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Control structures · 32 records (31 dated) · Anthropic

Anthropic’s control structure, 2021–2026

How do Anthropic’s certificates of incorporation allocate the right to elect directors, which powers does the Long-Term Benefit Trust hold, and how have these changed?

Anthropic was incorporated in Delaware in January 2021 as a public benefit corporation. The records below cover its legal form, the director-election and consent rights in the certificates of incorporation filed from 2021 to 2025, and the Long-Term Benefit Trust’s rights as the certificates state them and as Anthropic describes them. They also list the directors the Trust appointed and one open question: whether the Trust is independent enough of stockholders to provide effective oversight in practice. The certificates are Delaware-stamped copies published by AI Lab Watch. The Trust Agreement itself is not public.

A machine selected and arranged these records. No human review of the selection or framing is recorded.

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The recorded control rights and every timeline record on this page, with instruments, stages, evidence locations, qualifications, disputed assessments, open questions, questions set aside, source references, stored paraphrases and permitted short quotes. Original documents are not included.

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Related: OpenAI’s control structure, 2015–2026 · External commitments and obligations

Who holds which control right

Each row is one recorded control right, in date order. It names the holder, the right, the organisation it is held over, the instrument, and whether the source records it as announced, agreed or in effect. Rows are not joined into a chain. Read each against its own date and evidence.

DateStageHolderRightOverInstrument
2021-05-24 · snapshotEffectiveLong-Term Benefit CommitteeVetoAnthropicApproval of director candidates (restated certificate filed 2021-05-24, Articles VIII(D) and IX(A))
2023-09-06 → End unknownEffectiveLong-Term Benefit TrustElects directorsAnthropicClass T Common Stock (restated certificates from 2023-03-31, Article VIII(B))
2025-07-03 · snapshotEffectiveLong-Term Benefit TrustVetoAnthropicClass T protective provisions (certificate of incorporation, Article IV(D)5(a))
2025-07-03 · snapshotEffectiveLong-Term Benefit TrustRemoves directorsAnthropicClass T Common Stock (certificate of incorporation, Article VIII(B)7)
Limits of this page
  • A control right is recorded as the document states it: who holds it, over which entity, through which instrument and at which stage. It is not an ownership share, and rows are never joined into a chain of control.
  • The certificates give rights to classes of stock. That the Long-Term Benefit Trust holds the Class T stock rests on Anthropic’s statements; no share register was inspected.
  • The certificate copies were obtained from the State of Delaware by AI Lab Watch and were read from page images. Certificates filed after 3 July 2025 were not inspected.
  • The phase-in dates depend on board determinations that were not published, so the dates on which the Trust could elect its second and third directors are not recorded.
  • Board and Trustee records cover documented roles only. Trustees have their own records only when the person is already in the dataset. The announcement record names the initial Trustees.
  • The certificate copies have no Internet Archive capture. Archived copies are existing Internet Archive captures. A capture shows only what the archive retrieved that day. It does not prove what the document said earlier.

Dated timeline

Every record on this page, oldest first: control rights, legal forms, formations, conversions, name changes, board actions, quoted provisions of governing documents, changes between filed versions and questions about control that Selekoa poses and the sources do not settle. An announcement and the date an arrangement took effect are separate records. Undated records are listed last.

2021

  1. Legal formAnthropic → has legal form → Delaware public benefit corporation; stated public benefit: responsibly developing and maintaining advanced AI for the cultural, social and technological improvement of humanityAnthropic, PBC was incorporated as a Delaware public benefit corporation by a certificate of incorporation filed on 26 January 2021, which stated its specific public benefit as responsibly developing and maintaining advanced AI for the cultural, social and technological improvement of humanity.2021-01-26 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  2. Control rightEffectiveLong-Term Benefit Committee → veto → AnthropicInstrument: Approval of director candidates (restated certificate filed 2021-05-24, Articles VIII(D) and IX(A))Anthropic’s restated certificate of incorporation filed on 24 May 2021 constituted a Long-Term Benefit Committee with the exclusive power to approve or reject candidates for nomination or appointment as directors, except as set out in the stockholders’ Voting Agreement, and required candidates to receive its prior approval, except directors in office in May 2021 and those elected as Series A, Common or CEO Directors under the Voting Agreement.2021-05-24 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗

