2025
Selekoa’s 772 records dated 2025, in date order, grouped by topic. 7 stated dates are listed apart.
Selective: what the records hold, not a history of the year.
How this page is made
- Each record keeps the kind of date its source gives: an event, a publication, an announcement, an effective date, a revision, a signature, a snapshot, or the start or end of an interval. A snapshot is one dated report of a state.
- A record dated only to a month sits under that month, before the records dated to a day. A record dated only to the year sits under the year, before the months. No day or month is added.
- An announcement records what a party stated. It does not show that anything was done, built or paid for.
- Dates a party states for a year are listed apart, after the records: targets, deadlines and terms, and dates stated in passing, such as a reported start of operation. So is a record’s own date that falls after its sources were last checked, such as a law’s date of effect. A stated date given only in words, with no year, is not listed.
- Records with an unknown date are not listed. A record with an interval appears in the year it starts and in the year it ends, or once, with both dates, when both fall in one year.
- Each provision of a text is a record of its own. Provisions sharing a text and a date are shown here as one entry, with their number, and listed on the text’s page; a contested or unresolved one is listed here on its own. The counts on this page include each provision record.
- The page is generated from the records, with no selection or framing by an editor. Coverage is uneven across years and topics: a year or topic with few records may be one the records barely cover.
People 79 records
Dated to 2025 only
· snapshot · dated to the year
H Company’s about page lists Gautier Cloix becoming CEO among its milestones for 2025. Evidence ↗
January 2025
February 2025
· event · dated to the month
TechCrunch reported on 6 February 2025, on the basis of multiple reports, that John Schulman had left Anthropic after five months. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the month
Anthropic announced in February 2025 a new Safeguards Research Team, then led by Mrinank Sharma. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the month
TechCrunch reported on 11 February 2026 that Christian Szegedy had left xAI in February 2025. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Jiemian reported on 21 February 2025, repeating its report of 17 February, that Wu Yonghui had joined ByteDance as head of foundational research of its large-model team Seed. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day
Mira Murati announced on X on 18 February 2025 that she had started Thinking Machines Lab with a team of scientists, engineers and builders. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
TechCrunch reported at Thinking Machines Lab’s launch on 18 February 2025 that Barret Zoph was its CTO. Evidence ↗
March 2025
· snapshot · dated to the day
Sequoia Capital’s announcement of 7 March 2025 refers to Misha Laskin as Reflection AI’s CEO. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day
Liam Fedus posted on X on 17 March 2025 a message to his OpenAI colleagues saying that he had decided to leave OpenAI as an employee. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
OpenAI announced on 24 March 2025 that Mark Chen had stepped into an expanded role as Chief Research Officer. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
OpenAI announced on 24 March 2025 that Julia Villagra had assumed the role of Chief People Officer. Evidence ↗
April 2025
· event · dated to the day
CNBC reported on 1 April 2025 that Joelle Pineau, Meta's vice president of AI research, had announced in a LinkedIn post that she would leave Meta, with 30 May as her last day. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Google DeepMind's post of 2 April 2025 states that its Responsibility and Safety Council is co-chaired by its COO Lila Ibrahim and Senior Director of Responsibility Helen King. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Google DeepMind's post of 2 April 2025 states that its AGI Safety Council is led by Shane Legg, Co-Founder and Chief AGI Scientist at Google DeepMind. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day
Obsolete reported on 15 April 2025 that Joaquin Quiñonero Candela had stepped down from leading OpenAI's Preparedness work some weeks earlier, according to an announcement he posted on LinkedIn the previous day. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
The Singapore Conference on AI's participant page for its conference of 26 April 2025 lists Johannes Heidecke as Head of Safety Systems, OpenAI. Evidence ↗
May 2025
· snapshot · dated to the day · announced
OpenAI published on 7 May 2025 Sam Altman’s message announcing that Fidji Simo would join as CEO of Applications, reporting directly to him. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · announced
Mobile World Live reported on 9 May 2025 that Rob Fergus had announced he was taking on the leadership of FAIR at Meta, succeeding Joelle Pineau. Evidence ↗
June 2025
· snapshot · dated to the day
Scale AI announced on 12 June 2025 that its board had appointed Chief Strategy Officer Jason Droege as Interim Chief Executive Officer. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · announced
Scale AI announced on 12 June 2025 that its founder Alexandr Wang was joining Meta to work on Meta's AI efforts. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Joaquin Quiñonero Candela posted on X on 16 June 2025 that he was now the Head of Recruiting for all of OpenAI. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Character.AI announced on 20 June 2025 that Karandeep Anand had joined as Chief Executive Officer. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · announced
Character.AI announced on 20 June 2025 that Dominic Perella would take on a new role as Chief Legal Officer & SVP of Global Affairs. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, names Trapit Bansal, described as a co-creator of OpenAI's o-series models, among new MSL team members. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, names Shuchao Bi, described as having led multimodal post-training at OpenAI, among new MSL team members. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, names Huiwen Chang, described as a co-creator of GPT-4o's image generation and formerly at Google Research, among new MSL team members. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, states that Nat Friedman had joined Meta to lead MSL with Alexandr Wang, heading AI products and applied research. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, names Ji Lin, described as having helped build OpenAI models including o3/o4-mini and GPT-4o, among new MSL team members. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, names Joel Pobar, described as having worked on inference at Anthropic and earlier at Meta, among new MSL team members. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, names Jack Rae, described as pre-training tech lead for Gemini and leader of Gopher and Chinchilla at DeepMind, among new MSL team members. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, names Hongyu Ren, described as having led a post-training group at OpenAI, among new MSL team members. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, names Johan Schalkwyk, described as a former Google Fellow and early contributor to Sesame, among new MSL team members. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, names Pei Sun, described as having worked on Gemini post-training, coding and reasoning at Google DeepMind, among new MSL team members. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, states that Alexandr Wang had joined Meta as Chief AI Officer to lead Meta Superintelligence Labs. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, names Jiahui Yu, described as having led the perception team at OpenAI and co-led multimodal at Gemini, among new MSL team members. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, names Shengjia Zhao, described as having led synthetic data at OpenAI, among new team members who had joined or were joining MSL. Evidence ↗
July 2025
· announcement · dated to the day
SSI announced Daniel Gross’s departure on July 3, 2025, stating that he was no longer part of SSI as of June 29. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
SSI’s July 2025 update identifies Daniel Levy as President. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
SSI’s July 2025 signed update identifies Ilya Sutskever as CEO. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day
TechCrunch reported on 7 July 2025, relaying a Bloomberg report, that Apple’s head of AI models, Ruoming Pang, was leaving the company to work at Meta. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
OpenAI stated on 9 July 2025 that Jony Ive and LoveFrom remained independent and had assumed deep design and creative responsibilities across OpenAI. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day
Windsurf announced on 11 July 2025 that, as part of an agreement with Google, Douglas Chen and some members of its R&D team would join Google. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day
Windsurf announced on 11 July 2025 that, as part of an agreement with Google, Varun Mohan and some members of its R&D team would join Google. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Windsurf announced on 11 July 2025 that Graham Moreno, its VP of Global Sales, had stepped into the role of President. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Windsurf announced on 11 July 2025 that Jeff Wang, its Head of Business, had stepped into the role of interim CEO, effective immediately. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Demis Hassabis posted on X on 11 July 2025 that Google DeepMind was welcoming Windsurf founder Douglas Chen, with some of Windsurf's engineering team. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Demis Hassabis posted on X on 11 July 2025 that Google DeepMind was welcoming Windsurf founder Varun Mohan, with some of Windsurf's engineering team. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · announced
Anthropic announced on 15 July 2025 that it would appoint Paul Smith as its first Chief Commercial Officer, to assume the role later that year. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg posted on Threads on 25 July 2025 that there was no change in Yann LeCun's role and that he would continue as Chief Scientist for FAIR. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · announced
Alexandr Wang posted on X on 25 July 2025 that Shengjia Zhao would be Chief Scientist of Meta Superintelligence Labs, and Zhao posted the same day that he was taking up the role. Evidence ↗
August 2025
· announcement · dated to the day
Reuters reported Igor Babuschkin’s announcement that he had left xAI. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Cohere announced that Joelle Pineau would join as Chief AI Officer. Evidence ↗
September 2025
· snapshot · dated to the day · announced
OpenAI announced on 2 September 2025 that Vijaye Raji would step into a new role as CTO of Applications. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
OpenAI’s announcement of 2 September 2025 attributes a statement to Fidji Simo as CEO of Applications, OpenAI. Evidence ↗
October 2025
· interval begins · dated to the month
