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Gubrud’s paper for the Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology (5–8 November 1997) uses ‘artificial general intelligence’ for “AI systems that rival or surpass the human brain in complexity and speed”; its wording is attested by an archive capture of 7 February 1998. Copy claim link
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Machine-checked, not reviewed by an editor Stated in source Supported
Supporting evidence: primary · 2 sources; Context: primary · 1 source
Date 1997-11 · event Records dated 1997 → Scope and limits Earliest located use by the recorded search; not evidence of coinage. The wording is read in the Foresight Archives’ current copy and, by the cross-family check (2026-10-30), in an Internet Archive capture of the paper’s original address dated 7 February 1998, which attests it by that date. The November 1997 conference date is the organiser’s and is shown as stated: no text verifies when the draft was published or presented. The paper calls itself a draft for a talk, the abstract a poster. Goertzel (2011) separately reports a 1997 use by Gubrud.
The evidence 04 primary source Supports the claim
Nanotechnology and International Security ↗ Foresight Institute (Foresight Archives, legacy.foresight.org) · Publication date unknown
Archived copy, captured 1998-02-07: Nanotechnology and International Security ↗
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Source excerpt “assembler-based molecular nanotechnology (Drexler 1986, 1992) and advanced artificial general intelligence may be developed within the first few decades of the 21st century” Location in source Section 'Overview: the spectre', first sentence
How it was read Retrieved directly from the publisher
Machine-checked · 2026-10-31
Source details and check notes Authors Mark Avrum Gubrud Version Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-29 (SHA-256 c36d25854c1202cafb13c6cd17739474fbe3010caf5bde50e98df5e2c75f1a27). Current copy in the Foresight Archives (legacy host); the page names its original address as http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gubrud/index.html, which now answers 404. The page carries no date of its own; it calls itself 'a draft paper for a talk at the Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology'. This retrieval was not compared with an archive capture. An Internet Archive capture of the paper’s original address, dated 7 February 1998, was opened by the cross-family check on 2026-10-30 (SHA-256 34da22761150ca2a58be0d2ade706eef4d5ba22a3816da219395ad72d4469731); it holds the definition of artificial general intelligence quoted from the current copy. This admission could not open the capture. Canonical address Open the canonical source ↗ Accessed 2026-10-29 Language English (en) Archive copy Open archived copy, captured 1998-02-07: Nanotechnology and International Security ↗ . No publication date is recorded for this source. An archive copy shows only what the archive retrieved on 1998-02-07. It does not prove what the page said earlier, and it can differ from the copy checked on 2026-10-29.Attribution Mark Avrum Gubrud, “Nanotechnology and International Security”. Reuse No open redistribution licence asserted. Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution. Check notes Candidate pack passage, Kinds of AI and technical history (research/technical-history). The quotation (23 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-29. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes, PDF line-break hyphens and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (30 October 2026, item 48) re-read the record’s sources and found that they support what the record states. Its point that an archive capture dates the wording was applied at admission. No human editorial review. primary source Supports the claim
Nanotechnology and International Security (conference abstract) ↗ Foresight Institute (Foresight Archives, legacy.foresight.org) · Publication date unknown
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Source excerpt “However, assembler-based nanotechnology and artificial general intelligence have implications far beyond the Pentagon's current vision” Location in source Abstract, second paragraph
How it was read Retrieved directly from the publisher
Machine-checked · 2026-10-31
Source details and check notes Authors M.A. Gubrud Version Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-29 (SHA-256 edbce7a34cbaad89f15c0ffeb23f2b585d511053f87772cabd44fe3844d0d9b8). Abstract page of the Fifth Foresight Conference archive, current legacy copy; undated; describes the item as a poster. Canonical address Open the canonical source ↗ Accessed 2026-10-29 Language English (en) Attribution M.A. Gubrud, “Nanotechnology and International Security (conference abstract)”. Reuse No open redistribution licence asserted. Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution. Check notes Candidate pack passage, Kinds of AI and technical history (research/technical-history). The quotation (15 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-29. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes, PDF line-break hyphens and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. A cross-family machine check (30 October 2026, item 48) re-read the record’s sources and found that they support what the record states. Its point that an archive capture dates the wording was applied at admission. No human editorial review. primary source Context only