2023

  1. Board action or roleYasmin Razavi → held role at → AnthropicAnthropic announced on 23 May 2023, in its Series C announcement, that Yasmin Razavi, a General Partner at Spark Capital, had joined its board of directors.2023-05-23 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  2. Control rightEffectiveLong-Term Benefit Trust → elects directors → AnthropicInstrument: Class T Common Stock (restated certificates from 2023-03-31, Article VIII(B))Anthropic’s restated certificates of incorporation since March 2023 give holders of Class T Common Stock, voting as a separate class, the right to elect one director from 6 September 2023, two from the Second Phase-In Date and three of five from the Final Phase-In Date. Anthropic states that the Class T stock is held exclusively by the Long-Term Benefit Trust and gives it authority to elect and remove a number of board members that phases in by time- and funding-based milestones.2023-09-06 → End unknown · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  3. Structural documentAnthropic → published → The Long-Term Benefit Trust (Anthropic, 2023)Anthropic published a description of its Long-Term Benefit Trust on 19 September 2023. It said the Trust’s Class T stock would let it elect a number of directors phasing in to a board majority within four years, named five initial Trustees chosen by its board (Jason Matheny, Kanika Bahl, Neil Buddy Shah as chair, Paul Christiano and Zach Robinson), and said that “failsafe” provisions let large enough supermajorities of stockholders change the Trust and its powers without the Trustees’ consent.2023-09-19 · publication · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  4. Board action or roleKanika Bahl → held role at → Long-Term Benefit TrustAnthropic's announcement of its Long-Term Benefit Trust on 19 September 2023 names Kanika Bahl, CEO and President of Evidence Action, as an initial Trustee.2023-09-19 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  5. Board action or roleJason Matheny → held role at → Long-Term Benefit TrustAnthropic's announcement of its Long-Term Benefit Trust on 19 September 2023 names Jason Matheny, CEO of the RAND Corporation, as an initial Trustee.2023-09-19 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  6. Board action or roleZach Robinson → held role at → Long-Term Benefit TrustAnthropic's announcement of its Long-Term Benefit Trust on 19 September 2023 names Zach Robinson, Interim CEO of Effective Ventures US, as an initial Trustee.2023-09-19 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  7. Board action or roleNeil Buddy Shah → held role at → Long-Term Benefit TrustAnthropic's announcement of its Long-Term Benefit Trust on 19 September 2023 names Neil Buddy Shah, CEO of the Clinton Health Access Initiative, as an initial Trustee and as the Trust's Chair.2023-09-19 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  8. Provision of a governing documentAmended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Anthropic, PBC (filed 2023-09-21) → states provision → Class T phase-in: board determination of $5bn or $6bn raised, or 24 May 2026 and 2027Anthropic’s restated certificate filed on 21 September 2023 defines the Second Phase-In Date as the earlier of the close of business on 24 May 2026 or the time the board determines that the company has achieved $5 billion in Total Funds Raised, and the Final Phase-In Date as the earlier of 24 May 2027 or the board’s determination of $6 billion. The First Phase-In Date is 6 September 2023.2023-09-21 · publication · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  9. Board action or roleJason Matheny → had departure announced from → Long-Term Benefit TrustAnthropic's Long-Term Benefit Trust page states, in an undated footnote, that Jason Matheny stepped down from the Trust in December 2023; Anthropic stated that he did so to preempt potential conflicts of interest with RAND Corporation's policy-related initiatives.2023-12 · event · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
    Stated reason, as given by Anthropic (2023-09-19)

    Anthropic's page states that he stepped down to preempt potential conflicts of interest with RAND Corporation's policy-related initiatives. Attributed to Anthropic, in “The Long-Term Benefit Trust”; not a finding about why it happened.