Science and Technology Innovation Board Daily (科创板日报) reported on 5 March 2026 that from October 2025 Wu Yonghui became the lead of ByteDance’s large-model team. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Anthropic announced on 7 October 2025 that Rahul Patil had joined it as Chief Technology Officer. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Anthropic’s October 2025 CTO announcement identifies Sam McCandlish’s new role as Chief Architect. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day
Reuters reported on 11 October 2025, relaying a Wall Street Journal report, that Andrew Tulloch had left Thinking Machines Lab to join Meta Platforms. Evidence ↗
November 2025
· snapshot · dated to the day
Google's Gemini 3 announcement of 18 November 2025 identifies Demis Hassabis as CEO of Google DeepMind. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Google's Gemini 3 announcement of 18 November 2025 identifies Koray Kavukcuoglu as Chief AI Architect, Google. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Google's Gemini 3 announcement of 18 November 2025 identifies Koray Kavukcuoglu as CTO of Google DeepMind. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day
The Associated Press reported that Yann LeCun said on 19 November 2025 that he would be leaving his job as Meta's chief AI scientist at the end of the year. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
The Paper reported on 25 November 2025 that its reporter had learned that day of a Baidu announcement creating a new Application Model R&D Department headed by Jia Lei. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
The Paper reported on 25 November 2025 that its reporter had learned that day of a Baidu announcement creating two model R&D departments, and that Wang Haifeng continued as Baidu’s CTO, chair of its TSC and head of Baidu Research. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
The Paper reported on 25 November 2025 that its reporter had learned that day of a Baidu announcement creating a new Foundation Model R&D Department, responsible for general-purpose large models, headed by Wu Tian. Evidence ↗
December 2025
· event · dated to the day · announced
Apple announced on 1 December 2025 that John Giannandrea, its senior vice president for Machine Learning and AI Strategy, was stepping down from his position. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Apple announced on 1 December 2025 that Amar Subramanya had joined Apple as vice president of AI, reporting to Craig Federighi. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · announced
OpenAI announced on 9 December 2025 that Denise Dresser was joining as Chief Revenue Officer. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Science and Technology Innovation Board Daily (科创板日报) reported on 17 December 2025 that Tencent had announced a reorganisation of its large-model R&D under which Yao Shunyu became Chief AI Scientist in the “CEO/President’s Office”, reporting to President Martin Lau. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Science and Technology Innovation Board Daily (科创板日报) reported on 17 December 2025 that Yao Shunyu also became head of Tencent’s AI Infra Department and Large Language Model Department. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · announced
TechCrunch reported on 19 December 2025 that Yann LeCun had written, in a post of 18 December 2025, that Alex LeBrun was transitioning from CEO of Nabla to CEO of AMI Labs. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
TechCrunch reported on 19 December 2025 that Yann LeCun had confirmed, in a post of 18 December 2025, that AMI Labs was his new startup and that he was its Executive Chairman. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Zhipu’s Hong Kong prospectus of 30 December 2025 identifies Liu Debing as executive Director and chairman of the Board. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Zhipu’s Hong Kong prospectus of 30 December 2025 identifies Wang Shaolan as deputy general manager. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Zhipu’s Hong Kong prospectus of 30 December 2025 identifies Zhang Bo, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, as the company’s chief scientist. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Zhipu’s Hong Kong prospectus of 30 December 2025 identifies Zhang Peng as executive Director, chief executive officer and general manager. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
MiniMax’s Hong Kong prospectus of 31 December 2025 identifies Yan Junjie as chairman of the board, chief executive officer and chief technology officer. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
MiniMax’s Hong Kong prospectus of 31 December 2025 identifies Yun Yeyi as executive Director and chief operating officer. Evidence ↗
Institutions 11 records
March 2025
· announcement · dated to the day
Reuters reported Musk’s announcement that xAI had acquired X. Evidence ↗
June 2025
· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, states that Meta Superintelligence Labs includes Meta's FAIR teams. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Mark Zuckerberg's memo of 30 June 2025, as published by CNBC, names Meta's overall AI organisation Meta Superintelligence Labs (MSL). Evidence ↗
July 2025
· event · dated to the day
OpenAI stated in an update dated 9 July 2025 that the io Products, Inc. team had officially merged with OpenAI, as announced on 21 May 2025. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day · announced
Windsurf announced on 11 July 2025 an agreement with Google under which Varun, Douglas and some members of its R&D team would join Google; The Verge reported the same day that Google would take a non-exclusive licence to some of Windsurf's technology. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day · announced
Cognition announced on 14 July 2025 that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire Windsurf, including its IP, product, trademark and brand. Evidence ↗
August 2025
· snapshot · dated to the day
CNBC reported on 21 August 2025, attributing the report to the Wall Street Journal, that a recent restructuring had divided Meta's AI efforts into four teams within Meta Superintelligence Labs, including one dubbed the 'TBD lab'. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
The Seed-OSS model card (Hugging Face revision of 26 August 2025) describes the Seed Team as ByteDance's, stating that the Seed-OSS models were developed by ByteDance's Seed Team. Evidence ↗
September 2025
November 2025
December 2025
Ideas & lineages 67 records
January 2025
· publication · dated to the day
MiniMax posted the MiniMax-01 technical report, “MiniMax-01: Scaling Foundation Models with Lightning Attention”, to arXiv on 14 January 2025 (version 1). Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
MiniMax’s MiniMax-01 GitHub repository README, at a commit of 15 January 2025, introduced two models, MiniMax-Text-01 and MiniMax-VL-01. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
A Chinese-language page on ByteDance Seed's website, dated 22 January 2025 and titled 'Doubao 1.5pro - Doubao Team', describes the Doubao-1.5-pro model as using a mixture-of-experts architecture. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The Kimi-k1.5 repository README, as of 22 January 2025, offered testing of Kimi k1.5 through the Kimi OpenPlatform API on application, and published no model weights. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Yuxin Wu is listed among the authors of the Kimi k1.5 technical report (arXiv version 1). Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Zhilin Yang is listed among the authors of the Kimi k1.5 technical report (arXiv version 1). Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Xinyu Zhou is listed among the authors of the Kimi k1.5 technical report (arXiv version 1). Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Moonshot AI’s Kimi Team posted the Kimi k1.5 technical report to arXiv on 22 January 2025 (version 1). Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
DeepSeek published the R1 research report. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
R1’s distillation section cites Qwen2.5’s announcement while naming Qwen base models fine-tuned on R1-generated samples. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The R1 report distinguishes R1-Zero’s RL without preliminary SFT from R1’s cold-start training. Evidence ↗
March 2025
· publication · dated to the month
“How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk?” (2025-03) credits Charles I. Jones as its author. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the month
Jones, “How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk?” (2025-03) bears on E02. The preceding sentence reports experts on catastrophic outcomes 'either from malicious use or even from a superintelligent A.I. itself'. Evidence ↗Jones, How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk (2025) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the month
Jones, “How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk?” (2025-03) articulates E03. Sentence continues 'in the Covid-19 pandemic'; Jones adds that mortality risk to people alive 'more than justifies spending large amounts'. Abstract follows a back-of-envelope calculation from a $10 million value of life and a 1% mortality risk. Preceded by the note that 12–33% of runs lead to zero mitigation investment (very small or hard-to-mitigate risk). After saying that valuing future generations would raise the amount. Evidence ↗Jones, How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk (2025) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the month
Jones, “How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk?” (2025-03) articulates E04. Listed among 'many related questions that merit further study'. Evidence ↗Jones, How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk (2025) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the month
Jones, “How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk?” (2025-03) articulates E05. Jones then says the Covid-19 experience supplies a key insight, letting existential risk be modelled like pandemic mortality. Evidence ↗Jones, How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk (2025) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the month
Jones, “How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk?” (2025-03) bears on E05. Related-literature paragraph that also cites Aschenbrenner (2020), Aschenbrenner and Trammell (2024) and Martin and Pindyck. Evidence ↗Jones, How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk (2025) →Claim page →
· announcement · dated to the day
Baidu announced ERNIE 4.5 and the reasoning model ERNIE X1 on 16 March 2025, stating that both were accessible to individual users free of charge through ERNIE Bot. Evidence ↗
April 2025
· publication · dated to the day
Axiom Space's release (April 2025) states that limitations of terrestrial data centres, including energy, cooling, real estate, licensing and permitting, are becoming increasingly apparent, and presents its orbital nodes as mitigating them. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Moonshot AI published the Kimi-VL-A3B-Instruct model on its moonshotai Hugging Face account, with a model card whose metadata gives the licence as “mit”, at a commit of 9 April 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
ByteDance Seed posted the Seed-Thinking-v1.5 reasoning-model report to arXiv on 10 April 2025 (version 1); later arXiv versions are titled Seed1.5-Thinking. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Moonshot AI’s Kimi Team posted the Kimi-VL technical report to arXiv on 10 April 2025 (version 1). Evidence ↗
May 2025
