. A passage of the document bears on the proposition without meeting its criterion; the record names the missing element. It is not an articulation and implies no influence.
Date. arXiv: submitted 17 Mar 2023 (v1); last revised 21 Aug 2023 (v5). Version v1 retrieved. Not peer-reviewed in this version. The v1 PDF itself is dated 20 March 2023. A later peer-reviewed version (Science, 2024) was not retrieved. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated.
Record ID ec-m03-eloundou-et-al-2023-gpts-are-gpts-b