Nanotechnology and International Security (conference abstract) ↗ Foresight Institute (Foresight Archives, legacy.foresight.org) · Publication date unknown
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Source excerpt “This is an abstract for a poster to be presented at the Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology.” Location in source Abstract page, opening line
How it was read Retrieved directly from the publisher
Machine-checked · 2026-10-31
Source details and check notes Authors M.A. Gubrud Version Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-29 (SHA-256 edbce7a34cbaad89f15c0ffeb23f2b585d511053f87772cabd44fe3844d0d9b8). Abstract page of the Fifth Foresight Conference archive, current legacy copy; undated; describes the item as a poster. Canonical address Open the canonical source ↗ Accessed 2026-10-29 Language English (en) Attribution M.A. Gubrud, “Nanotechnology and International Security (conference abstract)”. Reuse No open redistribution licence asserted. Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution. Check notes Candidate pack passage, Kinds of AI and technical history (research/technical-history). The quotation (18 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-29. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes, PDF line-break hyphens and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. Shows the abstract page presents the item as part of the 1997 conference. A cross-family machine check (30 October 2026, item 48) re-read the record’s sources and found that they support what the record states. Its point that an archive capture dates the wording was applied at admission. No human editorial review. primary source Supports the claim
Nanotechnology and International Security ↗ Foresight Institute (Foresight Archives, legacy.foresight.org) · Publication date unknown
Archived copy, captured 1998-02-07: Nanotechnology and International Security ↗
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Source excerpt “By advanced artificial general intelligence, I mean AI systems that rival or surpass the human brain in complexity and speed, that can acquire, manipulate and reason with general knowledge” Location in source Section 'Artificial intelligence as a factor'
How it was read Retrieved directly from the publisher
Machine-checked · 2026-10-31
Source details and check notes Authors Mark Avrum Gubrud Version Retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-29 (SHA-256 c36d25854c1202cafb13c6cd17739474fbe3010caf5bde50e98df5e2c75f1a27). Current copy in the Foresight Archives (legacy host); the page names its original address as http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gubrud/index.html, which now answers 404. The page carries no date of its own; it calls itself 'a draft paper for a talk at the Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology'. This retrieval was not compared with an archive capture. An Internet Archive capture of the paper’s original address, dated 7 February 1998, was opened by the cross-family check on 2026-10-30 (SHA-256 34da22761150ca2a58be0d2ade706eef4d5ba22a3816da219395ad72d4469731); it holds the definition of artificial general intelligence quoted from the current copy. This admission could not open the capture. Canonical address Open the canonical source ↗ Accessed 2026-10-29 Language English (en) Archive copy Open archived copy, captured 1998-02-07: Nanotechnology and International Security ↗ . No publication date is recorded for this source. An archive copy shows only what the archive retrieved on 1998-02-07. It does not prove what the page said earlier, and it can differ from the copy checked on 2026-10-29.Attribution Mark Avrum Gubrud, “Nanotechnology and International Security”. Reuse No open redistribution licence asserted. Bibliographic metadata, editorial paraphrases and short attributed quotations (at most 50 words each). Recheck terms before wider redistribution. Check notes Candidate pack passage, Kinds of AI and technical history (research/technical-history). The quotation (29 words) matched the text retrieved for the candidate pack on 2026-10-29. Matching ignored differences of whitespace, case, quotation marks, dashes, PDF line-break hyphens and Unicode compatibility forms, so the source’s typography can differ. The cross-family check found the same passage in an Internet Archive capture of the original address dated 7 February 1998. A cross-family machine check (30 October 2026, item 48) re-read the record’s sources and found that they support what the record states. Its point that an archive capture dates the wording was applied at admission. No human editorial review. Status and meaning Editorial status. Not reviewed by an editor . An exploratory record that no editor has accepted. This status does not say whether a person has read any linked passage. Each evidence record above shows how it was checked.
Relation. A passage of the document uses a name for a family of methods or a term, in the sense the concept’s naming criterion describes or, where labelled, in another sense. The record documents the use; it is not evidence that the name began there, and it implies no influence on or from another text.
Date. Month of the Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology (5–8 November 1997), as the organiser’s index states it; the paper calls itself a draft for a talk there. This is the conference association, not a verified date of publication or presentation; the wording is attested from 7 February 1998.
Record ID th-term-agi-gubrud-1997