June 2025
· publication · dated to the day
ByteDance Seed posted the Seed-Coder technical report to arXiv on 4 June 2025 (version 1). Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The RAND working paper "Contemporary AI foundation models increase biological weapons risk" (WR-A3853-1, arXiv v1 of 12 June 2025) states that contemporary AI models can meaningfully contribute to biological weapons development, against published safety assessments that assert minimal risk. Evidence ↗Contemporary AI foundation models increase biological weapons risk →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the day
The RAND working paper of 12 June 2025 states that safety assessments mistakenly assume that biological weapons development requires tacit knowledge, that is, expertise gained through experience that cannot be conveyed in words. Evidence ↗Contemporary AI foundation models increase biological weapons risk →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the day
The RAND working paper of 12 June 2025 states that flawed safety assessments resting on tacit knowledge and inadequate benchmarks may create a false sense of security, leading to weak safeguards and regulatory gaps. Evidence ↗Contemporary AI foundation models increase biological weapons risk →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the day
The RAND working paper of 12 June 2025 states that safety assessments rely on benchmarks that overlook the full range of potential threat actors and fail to account for how AI could enhance the capabilities of skilled individuals as well as enabling non-experts. Evidence ↗Contemporary AI foundation models increase biological weapons risk →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the day
MiniMax posted the MiniMax-M1 technical report to arXiv on 16 June 2025 (version 1); the abstract states that MiniMax publicly releases MiniMax-M1 in versions with 40K and 80K thinking budgets. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
The PaddlePaddle/ERNIE repository README at its commit of 30 June 2025 introduces ERNIE 4.5 as a family of ten model variants and states that the models, including pre-trained weights and inference code, have been released on Hugging Face and AI Studio. Evidence ↗
July 2025
· publication · dated to the month
The Frontier AI Risk Management Framework (v1.0) states that it builds upon the International AI Safety Report (January 2025) and TC260's AI Safety Governance Framework v1.0, which it cites in a footnote. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The README of Moonshot AI’s Kimi-K2 GitHub repository, at the repository’s initial commit dated 11 July 2025, introduced two model variants, Kimi-K2-Base and Kimi-K2-Instruct, and pointed to their checkpoints on Hugging Face. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
ByteDance Seed posted the Seed-X multilingual translation model report to arXiv on 18 July 2025 (version 1). Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Yuxin Wu is listed among the authors of the Kimi K2 technical report (arXiv version 1). Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Zhilin Yang is listed among the authors of the Kimi K2 technical report (arXiv version 1). Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Xinyu Zhou is listed among the authors of the Kimi K2 technical report (arXiv version 1). Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Moonshot AI’s Kimi Team posted the Kimi K2 technical report, “Kimi K2: Open Agentic Intelligence”, to arXiv on 28 July 2025 (version 1). Evidence ↗
August 2025
· publication · dated to the day
“Re: recent Anthropic safety research” (2025-08-06) credits Eliezer Yudkowsky as its author. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The post “Re: recent Anthropic safety research” (2025-08-06) contests Y21. Commenting on reported behaviour of a language model, he distinguishes a learned human-like persona from the system's underlying preferences, which he expects to be alien. Evidence ↗Yudkowsky, Re: recent Anthropic safety research (2025) →Claim page →
· announcement · dated to the day
ByteDance Seed's Seed-OSS model card states that on 20 August 2025 it released Seed-OSS-36B-Base, in versions with and without synthetic data, and Seed-OSS-36B-Instruct. Evidence ↗
September 2025
· publication · dated to the month
“A Research Agenda for the Economics of Transformative AI” (2025-09) credits Ajay K. Agrawal as one of its 3 authors. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the month
“A Research Agenda for the Economics of Transformative AI” (2025-09) credits Anton Korinek as one of its 3 authors. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the month
“A Research Agenda for the Economics of Transformative AI” (2025-09) credits Erik Brynjolfsson as one of its 3 authors. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the month
Andrews and Farboodi, “Do Markets Believe in Transformative AI?” (2025-09) bears on E05. Event study of US Treasury and TIPS yields around 30 frontier-lab model releases (Nov 2022–Dec 2025). Evidence ↗Andrews and Farboodi, Do Markets Believe in Transformative AI (2025) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the month
Brynjolfsson, Korinek and Agrawal, “A Research Agenda for the Economics of Transformative AI” (2025-09) bears on E05. Opening sentence of the research-agenda abstract ('As we approach Transformative Artificial Intelligence (TAI), …'). The agenda's list; 'safety risks' is one of nine challenges. Evidence ↗Brynjolfsson, Korinek and Agrawal, A Research Agenda for the Economics of Transformative AI (2025) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the day
Anthropic's Frontier Red Team post "LLMs and biorisk" (5 September 2025) states that its 2024 pilot study, while not providing strong evidence either way about AI uplift, suggested that tacit knowledge may not be as significant a bottleneck as many have suggested. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Anthropic's Frontier Red Team post of 5 September 2025 states that text-based uplift trials of the kind it reports are imperfect proxies for real-world scenarios, which involve further factors it names. Evidence ↗
October 2025
· publication · dated to the month
“Genius on Demand: The Value of Transformative Artificial Intelligence” (2025-10) credits Ajay K. Agrawal as one of its 3 authors. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the month
“Genius on Demand: The Value of Transformative Artificial Intelligence” (2025-10) credits Avi Goldfarb as one of its 3 authors. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the month
“Genius on Demand: The Value of Transformative Artificial Intelligence” (2025-10) credits Joshua S. Gans as one of its 3 authors. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the month
“We Won't be Missed: Work and Growth in the AGI World” (2025-10) credits Pascual Restrepo as its author. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the month
Agrawal, Gans and Goldfarb, “Genius on Demand: The Value of Transformative Artificial Intelligence” (2025-10) bears on E02. Model of 'genius on demand' AI; human geniuses specialise where their comparative advantage over AI is greatest. Evidence ↗Agrawal, Gans and Goldfarb, Genius on Demand (2025) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the month
Restrepo, “We Won't be Missed: Work and Growth in the AGI World” (2025-10) bears on E02. Restrepo's chapter for the NBER volume The Economics of Transformative AI; the abstract derives labour-share convergence to zero. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
NVIDIA's post (October 2025) quotes Starcloud's chief executive Philip Johnston as saying that, apart from launch, orbital data centres would bring tenfold carbon-dioxide savings over their life compared with terrestrial power. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
MiniMax announced on 27 October 2025 that it was making MiniMax M2 open source and launching it, and stated that the complete model weights had been released on Hugging Face. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Aili, Choi, Ong and Wen’s Perspective on carbon-neutral data centres in space (Nature Electronics, 2025) states that retired orbital hardware ends up as space junk that could burn up in the atmosphere, releasing emissions and other harmful chemicals, a disadvantage compared with terrestrial data centres. Evidence ↗Aili, Choi, Ong and Wen, Carbon-neutral data centres in space (2025) →Claim page →
November 2025
· publication · dated to the day
Google's Suncatcher post (November 2025) states that in the right orbit a solar panel can be up to eight times more productive than on Earth and produce power nearly continuously. Evidence ↗Google Research, Project Suncatcher post (2025) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the day
Google's Suncatcher post (November 2025) names high-bandwidth ground communications among the significant engineering challenges that remain. Evidence ↗Google Research, Project Suncatcher post (2025) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the day
Google's Suncatcher post (November 2025) names thermal management among the significant engineering challenges that remain for space-based ML compute. Evidence ↗Google Research, Project Suncatcher post (2025) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the day
Moonshot AI published the Kimi-K2-Thinking model on its moonshotai Hugging Face account; the model card, at a commit of 6 November 2025, describes it as a thinking model built starting from Kimi K2. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
ESPI Report 98 (November 2025) states that in-orbit servicing remains so costly that deorbiting a failed satellite and launching a replacement is generally considered more cost-effective than sending crews for repairs, and that the maintenance cycle of a space-based data centre is expected to depend heavily on redundancy, which itself increases costs. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
ESPI Report 98 (November 2025) models gigawatt-scale space-based data centres against a terrestrial benchmark and finds that, under its modelling assumptions, a constellation architecture has double the benchmark’s capital cost and more than triple its operating cost, and a monolithic architecture an operating cost 38% higher. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The Suncatcher paper (November 2025) argues that if launch to LEO reaches $200 per kilogram, launch cost amortised over spacecraft life could be roughly comparable to terrestrial data-centre energy costs per kW. Evidence ↗Agüera y Arcas et al., Suncatcher paper (2025) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the day
The Suncatcher paper (November 2025) reports proton-beam tests in which Trillium TPU HBM showed irregularities after 2 krad(Si), about three times the authors' five-year requirement of 750 rad(Si). Evidence ↗Agüera y Arcas et al., Suncatcher paper (2025) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the day
The Suncatcher paper (November 2025) states that replacing failed TPUs by technicians, simple on Earth, is impracticable in space, and that redundant provisioning is the simplest solution. Evidence ↗Agüera y Arcas et al., Suncatcher paper (2025) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the day
Google researchers posted "Towards a future space-based, highly scalable AI infrastructure system design" to arXiv as version 1 on 22 November 2025. Evidence ↗
December 2025
· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of MiniMax Group Inc. Global Offering prospectus (31 December 2025)
