Claim · 1997-11 · event · Stated in source · Supported

Gubrud’s paper for the 1997 Foresight conference defines advanced artificial general intelligence as “AI systems that rival or surpass the human brain in complexity and speed”, can acquire, manipulate and reason with general knowledge, and are usable in essentially any phase of industrial or military operations.

One recorded claim. The claim panel gives its qualification, the source passages with their place in each source, and how it was checked.

What it connects

Nanotechnology and International Security → discusses →

Where it appears

No collection page holds this claim. It is listed with its records in the explorer.

Claim and evidence

Nanotechnology and International Securitydiscusses ↓

Machine-checked, not reviewed by an editorStated in sourceSupported

Supporting evidence: primary · 1 source

Date: 1997-11 · event Records dated 1997 →

Scope and limitsRecords what the paper says it means by the phrase; not a claim that later uses share the definition. The cross-family check found the definition in an Internet Archive capture of the paper’s original address dated 7 February 1998, which attests the wording by that date.

The evidence 01

primary sourceSupports the claim

Nanotechnology and International Security

Foresight Institute (Foresight Archives, legacy.foresight.org) · Publication date unknown

Archived copy, captured 1998-02-07: Nanotechnology and International Security

Cite the original source

Cite the original document, not Selekoa. Check these details against it.

Source excerpt

“By advanced artificial general intelligence, I mean AI systems that rival or surpass the human brain in complexity and speed, that can acquire, manipulate and reason with general knowledge, and that are usable in essentially any phase of industrial or military operations”

Location in source Section 'Artificial intelligence as a factor', first paragraph

How it was read Retrieved directly from the publisher

Machine-checked · 2026-10-31

Source details and check notes

Authors: Mark Avrum Gubrud
Version: Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-29 (SHA-256 c36d25854c1202cafb13c6cd17739474fbe3010caf5bde50e98df5e2c75f1a27). Current copy in the Foresight Archives (legacy host); the page names its original address as http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gubrud/index.html, which now answers 404. The page carries no date of its own; it calls itself 'a draft paper for a talk at the Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology'. This retrieval was not compared with an archive capture. An Internet Archive capture of the paper’s original address, dated 7 February 1998, was opened by the cross-family check on 2026-10-30 (SHA-256 34da22761150ca2a58be0d2ade706eef4d5ba22a3816da219395ad72d4469731); it holds the definition of artificial general intelligence quoted from the current copy. This admission could not open the capture.
Canonical address: Open the canonical source ↗
Accessed: 2026-10-29
Language: English (en)
Archive copy: Open archived copy, captured 1998-02-07: Nanotechnology and International Security. No publication date is recorded for this source. An archive copy shows only what the archive retrieved on 1998-02-07. It does not prove what the page said earlier, and it can differ from the copy checked on 2026-10-29.
Attribution: Mark Avrum Gubrud, “Nanotechnology and International Security”.
Reuse: No open redistribution licence asserted. Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution.
Check notes: Candidate pack passage, Kinds of AI and technical history (research/technical-history). The quotation (42 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-29. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes, PDF line-break hyphens and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. No human editorial review.

Status and meaning

Editorial status. Not reviewed by an editor. An exploratory record that no editor has accepted. This status does not say whether a person has read any linked passage. Each evidence record above shows how it was checked.

Relation. The concept is explicitly discussed in the document. This makes no earliest-use, invention or transmission claim.

Date. Dates of the conference the text is associated with, as its proceedings or organiser state them; no retrieved text dates an individual presentation. Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology, 5–8 November 1997; the day of the talk or poster is not stated.

Record ID th-def-agi-gubrud-1997