2024

  1. Provision of a governing documentAmended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Anthropic, PBC (filed 2024-01-29) → states provision → Class T phase-in: four or eight months after board determination of $5bn or $6bn raised, or 24 May 2026 and 2027Anthropic’s restated certificate filed on 29 January 2024 defines the Second Phase-In Date as the earlier of the close of business on 24 May 2026 or four months after the board determines that the company has achieved $5 billion in Total Funds Raised, and the Final Phase-In Date as the earlier of 24 May 2027 or eight months after the board’s determination of $6 billion.2024-01-29 · publication · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  2. Inferred document comparisonChange between filed versionsAmended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Anthropic, PBC (filed 2024-01-29) → changes from → Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Anthropic, PBC (filed 2023-09-21)Compared with the certificate filed on 21 September 2023, the certificate filed on 29 January 2024 moves the funding-based Class T phase-in triggers from the board’s determination itself to four months (second phase) and eight months (final phase) after the board determines that $5 billion or $6 billion has been raised. The outside dates of 24 May 2026 and 24 May 2027 are unchanged.2024-01-29 · publication · Inferred · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  3. Board action or rolePaul Christiano → held role at → Long-Term Benefit TrustPaul Christiano was named by Anthropic on 19 September 2023 as one of the five initial Trustees of its Long-Term Benefit Trust; Anthropic’s page later states that he stepped down in April 2024 to take a role as Head of AI Safety at the U.S. AI Safety Institute.Unknown start → 2024-04 · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  4. Board action or roleJay Kreps → held role at → AnthropicAnthropic announced on 29 May 2024 that Jay Kreps had joined its board of directors and that he was appointed by its Long-Term Benefit Trust.2024-05-29 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  5. Board action or roleLuke Muehlhauser → had departure announced from → AnthropicAnthropic announced on 29 May 2024 that Luke Muehlhauser had decided to step down from its board of directors; Anthropic stated that he would focus on his work at Open Philanthropy.2024-05-29 · event · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
    Stated reason, as given by Anthropic (2024-05-29)

    Anthropic's announcement states that he stepped down to focus on his work at Open Philanthropy. Attributed to Anthropic, in “Jay Kreps appointed to Anthropic's Board of Directors”; not a finding about why it happened.

  6. Board action or roleLuke Muehlhauser → held role at → AnthropicAnthropic’s announcement of 29 May 2024 refers to Luke Muehlhauser’s Board role, from which he had decided to step down.2024-05-29 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗

2025

  1. Board action or roleRichard Fontaine → held role at → Long-Term Benefit TrustAnthropic's Long-Term Benefit Trust announced on 7 June 2025 the appointment of Richard Fontaine, CEO of the Center for a New American Security, as a member of the Trust; Anthropic's Trust page states that he joined in May 2025.from 2025-05 (stated in National security expert Richard Fontaine appointed to Anthropic’s long-term benefit trust, 2025-06-07) · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  2. Board action or roleReed Hastings → held role at → AnthropicAnthropic announced on 28 May 2025 that Reed Hastings had been appointed to its board of directors by its Long-Term Benefit Trust.2025-05-28 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  3. Legal formAnthropic → has legal form → Delaware public benefit corporation; stated public benefit: responsibly developing and maintaining advanced AI for the long term benefit of humanityAnthropic’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation filed on 3 July 2025, the latest inspected, states its specific public benefit as responsibly developing and maintaining advanced AI for the long term benefit of humanity. The same wording is in Article III of the restated certificate filed on 24 May 2021.2025-07-03 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  4. Control rightEffectiveLong-Term Benefit Trust → veto → AnthropicInstrument: Class T protective provisions (certificate of incorporation, Article IV(D)5(a))Under Anthropic’s restated certificate filed on 3 July 2025, while any Class T Common Stock is outstanding the company may not, without the consent or vote of all Class T holders as a separate class, amend the Class T provisions or the phase-in definitions, alter the certificate so that the board’s legal powers are exercised by another person or body, or change the number of directors except to add seats at least half of which Class T holders elect. Acts without that consent are declared void.2025-07-03 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  5. Control rightEffectiveLong-Term Benefit Trust → removes directors → AnthropicInstrument: Class T Common Stock (certificate of incorporation, Article VIII(B)7)The restated certificate filed on 3 July 2025 provides that any director elected under Article VIII(B) may be removed at any time without cause by the holders of the class or series of stock entitled to elect that director, so the holders of Class T Common Stock, which Anthropic states is held by the Long-Term Benefit Trust, may remove the Class T Directors.2025-07-03 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗

2026

  1. Board action or roleKanika Bahl → had departure announced from → Long-Term Benefit TrustAnthropic's Long-Term Benefit Trust page states, in an undated footnote, that Kanika Bahl stepped down from the Trust in January 2026; Anthropic stated that she did so to begin a new nonprofit, the AI Access Initiative.2026-01 · event · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
    Stated reason, as given by Anthropic (2023-09-19)

    Anthropic's page states that she stepped down to begin a new nonprofit, the AI Access Initiative. Attributed to Anthropic, in “The Long-Term Benefit Trust”; not a finding about why it happened.