Capital 30 records
January 2025
· publication · dated to the day · plan
Brad Smith wrote on 3 January 2025 that Microsoft was on track to invest approximately $80 billion in FY 2025 to build out AI-enabled datacenters, more than half of it in the United States. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
OpenAI was named as an initial equity funder of Stargate. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
Oracle was named as an initial equity funder of Stargate. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
SoftBank was named as an initial equity funder of Stargate. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · plan
Stargate was announced with a plan to spend $500 billion on US AI infrastructure over four years. Evidence ↗
February 2025
· announcement · dated to the day · plan
Alibaba announced plans to spend at least RMB 380 billion on AI and cloud infrastructure over three years. Evidence ↗
March 2025
· announcement · dated to the day · plan
A White House release of 3 March 2025 stated that President Trump and TSMC CEO C.C. Wei announced a $100 billion investment by TSMC in its Arizona chip manufacturing operation, quoting President Trump that it would go into five fabrication facilities and bring TSMC’s investment to about $165 billion, and quoting Wei that TSMC would produce chips to support AI’s progress. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day · contract
Zhipu’s prospectus records a March 2025 agreement for a RMB 400 million convertible loan from the named Zhuhai fund. Evidence ↗
April 2025
June 2025
August 2025
· signature · dated to the day · contract
Intel’s Form 8-K for 22 August 2025 states that the warrants issued to the Department of Commerce are exercisable only if Intel ceases to own at least 51% of its foundry business, expire on the fifth anniversary of closing and carry an exercise price of $20.00 per share. Evidence ↗· signature · dated to the day · contract
Intel reported in a Form 8-K that on 22 August 2025 it entered into a Warrant and Common Stock Agreement with the U.S. Department of Commerce under which the US Government agreed to make $8,869,800,000 of disbursements and Intel agreed to issue up to 433,323,000 shares of common stock and warrants. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
Intel’s release of 22 August 2025 announced that the US government would make an $8.9 billion investment in Intel common stock, purchasing 433.3 million shares at $20.47 per share (stated as equivalent to a 9.9 percent stake), funded by $5.7 billion of unpaid CHIPS Act grants and $3.2 billion awarded under the Secure Enclave program; the release quotes Commerce Secretary Lutnick saying the administration “remains committed to reinforcing our country’s dominance in artificial intelligence”. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · closed
Intel reported in a Form 8-K that the closing under the agreement occurred on 27 August 2025, when Intel received $5.695 billion of accelerated CHIPS disbursements and issued 274,583,000 shares and a warrant to the Department of Commerce, with 158,740,000 further shares issued into escrow pending Secure Enclave disbursements. Evidence ↗
September 2025
· announcement · dated to the day · announced
NVIDIA and Intel announced on 18 September 2025, in a joint release, that NVIDIA will invest $5 billion in Intel’s common stock at a purchase price of $23.28 per share, subject to customary closing conditions including regulatory approvals. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · letter of intent
The joint OpenAI–NVIDIA release of 22 September 2025 stated that NVIDIA intended to invest up to $100 billion in OpenAI progressively as each gigawatt of NVIDIA systems is deployed. Evidence ↗
October 2025
· announcement · dated to the day · announced
The joint AMD–OpenAI release of 6 October 2025 stated that AMD had issued OpenAI a warrant for up to 160 million shares of AMD common stock, vesting as milestones are achieved: the first tranche with the initial 1 gigawatt deployment, further tranches as purchases scale up to 6 gigawatts, and vesting further tied to AMD share-price targets and to OpenAI technical and commercial milestones. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · plan
Google announced on 14 October 2025 an investment of approximately $15 billion over five years (2026–2030) to establish its first AI hub in India, in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · plan
Vantage's release described its own "$15B+ investment" in Port Washington. Evidence ↗
November 2025
· announcement · dated to the day · plan
Anthropic announced on 12 November 2025 a $50 billion investment in American computing infrastructure, building data centers with Fluidstack in Texas and New York, with sites coming online throughout 2026. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · plan
Google announced on 14 November 2025 a $40 billion investment in Texas through 2027 to build cloud and AI infrastructure, including new data center campuses in Armstrong and Haskell Counties. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · commitment
The joint announcement of 18 November 2025 stated that Microsoft was committing to invest up to $5 billion in Anthropic. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · commitment
The joint announcement of 18 November 2025 stated that NVIDIA was committing to invest up to $10 billion in Anthropic. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · plan
Amazon announced on 24 November 2025 an investment of up to $50 billion to expand AI and supercomputing capabilities for AWS US government customers, set to break ground in 2026. Evidence ↗
December 2025
· snapshot · dated to the day · invested
MiniMax’s prospectus names Alisoft China Holding Limited, which it describes as an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Alibaba Group, among its key Pre-IPO Investors, holding approximately 15.04% at the date of the listing application. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · invested
MiniMax’s prospectus lists Miheng Holdings Limited among its other key Pre-IPO Investors and states that the general partner of the partnership controlling it is controlled by Hillhouse Capital. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · invested
MiniMax’s prospectus lists HSG Growth VII Holdco E, Ltd. and Himalia Holding Limited, whose sole shareholders it names as HongShan Capital Growth Funds VII and VI, among its other key Pre-IPO Investors. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · invested
MiniMax’s prospectus names Cosmic Station Limited and Seasonal Charm Limited, subsidiaries of IDG China funds managed by IDG Capital Fund Management Ltd., among its key Pre-IPO Investors. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · invested
MiniMax’s prospectus names miHoYo Limited and Shanghai Mihoyo Argo Technology Co., Ltd among its key Pre-IPO Investors, states that their initial investment in the company was made in 2021, and that they fully settled their investment on 3 September 2024. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · invested
MiniMax’s prospectus names Image Frame Investment (HK) Limited, which it describes as a wholly owned subsidiary of Tencent Holdings Limited, among its key Pre-IPO Investors, holding approximately 2.84% at the date of the listing application. Evidence ↗
Compute 69 records
Dated to 2025 only
· snapshot · dated to the year · stated as in operation
xAI reported ending 2025 with over one million H100 GPU equivalents across Colossus I and II. Evidence ↗
January 2025
· announcement · dated to the day
The UK government announced on 13 January 2025 AI Growth Zones to speed up planning approvals for data centres and give them better grid access, the first to be in Culham, Oxfordshire. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · contract
Microsoft reported that the OpenAI API remained exclusive to Azure. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · contract
Microsoft reported that OpenAI’s new-capacity arrangement gave Microsoft a right of first refusal. Evidence ↗
March 2025
· announcement · dated to the day · contract
CoreWeave announced an OpenAI compute infrastructure contract valued at up to $11.9 billion. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · plan
Crusoe stated that with the second phase its Abilene facility would total eight buildings and a total power capacity of 1.2 gigawatts. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
Crusoe stated in March 2025 that it began constructing its Abilene AI data center in June 2024 and that the initial phase, two buildings and 200+ megawatts, was expected to be energized in the first half of 2025. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · contract
CoreWeave reports an OpenAI lien and security interest in the infrastructure SPV’s equity upon an event of default. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · contract
CoreWeave reports that repeated service-availability failures give OpenAI a right to terminate all or part of its March agreement commitment. Evidence ↗
April 2025
· announcement · dated to the day
Axiom Space announced on 7 April 2025 the upcoming launch of its first two Orbital Data Center nodes to low Earth orbit by the end of 2025, as part of Kepler Communications' optical relay constellation. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · stated as in operation
NVIDIA stated on 14 April 2025 that NVIDIA Blackwell chips had started production at TSMC’s chip plants in Phoenix, Arizona. Evidence ↗
May 2025
· announcement · dated to the day · announced
AMD and HUMAIN announced on 13 May 2025 an agreement under which the parties will invest up to $10 billion to deploy 500 megawatts of AI compute capacity over five years, with HUMAIN delivering the data-centre, power and fibre infrastructure and AMD providing its AI compute portfolio and ROCm software. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
HUMAIN and NVIDIA announced on 13 May 2025, in a release on NVIDIA's newsroom, that HUMAIN was making an investment to build AI factories in Saudi Arabia with a projected capacity of up to 500 megawatts powered by several hundred thousand NVIDIA GPUs over five years, the first phase being an 18,000-chip NVIDIA GB300 Grace Blackwell AI supercomputer. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · contract
CoreWeave reports an additional May 2025 OpenAI reserved-capacity agreement with a payment commitment of up to $4 billion through April 2029. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
The UAE Embassy in Washington, republishing a WAM report, stated that a 5GW UAE–US AI Campus in Abu Dhabi was unveiled on 15 May 2025 in the presence of the UAE and US presidents, to be built by G42 and operated in partnership with several US companies. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
A press report relayed on ncsti.gov.cn on 15 May 2025 states that the space computing constellation consists of 12 satellites built by ADA Space and carries Zhejiang Lab's onboard intelligent computers and space-based models. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
WAM reported on 15 May 2025 that the 5 GW UAE–US AI Campus in Abu Dhabi, once completed, will use nuclear, solar and gas power to minimise carbon emissions. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
G42, OpenAI, Oracle, NVIDIA, SoftBank Group and Cisco announced on 22 May 2025 Stargate UAE, a 1-gigawatt compute cluster to be built by G42 and operated by OpenAI and Oracle within the UAE–US AI Campus. Evidence ↗
June 2025
· announcement · dated to the day · contract
