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Frey and Osborne, “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?” (2013-09-17) bears on M05. The authors claim near-universal technical automatability beyond the engineering bottlenecks, but expect workers to move into tasks requiring creative and social intelligence (pdf p. 45). Copy claim link
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Supporting evidence: primary · 1 source
Date 2013-09-17 · publication Role Context Register (kind of text) Nonfiction Missing element Bottleneck tasks (creative and social intelligence) are assumed to remain with labour; no claim about cost of machines in all tasks or in newly created tasks. Tier Tier 1. Scholarly working paper with an economist author: Frey, an economic historian at the Oxford Martin School (D2, 2026-10-11, confirmed); Osborne is an engineer. Scope and limits Oxford Martin School working paper dated September 17, 2013 (file served by the Oxford Martin School CDN); not the later journal version (Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2017), whose wording may differ.
The evidence 01 primary source Supports the claim
The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation? ↗ Oxford Martin School working paper · 2013-09-17
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Source excerpt “we argue that it is largely already technologically possible to automate almost any task, provided that sufficient amounts of data are gathered for pattern recognition.” Location in source pdf page 23; Section III, The technological revolutions of the twenty-first century (printed p. 23)
Machine-checked · 2026-10-14
Source details and check notes Authors Carl Benedikt Frey; Michael A. Osborne Version Full text (current file served by the Oxford Martin School; requested at oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk, which redirected to this host). Current copy retrieved directly on 2026-10-09; no archive capture (Wayback unreachable), so earlier bytes are not authenticated. SHA-256 1d0ef561ebef9ececda63403a40860aa172be953fe2b050d27de8987c9e852fc. Journal version not retrieved. Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019 Canonical address Open the canonical source ↗ Accessed 2026-10-09 Language English (en) Attribution Carl Benedikt Frey, Michael A. Osborne, “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?”, Oxford Martin School working paper, 2013-09-17. Reuse No open redistribution licence asserted. Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution. Check notes Candidate pack passage M05-16 (research/economics-mainstream). The quotation (25 words) matched the retrieved current copy (SHA-256 1d0ef561ebef9ececda63403a40860aa172be953fe2b050d27de8987c9e852fc) in the pack's verification. Re-checked at admission on 2026-10-14 against a copy retrieved that day. Status and meaning Editorial status. Not reviewed by an editor . An exploratory record that no editor has accepted. This status does not say whether a person has read any linked passage. Each evidence record above shows how it was checked.
Relation. A passage of the document bears on the proposition without meeting its criterion; the record names the missing element. It is not an articulation and implies no influence.
Date. Title page "September 17, 2013". Journal version in Technological Forecasting and Social Change (2017) not retrieved. Checked in a current copy; an archive capture was not available, so earlier bytes are not authenticated.
Record ID ec-m05-frey-osborne-2013-future-of-employment-b