  2. Board action or roleMariano-Florentino Cuéllar → held role at → Long-Term Benefit TrustAnthropic's Trust page and its announcement of 4 August 2026 state that Mariano-Florentino (Tino) Cuéllar, President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, joined its Long-Term Benefit Trust in January 2026.from 2026-01 (stated in Mariano-Florentino (Tino) Cuéllar to join Anthropic as Chief Global Affairs Officer, 2026-08-04) · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  3. Board action or roleZach Robinson → had departure announced from → Long-Term Benefit TrustAnthropic's Long-Term Benefit Trust page states, in an undated footnote, that Zach Robinson stepped down from the Trust in January 2026; Anthropic stated that he did so to focus on non-profit and philanthropic work.2026-01 · event · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
    Stated reason, as given by Anthropic (2023-09-19)

    Anthropic's page states that he stepped down to focus on non-profit and philanthropic work. Attributed to Anthropic, in “The Long-Term Benefit Trust”; not a finding about why it happened.

  4. Board action or roleChris Liddell → held role at → AnthropicAnthropic announced on 13 February 2026 that Chris Liddell had been appointed to its board of directors.2026-02-13 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  5. Board action or roleVas Narasimhan → held role at → AnthropicAnthropic announced on 14 April 2026 that the Long-Term Benefit Trust had appointed Vas Narasimhan to its board of directors and that, with this appointment, Trust-appointed directors made up a majority of the board.2026-04-14 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  6. Board action or roleBen Bernanke → held role at → Long-Term Benefit TrustAnthropic announced on 9 July 2026 that its Long-Term Benefit Trust had appointed Ben Bernanke, a Distinguished Fellow at the Brookings Institution and former Chair of the Federal Reserve, as a Trustee.2026-07-09 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  7. Board action or roleNeil Buddy Shah → held role at → Long-Term Benefit TrustAnthropic's announcement of 9 July 2026 identifies Neil Buddy Shah as Chair of its Long-Term Benefit Trust.2026-07-09 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
  8. Board action or roleMariano-Florentino Cuéllar → had departure announced from → Long-Term Benefit TrustAnthropic announced on 4 August 2026 that Mariano-Florentino (Tino) Cuéllar had stepped down from its Long-Term Benefit Trust; Anthropic stated that he did so to join the company.2026-08-04 · event · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗
    Stated reason, as given by Anthropic (2026-08-04)

    Anthropic's announcement states that he stepped down from the Trust to join the company. Attributed to Anthropic, in “Mariano-Florentino (Tino) Cuéllar to join Anthropic as Chief Global Affairs Officer”; not a finding about why it happened.

  9. Board action or roleDaniela Amodei → held role at → AnthropicAnthropic's Leadership page, as retrieved on 15 October 2026, states that co-founder and President Daniela Amodei serves as chair of its board of directors.2026-10-15 · snapshot · Stated in source · Supported Inspect claim & evidence ↗

Undated

  1. UnresolvedAssessment of controlAnthropic → has an assessment of its control → Whether Anthropic’s Long-Term Benefit Trust is independent enough of stockholders to exercise effective public-interest oversight of Anthropic in practiceAnthropic’s Long-Term Benefit Trust has sufficient independence from stockholders to exercise effective public-interest oversight of Anthropic in practice.Date unknown · Question posed by Selekoa · Unresolved Inspect claim & evidence ↗
Organisations and bodies on this page (3)

Distinct legal entities and bodies keep separate identities. A legal form is shown only where a stored record states it.

Open questions and source limits

Questions set aside (4)

These questions were deliberately not turned into records. Answering them would need legal interpretation, a decisive source for conflicting dates, or statements about a living person beyond documented roles.