Constellation and Meta announced on 3 June 2025 that they had signed a 20-year power purchase agreement for the output of the Clinton Clean Energy Center in Illinois, 1,121 MW, beginning in June 2027, with Meta purchasing the plant's clean energy attributes. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · contract
Talen announced on 11 June 2025 a power purchase agreement to supply 1,920 MWe from its Susquehanna nuclear plant to support Amazon Web Services’ data centres, running until 2042, with deliveries ramping to full volume no later than 2032, as the cross-family check read Talen’s release; World Nuclear News reported it on 12 June 2025. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · contract
Google announced on 30 June 2025 an offtake agreement to take 200 MW of carbon-free energy from Commonwealth Fusion Systems' first commercial plant, ARC, to be developed in Chesterfield, Virginia, together with a second capital investment in CFS and an option to buy power from future plants. Evidence ↗
July 2025
· snapshot · dated to the day · stated as in operation
xAI reported using its 200,000-GPU Colossus cluster for Grok 4 reinforcement-learning training. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · delivered
OpenAI reported Oracle began delivering NVIDIA GB200 racks to Stargate I in June 2025. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · stated as in operation
OpenAI reported early training and inference workloads at the partly operating Stargate I site in Abilene. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · contract
OpenAI announced an agreement with Oracle to develop 4.5 GW of additional US Stargate datacenter capacity. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
DOE announced on 24 July 2025 that it had selected Idaho National Laboratory, the Oak Ridge Reservation, the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant and the Savannah River Site to invite private partners to develop AI data centre and energy generation projects, following an April 2025 request for information. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day · plan
Mark Zuckerberg said on Meta's 30 July 2025 earnings call that Meta was building out Hyperion, "which will be able to scale up to 5GW over several years". Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day · plan
Mark Zuckerberg said on the same call that the Prometheus cluster was "coming online next year" and that Meta thought it would be "the world's first 1GW+ cluster". Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · plan
The Stargate Norway release stated planned capacity of 230MW, with ambitions to expand by a further 290MW. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
Nscale, Aker and OpenAI announced on 31 July 2025 Stargate Norway, an AI infrastructure project at Kvandal outside Narvik, to be designed and built by Nscale and owned by a planned 50/50 Nscale–Aker joint venture. Evidence ↗
August 2025
· announcement · dated to the day · contract
Google announced on 18 August 2025 a power purchase agreement under which TVA will buy electricity from Kairos Power's Hermes 2 plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, enabling 50 MW on TVA's grid serving Google's data centers in Montgomery County, Tennessee and Jackson County, Alabama, with Google procuring the plant's clean energy attributes through TVA. Evidence ↗
September 2025
· announcement · dated to the day · commitment
Nscale announced that it and Microsoft had entered a commitment on Nscale's AI Campus in Loughton, stated to deliver 50MW of AI capacity, scalable to 90MW, and initially to house 23,040 NVIDIA GB300 GPUs delivered in Q1 2027. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
Nscale announced on 16 September 2025 that Nscale, OpenAI and NVIDIA were together establishing Stargate UK, an infrastructure platform to deploy OpenAI’s technology in the UK, expected to be based across several UK sites including Cobalt Park, which will form part of the newly designated North East AI Growth Zone. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · plan
Nscale stated that OpenAI "will explore offtake of up to 8,000 NVIDIA GPUs in Q1 2026", with potential to scale to 31,000 GPUs; the UK government's release of the next day said the first phase "will see OpenAI take up to 8,000 GPUs". Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
Eric Xu stated, in Huawei’s published keynote transcript, at Huawei Connect on 18 September 2025 that over the next three years Huawei would work on three new Ascend chip series (950, 960 and 970), with the Ascend 950PR to be available in the first quarter of 2026, the 950DT in the fourth quarter of 2026, the 960 in the fourth quarter of 2027 and the 970 planned for the fourth quarter of 2028. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · letter of intent
OpenAI and NVIDIA announced on 22 September 2025, in a joint release on NVIDIA's newsroom, a letter of intent for a partnership to deploy at least 10 gigawatts of NVIDIA systems for OpenAI’s AI infrastructure, with the first gigawatt targeted for the second half of 2026 on the NVIDIA Vera Rubin platform. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · plan
The September 2025 release stated that the five new sites, the Abilene site and ongoing CoreWeave projects together bring Stargate to "nearly 7 gigawatts of planned capacity and over $400 billion in investment over the next three years". Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
The same 23 September 2025 release announced a Stargate site in Doña Ana County, New Mexico, as one of three new sites under the OpenAI–Oracle agreement. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
The September 2025 release stated that SoftBank had broken ground at the Lordstown, Ohio site, which it said was on track to be operational the following year. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
The September 2025 release announced a Stargate site in Milam County, Texas, to be developed through the SoftBank–OpenAI partnership with SB Energy, a SoftBank Group company. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · plan
The September 2025 release stated that the three Oracle-developed sites, combined with a potential 600 MW expansion near the Abilene site, "can deliver over 5.5 gigawatts of capacity". Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
A joint OpenAI, Oracle and SoftBank release of 23 September 2025 announced a Stargate site in Shackelford County, Texas, as one of three new sites under the OpenAI–Oracle agreement. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · plan
The September 2025 release stated that the Lordstown and Milam County sites together "can scale to 1.5 gigawatts over the next 18 months". Evidence ↗
October 2025
· announcement · dated to the day · letter of intent
Samsung's release of 1 October 2025 stated that OpenAI and four Samsung companies had announced a letter of intent under which Samsung Electronics will work with OpenAI as a strategic memory partner to supply advanced semiconductor solutions for OpenAI’s Stargate initiative. Evidence ↗· signature · dated to the day · letter of intent
SK Group announced on 1 October 2025 that SK hynix had signed a letter of intent with OpenAI to supply High Bandwidth Memory for Stargate data centres and would establish a production system able to meet OpenAI’s HBM demand of up to 900,000 DRAM wafers per month. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · contract
AMD and OpenAI announced on 6 October 2025, in a joint release, a definitive agreement under which OpenAI is to deploy 6 gigawatts of AMD Instinct GPUs across multiple generations, beginning with a 1 gigawatt deployment of MI450 GPUs set to start in the second half of 2026. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
The joint OpenAI–Broadcom release of 13 October 2025 announced a collaboration for 10 gigawatts of custom AI accelerators designed by OpenAI and developed and deployed with Broadcom, with deployment of racks targeted to start in the second half of 2026 and to be completed by the end of 2029. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · term sheet
The joint OpenAI–Broadcom release of 13 October 2025 stated that the two companies had signed a term sheet to deploy racks incorporating OpenAI-designed AI accelerators and Broadcom networking, and that they had long-standing agreements on co-development and supply of the accelerators. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
Google stated that the Visakhapatnam AI hub will include a purpose-built data center campus capable of gigawatt-scale compute capacity, with AdaniConneX and Airtel as partners. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
Meta announced on 15 October 2025 that it was breaking ground on an AI-focused data center in El Paso, Texas, that "can scale to a 1GW data center site", with an initial phase investment of more than $1.5 billion. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
According to NVIDIA's blog of 15 October 2025, Starcloud plans to build a 5-gigawatt orbital data centre with solar and cooling panels about 4 kilometres in width and length. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
G42 stated on 16 October 2025 that construction of the first 200MW of Stargate UAE, developed by its company Khazna Data Centers, was well underway toward a planned 2026 delivery. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
OpenAI, Oracle and Vantage Data Centers announced on 22 October 2025 plans for a campus in Port Washington, Wisconsin, which Vantage’s release identifies as "the Midwest site that was recently announced as part of OpenAI’s Stargate expansion". Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · plan
Vantage stated that the Port Washington campus will feature four data centers providing close to a gigawatt of AI capacity, with construction to begin soon and completion scheduled for 2028. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · plan
Anthropic announced plans to expand Google Cloud use by up to one million TPUs, with capacity expected online in 2026. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
Google announced on 27 October 2025 a collaboration with NextEra Energy including the restart of the Duane Arnold Energy Center in Iowa, which Google expects back online in early 2029 providing more than 600 MW to the regional grid to support its cloud and AI infrastructure in Iowa. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · contract
Microsoft reported OpenAI had contracted to purchase an additional $250 billion of Azure services. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · contract
Microsoft reported removal of its right of first refusal as OpenAI’s compute provider. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · deployed
Amazon reported launching Project Rainier to build and deploy Anthropic’s Claude models. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
OpenAI, Oracle and Related Digital announced on 30 October 2025 plans to develop a data center campus with more than a gigawatt of capacity in Saline Township, Michigan, as part of the OpenAI–Oracle 4.5 GW partnership. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day · deployed
Amazon described Project Rainier as containing nearly 500,000 Trainium2 chips. Evidence ↗
November 2025
· announcement · dated to the month
Starcloud states that Starcloud-1 launched in November 2025 carrying an NVIDIA H100 GPU. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
