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SB 53 defines 'catastrophic risk' as a foreseeable and material risk that a frontier developer's development, storage, use or deployment of a frontier model will materially contribute to the death of, or serious injury to, more than 50 people, or to more than $1 billion in damage to, or loss of, property, arising from a single incident in which a frontier model (a) provides expert-level assistance in creating or releasing a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear weapon; (b) engages without meaningful human oversight in a cyberattack or in conduct that would be murder, assault, extortion or theft if committed by a human; or (c) evades the control of its developer or user. Stated exclusions apply. Copy claim link
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Supporting evidence: primary · 1 source; Context: primary · 1 source
Provision Threshold or trigger · provision ID sb53-catastrophic-risk-definition Subject version Chaptered (Stats. 2025, ch. 138) · Published 2025-09-29 · Effective 2026-01-01 Date 2025-09-29 · publication Scope and limits What the enacted text states, quoted from the chaptered expression. It is not evidence that the statute applies to any named developer, or of compliance, enforcement or effect. Exclusions (§ 22757.11(c)(2)): information a frontier model outputs that is otherwise publicly accessible in substantially similar form from a source other than a foundation model; lawful activity of the federal government; and harm from a frontier model combined with other software where the model did not materially contribute. Loss of equity value does not count as damage to or loss of property (§ 22757.16). Lab. Code § 1107(a) uses a parallel definition, framed around foundation models, in the whistleblower chapter. This record states the definition only and makes no claim about any model's risk.
The evidence 03 primary source Supports the claim
SB-53 Artificial intelligence models: large developers. (2025-2026) — bill text, chaptered version (Chapter 138, Statutes of 2025) ↗ California Legislature (California Legislative Information, Office of Legislative Counsel) · 2025-09-29
Archived copy, captured 2025-09-30: SB-53 Artificial intelligence models: large developers. (2025-2026) — bill text, chaptered version (Chapter 138, Statutes of 2025) ↗
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Source excerpt “more than 50 people or more than one billion dollars ($1,000,000,000)” Location in source SEC. 2, Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.11(c)(1)
Machine-checked · 2026-10-04
Source details and check notes Authors California Legislature Version Chaptered version dated 09/29/25, inspected live 2026-10-04; quote also matched in the 2025-09-30 capture Canonical address Open the canonical source ↗ Accessed 2026-10-04 Language English (en) Archive copy Open archived copy, captured 2025-09-30: SB-53 Artificial intelligence models: large developers. (2025-2026) — bill text, chaptered version (Chapter 138, Statutes of 2025) ↗ . Captured 1 day after the recorded publication date. An archive copy shows only what the archive retrieved on 2025-09-30. It does not prove what the page said earlier, and it can differ from the copy checked on 2026-10-04.Attribution California Legislature, SB-53 Artificial intelligence models: large developers. (2025-2026) — bill text, chaptered version (Chapter 138, Statutes of 2025). Reuse Official government text; no redistribution licence asserted. Selekoa practice: metadata, attributed paraphrases and short attributed quotations under the editorial policy (at most 50 words each; at most 400 quoted words per document across the dataset, and about 10% of a document under about 2,000 words). Documents are linked externally, not redistributed. Publisher terms that forbid quotation override this practice. Check notes Verbatim excerpt proposed by a research agent and checked by two independent fresh-context verifier agents and decided by a third adjudicating agent on 2026-10-04; re-matched mechanically by the integrator against a direct fetch of the cited expression. The identical phrase recurs in Lab. Code § 1107(a)(1). The locator given is the Business and Professions Code definition. Human editorial review is pending. primary source Supports the claim
SB-53 Artificial intelligence models: large developers. (2025-2026) — bill text, chaptered version (Chapter 138, Statutes of 2025) ↗ California Legislature (California Legislative Information, Office of Legislative Counsel) · 2025-09-29
Archived copy, captured 2025-09-30: SB-53 Artificial intelligence models: large developers. (2025-2026) — bill text, chaptered version (Chapter 138, Statutes of 2025) ↗
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Paraphrase the risk must arise from a single incident involving a frontier model that does one of three things. It provides expert-level assistance in the creation or release of a CBRN weapon. It engages, with no meaningful human oversight, intervention or supervision, in conduct that is a cyberattack or that would be murder, assault, extortion or theft (including theft by false pretense) if committed by a human. Or it evades the control of its frontier developer or user. Three listed exclusions follow.