Google announced Project Suncatcher on 4 November 2025, a research "moonshot" exploring constellations of solar-powered satellites carrying Google TPUs and linked by free-space optics to scale machine-learning compute in space. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
Google stated that Suncatcher's next milestone is a learning mission with Planet to launch two prototype satellites by early 2027. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
A Microsoft Source feature of November 2025 stated that the Atlanta AI datacenter "began operation in October". Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
Microsoft unveiled on 12 November 2025 the next Fairwater site of Azure AI datacenters, in Atlanta, Georgia, connected to its Wisconsin Fairwater site. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · commitment
The joint announcement of 18 November 2025 by Microsoft, NVIDIA and Anthropic stated that Anthropic had committed to purchase $30 billion of Azure compute capacity and to contract additional compute capacity up to one gigawatt. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · commitment
The joint announcement of 18 November 2025 stated that Anthropic’s compute commitment would initially be up to one gigawatt of compute capacity with NVIDIA Grace Blackwell and Vera Rubin systems, and that Anthropic and NVIDIA would collaborate on design and engineering. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · plan
Amazon stated that the investment will add nearly 1.3 gigawatts of AI and supercomputing capacity across the AWS Top Secret, AWS Secret and AWS GovCloud (US) Regions. Evidence ↗
Governance 516 records
January 2025
· announcement · dated to the day
A CAC announcement reposted on gov.cn on 10 January 2025 states that, as of 31 December 2024, 302 generative AI services had completed filing with the CAC, 238 of them added in 2024, and that 105 applications or functions calling filed models had registered with local cyberspace offices in 2024. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of AI Opportunities Action Plan
· signature · dated to the day
Executive Order 14141, "Advancing United States Leadership in Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure", is dated 14 January 2025 and was published in the Federal Register on 17 January 2025 (FR Doc. 2025-01395). Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
OpenAI announced on 14 January 2025 that Adebayo Ogunlesi had joined its board of directors. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
MiniMax published MiniMax-Text-01 and MiniMax-VL-01 under a “MiniMax Model License Agreement”, present as the repository’s LICENSE file at a commit of 15 January 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The Bureau of Industry and Security published the interim final rule "Framework for Artificial Intelligence Diffusion" in the Federal Register of 15 January 2025, stating an effective date of 13 January 2025 and a general compliance date of 15 May 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
NIST states that the second public draft of NIST AI 800-1 revises the initial public draft, adding appendices on measuring misuse risk and on chemical/biological and cybersecurity misuse risk and content on open models and the AI supply chain. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
On 15 January 2025 the U.S. AI Safety Institute released the second public draft of NIST AI 800-1, "Managing Misuse Risk for Dual-Use Foundation Models", for public comment through 15 March 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
3 provision records of MiniMax Model License Agreement (MiniMax-01)
· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of NIST AI 800-1 (second public draft): Managing Misuse Risk for Dual-Use Foundation Models
· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of Framework for Artificial Intelligence Diffusion (interim final rule)
· publication · dated to the day
The January 2025 foundry due-diligence rule names the AI diffusion rule, which BIS filed for public inspection on 13 January 2025, as “a rule related to this IFR”. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The Bureau of Industry and Security published the interim final rule "Implementation of Additional Due Diligence Measures for Advanced Computing Integrated Circuits" in the Federal Register of 16 January 2025, effective that day, with compliance required from 31 January 2025, to assist foundries and OSAT companies in complying with the advanced computing IC provisions. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of Implementation of Additional Due Diligence Measures for Advanced Computing Integrated Circuits (interim final rule)
· publication · dated to the day
2 provision records of Executive Order 14141: Advancing United States Leadership in Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure
· signature · dated to the day
Section 2 of Executive Order 14148 (20 January 2025) lists Executive Order 14110 of 30 October 2023 among the executive actions it declares "hereby revoked". Evidence ↗· signature · dated to the day
Executive Order 14148, "Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions", is dated and signed at the White House on 20 January 2025 and was published in the Federal Register on 28 January 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
DeepSeek’s pinned R1 README states MIT licensing for code and weights, with upstream model qualifications. Evidence ↗· signature · dated to the day
Executive Order 14179, "Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence", is dated 23 January 2025 and was published in the Federal Register on 31 January 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of Executive Order 14179: Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence
February 2025
· publication · dated to the month
Microsoft’s Frontier Governance Framework, Version 1 (February 2025), states that the framework has its genesis in the voluntary Frontier AI Safety Commitments that Microsoft and fifteen other AI labs made in May 2024. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the month
Microsoft published the first edition of its Frontier Governance Framework in February 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the month
27 provision records of Microsoft Frontier Governance Framework — Version 1 (February 2025)
· publication · dated to the day
Meta’s Frontier AI Framework v1.1 opens its scope section by stating that, in line with the Frontier AI Safety Commitments, which it says Meta signed in May 2024, the framework relates to Meta’s forthcoming most advanced models and systems. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Meta published its Frontier AI Framework, Version 1.1, identified by its announcement date of 2025-02-03. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
26 provision records of Meta Frontier AI Framework — Version 1.1
· publication · dated to the day Inferred
Where the Frontier Safety Framework v1.0 set two Critical Capability Levels in a Biosecurity risk domain, one for enabling a non-expert and one for enabling an expert, v2.0 sets a single level, CBRN uplift 1, in a combined chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear risk domain. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
FSF v2.0 introduces recommended security levels for Critical Capability Levels. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Google DeepMind published Frontier Safety Framework v2.0, identified by its publication date of 2025-02-04. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
33 provision records of Google DeepMind Frontier Safety Framework — v2.0
· publication · dated to the day
Frontier Safety Framework v2.0 replaces v1.0 in the publisher’s documented framework version sequence. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
Magic is listed, as “Magic”, among four organisations added on 7 February 2025 to the GOV.UK list of organisations that have agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
MiniMax is listed, as “Minimax”, among four organisations added on 7 February 2025 to the GOV.UK list of organisations that have agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
NVIDIA is listed, as “NVIDIA”, among four organisations added on 7 February 2025 to the GOV.UK list of organisations that have agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
01.AI is listed, as “01.ai”, among four organisations added on 7 February 2025 to the GOV.UK list of organisations that have agreed to the Frontier AI Safety Commitments. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
The OECD.AI page on the Hiroshima AI Process Reporting Framework states that the framework was launched on 7 February 2025 and provides a standardised structure for organisations to report on their alignment with the Hiroshima Process Code of Conduct. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day · announced
The European Commission announced InvestAI at the AI Action Summit in Paris on 11 February 2025, an initiative to mobilise €200 billion for investment in AI including a new European fund of €20 billion for AI gigafactories. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The Paris statement commends the Bletchley Park and Seoul summits and notes 'the voluntary commitments launched there', without naming any commitment document. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The Élysée posted the English text of the Statement on Inclusive and Sustainable Artificial Intelligence for People and the Planet on elysee.fr on 11 February 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of EU launches InvestAI initiative to mobilise €200 billion of investment in artificial intelligence (IP/25/467)
· revision · dated to the day
The GOV.UK text of the Bletchley Declaration, updated on 13 February 2025, states that New Zealand joined the commitment to the declaration on 23 October 2024. Evidence ↗· signature · dated to the day
The GOV.UK text of the UK-Anthropic Memorandum of Understanding names Dario Amodei, CEO of Anthropic, and Peter Kyle, Secretary of State, as signatories, dated 13 February 2025. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
A GOV.UK press release of 14 February 2025 announces that the UK's AI Safety Institute becomes the 'UK AI Security Institute'. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The Department for Science, Innovation and Technology published the text of its Memorandum of Understanding with Anthropic on AI opportunities on GOV.UK on 14 February 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of Tackling AI security risks to unleash growth and deliver Plan for Change (GOV.UK press release, 14 February 2025)
· publication · dated to the day
2 provision records of Memorandum of Understanding between the UK and Anthropic on AI opportunities
· snapshot · dated to the day
The Élysée PDF of the Paris statement lists 64 numbered entries under 'Signatory countries and organisations': 62 countries, the African Union Commission and the European Union. Zimbabwe, listed on the web page, is not among them, and neither are the United Kingdom and the United States. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The national standards catalogue lists GB 45438-2025, Cybersecurity technology — Labeling method for content generated by artificial intelligence, as a mandatory national standard published by SAMR and the Standardization Administration on 28 February 2025, with an implementation date of 1 September 2025. Evidence ↗
March 2025
· snapshot · dated to the day
The UK Competition and Markets Authority states that under the 2023 LLC Agreement the strategic direction, management and day-to-day operation of OpenAI OpCo LLC are controlled by OpenAI GP LLC as its Manager, which is in turn wholly owned and controlled by OpenAI Nonprofit, and that members’ voting rights are restricted to matters related to typical financial investor protections. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The Cyberspace Administration of China, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security and the National Radio and Television Administration issued the Measures for Labelling AI-Generated Synthetic Content by a notice (国信办通字〔2025〕2号) dated 7 March 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
7 provision records of Measures for Labelling Artificial Intelligence-Generated Synthetic Content (人工智能生成合成内容标识办法)
· effective · dated to the day
The RSP v2.1 change log states that the update adds a new capability threshold related to CBRN development, defining capabilities that could substantially uplift the development capabilities of moderately resourced state programs. Evidence ↗· effective · dated to the day
Anthropic’s Responsible Scaling Policy v2.1 states that the policy also helps satisfy Anthropic’s Frontier AI Safety Commitments (2024). Evidence ↗· effective · dated to the day
Anthropic’s Responsible Scaling Policy v2.1 states that the policy also helps satisfy Anthropic’s Voluntary White House Commitments (2023). Evidence ↗· effective · dated to the day
Anthropic published Responsible Scaling Policy v2.1, identified by its effective date of 2025-03-31. Evidence ↗· effective · dated to the day
29 provision records of Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy — v2.1
· effective · dated to the day
RSP v2.1 separates AI R&D thresholds for automating entry-level research and dramatically accelerating effective scaling. Evidence ↗· effective · dated to the day
Responsible Scaling Policy v2.1 replaces v2.0 in the publisher’s documented framework version sequence. Evidence ↗
April 2025
· snapshot · dated to the day
Google DeepMind's post of 2 April 2025 describes its AGI Safety Council as analysing AGI risk and best practices and making recommendations on safety measures. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
DSIT and DESNZ announced that the AI Energy Council, co-chaired by the Technology and Energy Secretaries, held its first meeting on 8 April 2025, expected to advise on energy efficiency and sustainability in AI and data-centre infrastructure. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day ContestedQuestion posed by Selekoa
Preparedness Framework v2’s governance arrangements permit OpenAI Leadership to deploy models with High capabilities without safeguards that sufficiently minimize their associated risks. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
OpenAI published Preparedness Framework Version 2, identified by its revision date of 2025-04-15. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
Preparedness Version 2 moves handling of persuasion risks outside the Preparedness Framework. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
Preparedness Version 2 introduces Research Categories for capabilities requiring further threat-model and measurement work. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
Preparedness Version 2 removes the terms “low” and “medium” while defining High and Critical capability thresholds. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
31 provision records of OpenAI Preparedness Framework — Version 2
· revision · dated to the day UnresolvedInferred
Preparedness Framework Version 2 replaces Beta in the publisher’s documented framework version sequence. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The national standards catalogue lists GB/T 45654-2025, Cybersecurity technology — Basic security requirements for generative artificial intelligence service, as published by SAMR and the Standardization Administration on 25 April 2025, with an implementation date of 1 November 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The Virology Capabilities Test paper states that it presents a large language model benchmark measuring the capability to troubleshoot complex virology laboratory protocols, built from the inputs of dozens of expert virologists. Evidence ↗Virology Capabilities Test (VCT): A Multimodal Virology Q&A Benchmark (arXiv:2504.16137) →Claim page →
· revision · dated to the day
The Virology Capabilities Test paper states that expert virologists with internet access scored an average of 22.1% on the benchmark's questions within their own sub-areas of expertise, while the most performant model it tested, OpenAI's o3, reached 43.8% accuracy and outperformed 94% of those experts within their sub-areas. Evidence ↗Virology Capabilities Test (VCT): A Multimodal Virology Q&A Benchmark (arXiv:2504.16137) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the day
Alibaba’s Qwen3 announcement describes downloadable models and API access still to come. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Qwen Team’s Chinese Qwen3 announcement places its eight listed model weights under Apache 2.0. Evidence ↗
May 2025
· interval begins · dated to the month
Anthropic's Long-Term Benefit Trust announced on 7 June 2025 the appointment of Richard Fontaine, CEO of the Center for a New American Security, as a member of the Trust; Anthropic's Trust page states that he joined in May 2025. Evidence ↗· signature · dated to the day
Executive Order 14292, Improving the Safety and Security of Biological Research, is dated 5 May 2025 in the Federal Register print of the order. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day
OpenAI published a plan to convert its for-profit LLC into a public benefit corporation under nonprofit control. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
OpenAI announced on 5 May 2025 that its board had decided that the nonprofit would retain control of OpenAI, and that its for-profit LLC would transition to a public benefit corporation that the nonprofit would control and in which it would be a large shareholder. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
2 provision records of Executive Order 14292: Improving the Safety and Security of Biological Research
· publication · dated to the day
The Bureau of Industry and Security issued guidance dated 13 May 2025 warning that use of PRC advanced-computing ICs, including specific Huawei Ascend chips, risks violating US export controls under General Prohibition 10, because such chips were likely developed or produced in violation of those controls. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · announced
On 13 May 2025 the Department of Commerce announced a rescission of the AI Diffusion Rule and said that BIS planned to publish a regulation formalising the rescission. The linked release PDF, dated 12 May 2025, says that the Department initiated a rescission. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of Guidance on Application of General Prohibition 10 (GP10) to People’s Republic of China (PRC) Advanced-Computing Integrated Circuits (ICs)
· effective · dated to the day
The RSP v2.2 change log gives, as one of the two reasons it states for excluding sophisticated and state-compromised insiders from the ASL-3 Security Standard, that the CBRN-3 threat models entail large numbers of users having access to unguarded models, which it says is more likely to occur through a universal jailbreak than via model theft. Evidence ↗· effective · dated to the day
Anthropic’s Responsible Scaling Policy v2.2 states that the policy also helps satisfy Anthropic’s Frontier AI Safety Commitments (2024). Evidence ↗· effective · dated to the day
Anthropic’s Responsible Scaling Policy v2.2 states that the policy also helps satisfy Anthropic’s Voluntary White House Commitments (2023). Evidence ↗· effective · dated to the day
Anthropic published Responsible Scaling Policy v2.2, identified by its effective date of 2025-05-14. Evidence ↗· effective · dated to the day
25 provision records of Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy — v2.2
· effective · dated to the day
RSP v2.2 excludes sophisticated insiders and state-compromised insiders from the ASL-3 Security Standard. Evidence ↗· effective · dated to the day
Responsible Scaling Policy v2.2 replaces v2.1 in the publisher’s documented framework version sequence. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Anthropic's ASL-3 activation post states that it had not yet determined whether Claude Opus 4 definitively passed the capabilities threshold requiring ASL-3 protections, that continued improvements in CBRN-related knowledge and capabilities meant clearly ruling out ASL-3 risks was not possible as it had been for every previous model, and that it deployed the model with ASL-3 measures as a precautionary and provisional action. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Anthropic published 'Activating AI Safety Level 3 protections' on 22 May 2025, stating that it had activated the ASL-3 Deployment and Security Standards of its Responsible Scaling Policy in conjunction with launching Claude Opus 4. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Anthropic's ASL-3 activation post states that experiments showed access to Claude Sonnet 3.7 helped participants do somewhat better on tasks related to CBRN weapon acquisition than those with standard internet access, and that all participants' plans still had critical failures. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of Activating AI Safety Level 3 protections
· snapshot · dated to the day
Anthropic announced on 28 May 2025 that Reed Hastings had been appointed to its board of directors by its Long-Term Benefit Trust. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
2 provision records of Executive Order 14299: Deploying Advanced Nuclear Reactor Technologies for National Security
June 2025
· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of Department of Commerce bulletin of 4 June 2025 on the Center for AI Standards and Innovation
· snapshot · dated to the day
The Seed-Coder-8B-Instruct model card at its revision of 6 June 2025 states that the project is licensed under the MIT License; its revisions up to 6 May 2025 had carried the licence metadata apache-2.0. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day
The New York State Assembly passed S6953-B, substituted for A6453-B, on 12 June 2025. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day
The New York State Senate passed S6953-B (the RAISE Act) on 12 June 2025. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Scale AI stated on 12 June 2025 that Alexandr Wang would continue to serve as a director on Scale's board. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The MiniMax-M1 GitHub repository carries the Apache License, Version 2.0, with a 2025 MiniMax copyright notice, as of a commit of 14 June 2025. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
The OECD paper 'How are AI developers managing risks?' (September 2025) lists, in Annex A, 20 entities that submitted reports under the HAIP reporting framework between 7 February and 15 June 2025, including Anthropic, Google, Microsoft and OpenAI. Evidence ↗OECD, How are AI developers managing risks? (2025) →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the day
The Department for Science, Innovation and Technology published the text of a Memorandum of Understanding between the UK government and Cohere on AI opportunities on GOV.UK on 16 June 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of Memorandum of Understanding between the UK and Cohere on AI opportunities
· publication · dated to the day