Location in source SEC. 2, Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.11(c)(1)(A)–(C) and (c)(2)(A)–(C)
Machine-checked · 2026-10-04
Source details and check notes Authors California Legislature Version Chaptered version dated 09/29/25, inspected live 2026-10-04; quote also matched in the 2025-09-30 capture Canonical address Open the canonical source ↗ Accessed 2026-10-04 Language English (en) Archive copy Open archived copy, captured 2025-09-30: SB-53 Artificial intelligence models: large developers. (2025-2026) — bill text, chaptered version (Chapter 138, Statutes of 2025) ↗ . Captured 1 day after the recorded publication date. An archive copy shows only what the archive retrieved on 2025-09-30. It does not prove what the page said earlier, and it can differ from the copy checked on 2026-10-04.Attribution California Legislature, SB-53 Artificial intelligence models: large developers. (2025-2026) — bill text, chaptered version (Chapter 138, Statutes of 2025). Reuse Official government text; no redistribution licence asserted. Selekoa practice: metadata, attributed paraphrases and short attributed quotations under the editorial policy (at most 50 words each; at most 400 quoted words per document across the dataset, and about 10% of a document under about 2,000 words). Documents are linked externally, not redistributed. Publisher terms that forbid quotation override this practice. Check notes Editorial paraphrase proposed by a research agent and checked by two independent fresh-context verifier agents and decided by a third adjudicating agent on 2026-10-04. Paraphrased to stay within the quotation budget. Checked limb by limb against the text on adjudication. Human editorial review is pending. primary source Context only
Business and Professions Code § 22757.11 — codified text (California Legislative Information) ↗ California Legislature (California Legislative Information, Office of Legislative Counsel) · Publication date unknown
Archived copy, captured 2026-01-30: Business and Professions Code § 22757.11 — codified text (California Legislative Information) ↗
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Source excerpt “(Added by Stats. 2025, Ch. 138, Sec. 2. (SB 53) Effective January 1, 2026.)” Location in source History note following § 22757.11
Machine-checked · 2026-10-04
Source details and check notes Authors California Legislature Version Codified section page inspected live 2026-10-04; history note and (j) wording also matched in the 2026-01-30 capture Canonical address Open the canonical source ↗ Accessed 2026-10-04 Language English (en) Archive copy Open archived copy, captured 2026-01-30: Business and Professions Code § 22757.11 — codified text (California Legislative Information) ↗ . No publication date is recorded for this source. An archive copy shows only what the archive retrieved on 2026-01-30. It does not prove what the page said earlier, and it can differ from the copy checked on 2026-10-04.Attribution California Legislature, Business and Professions Code § 22757.11 — codified text (California Legislative Information). Reuse Official government text; no redistribution licence asserted. Selekoa practice: metadata, attributed paraphrases and short attributed quotations under the editorial policy (at most 50 words each; at most 400 quoted words per document across the dataset, and about 10% of a document under about 2,000 words). Documents are linked externally, not redistributed. Publisher terms that forbid quotation override this practice. Check notes Verbatim excerpt proposed by a research agent and checked by two independent fresh-context verifier agents and decided by a third adjudicating agent on 2026-10-04; re-matched mechanically by the integrator against a direct fetch of the cited expression. Legislative Counsel's annotation on the official codes site. This item supports only the effective date. The live page on 2026-10-04 showed no amendment note. Context: the codified section and its history note as displayed when checked; the provision itself is quoted from the chaptered text. Human editorial review is pending. Status and meaning Editorial status. Not reviewed by an editor . An exploratory record that no editor has accepted. This status does not say whether a person has read any linked passage. Each evidence record above shows how it was checked.
Relation. An exact framework edition states one provision: a capability threshold or risk level and its trigger, a required safeguard or action, a decision authority (who decides, recommends, can overrule or is informed), or a stated exception. The quoted text records what the edition says, not implementation, compliance or effectiveness. Provisions with the same key align across editions of one family.
Date. Provision as stated in the chaptered text published and approved on 2025-09-29; the added sections took effect on 2026-01-01. Approved by the Governor and filed with the Secretary of State on 2025-09-29, per the chaptered bill header. The history note on codified § 22757.11 gives an effective date of 2026-01-01 (separate evidence item). The chaptered bill text states no effective date for Chapter 25.1.
Record ID sb-catastrophic-risk-threshold