The Joint California Policy Working Group on AI Frontier Models released its final report, "The California Report on Frontier AI Policy", on 17 June 2025. Evidence ↗· signature · dated to the day
Texas S.B. 6 (89th Legislature), on the planning for, interconnection and operation of, and costs of serving certain electrical loads, was signed by the Governor on 20 June 2025 and took effect immediately. Evidence ↗· effective · dated to the day
1 provision record of Texas S.B. 6 (89th Legislature): planning for, interconnection and operation of, and costs of serving certain electrical loads
· event · dated to the day
Michigan House Bill 4668, the artificial intelligence safety and security transparency act, was introduced in the Michigan House of Representatives on 24 June 2025 and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of Michigan House Bill 4668 (2025), the artificial intelligence safety and security transparency act
· snapshot · dated to the day
Baidu's Hugging Face model card for ERNIE-4.5-300B-A47B-PT, at its revision of 29 June 2025, states that the ERNIE 4.5 models are provided under the Apache License 2.0, and the repository's LICENSE file at that revision is the Apache License, Version 2.0. Evidence ↗
July 2025
· publication · dated to the month
The Frontier AI Risk Management Framework (v1.0), July 2025, names Concordia AI with Shanghai AI Laboratory in its citation line, and its executive summary says that Shanghai AI Laboratory introduced the framework in collaboration with Concordia AI. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the month
Shanghai AI Laboratory, in collaboration with Concordia AI, introduced the Frontier AI Risk Management Framework (v1.0), dated July 2025 in its own citation line. Evidence ↗Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory / 上海人工智能实验室 →Claim page →
· publication · dated to the month
2 provision records of Frontier AI Risk Management Framework (v1.0)
· publication · dated to the day
The Shelby County Health Department issued construction permit 01156-01PC on 2 July 2025 to CTC Property LLC for fifteen Solar SMT-130 natural gas-fired combustion turbines, each rated at 16.48 MW, at xAI’s Memphis facility, with a printed expiry of 2 January 2027, as the cross-family check read the permit. Action News 5 reported the approval on 2 July 2025. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Anthropic’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation filed on 3 July 2025, the latest inspected, states its specific public benefit as responsibly developing and maintaining advanced AI for the long term benefit of humanity. The same wording is in Article III of the restated certificate filed on 24 May 2021. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Under Anthropic’s restated certificate filed on 3 July 2025, while any Class T Common Stock is outstanding the company may not, without the consent or vote of all Class T holders as a separate class, amend the Class T provisions or the phase-in definitions, alter the certificate so that the board’s legal powers are exercised by another person or body, or change the number of directors except to add seats at least half of which Class T holders elect. Acts without that consent are declared void. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
The restated certificate filed on 3 July 2025 provides that any director elected under Article VIII(B) may be removed at any time without cause by the holders of the class or series of stock entitled to elect that director, so the holders of Class T Common Stock, which Anthropic states is held by the Long-Term Benefit Trust, may remove the Class T Directors. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The European Commission received and published the final General-Purpose AI Code of Practice on 10 July 2025. The Code consists of three separately authored chapters: Transparency, Copyright, and Safety and Security. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day Inferred
The final Code's Appendix 1.4 specifies four systemic risks (CBRN, loss of control, cyber offence, harmful manipulation), where the initial draft's Measure 6.1 listed six types, including automated use of models for AI research and development and large-scale discrimination, which are not among the final four. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day Inferred
The final Code's Safety and Security chapter opens Commitment 1 by committing signatories to a three-step Framework adoption process (creating, implementing and updating a “state-of-the-art” Framework) and to notifying the AI Office of it, where the initial draft's Measure 7 opened by committing signatories to adopting, implementing and making available a Safety and Security Framework. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
11 provision records of General-Purpose AI Code of Practice (final version, 10 July 2025)
· announcement · dated to the day
On 11 July 2025 OpenAI announced its intention to sign the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice, subject to the then-current version being formally approved by the AI Board during its adequacy assessment. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
2 provision records of Kimi K2 Modified MIT License
· publication · dated to the day
The ChatGPT Agent System Card states that OpenAI conducted human red teaming on biological risk as one of two key risk areas, and sets out an overview table of its biological and chemical evaluations. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
OpenAI published the ChatGPT Agent System Card, dated 17 July 2025 on its cover. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The ChatGPT Agent System Card states that OpenAI invited seven experts with biosafety and biosecurity backgrounds to spend three to five hours with a helpful-only version of the model and to score it in a survey, and that experts noted an average success rate of about 7.7 on a scale of 1 to 10 on the tasks they attempted. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The ChatGPT Agent System Card states that OpenAI decided to treat the launch as High capability in the Biological and Chemical domain under its Preparedness Framework, activating the associated safeguards, while stating that it does not have definitive evidence that the model could meaningfully help a novice to create severe biological harm and has taken a precautionary approach. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day · reported as performed
OpenAI's ChatGPT Agent System Card reports that two SecureBio virologists carried out about ten hours of manual red-teaming with ChatGPT agent, and that SecureBio also supplied an external assessment within the card's biological evaluations. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
On 18 July 2025 Joel Kaplan, Meta’s global affairs chief according to CNBC, wrote on LinkedIn that Meta had reviewed the European Commission’s Code of Practice for general-purpose AI models and would not sign it. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The Commission’s library entry for its guidelines on general-purpose AI models, with a publication date of 18 July 2025, offers for download a Communication to the Commission, C(2025) 5045 final, which asks the Commission to approve the content of draft guidelines. The Communication states that the guidelines will be formally adopted later and applicable only from that moment. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
On 21 July 2025 Anthropic announced that, after review, it intended to sign the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The Department for Science, Innovation and Technology published the text of a Memorandum of Understanding between DSIT and OpenAI on AI opportunities on GOV.UK on 21 July 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
2 provision records of Memorandum of Understanding between the UK and OpenAI on AI opportunities
· signature · dated to the day
Section 4 of Executive Order 14318 of 23 July 2025 revoked Executive Order 14141 of 14 January 2025. Evidence ↗· signature · dated to the day
Executive Order 14318, "Accelerating Federal Permitting of Data Center Infrastructure", is dated 23 July 2025 and was published in the Federal Register on 28 July 2025 (FR Doc. 2025-14212). Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The White House released "Winning the AI Race: America’s AI Action Plan" on 23 July 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
6 provision records of Winning the Race: America’s AI Action Plan
· snapshot · dated to the day
The Seed-X-Instruct-7B model card at its revision of 28 July 2025 states that the project is licensed under OpenMDW, and the repository's LICENSE file is the OpenMDW License Agreement, version 1.0. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of Kimi K2: Open Agentic Intelligence
· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of Executive Order 14318: Accelerating Federal Permitting of Data Center Infrastructure
· announcement · dated to the day
On 30 July 2025 Google announced, in a post by Kent Walker, that it would join other companies in signing the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Zhipu’s pinned Chinese GLM-4.5 README states MIT licensing for the listed GLM-4.5 and GLM-4.5-Air variants. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
On 31 July 2025 xAI announced on X that it would sign the Safety and Security chapter of the EU AI Act’s Code of Practice. Evidence ↗
August 2025
· publication · dated to the day
Amazon appears on the European Commission’s list of signatories of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice from the list’s first publication on 1 August 2025, and is still listed in the version last updated on 31 July 2026. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Anthropic appears on the European Commission’s list of signatories of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice from the list’s first publication on 1 August 2025, and is still listed in the version last updated on 31 July 2026. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Cohere appears on the European Commission’s list of signatories of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice from the list’s first publication on 1 August 2025, and is still listed in the version last updated on 31 July 2026. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Google appears on the European Commission’s list of signatories of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice from the list’s first publication on 1 August 2025, and is still listed in the version last updated on 31 July 2026. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
IBM appears on the European Commission’s list of signatories of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice from the list’s first publication on 1 August 2025, and is still listed in the version last updated on 31 July 2026. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Microsoft appears on the European Commission’s list of signatories of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice from the list’s first publication on 1 August 2025, and is still listed in the version last updated on 31 July 2026. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Mistral AI appears on the European Commission’s list of signatories of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice from the list’s first publication on 1 August 2025, and is still listed in the version last updated on 31 July 2026. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
OpenAI appears on the European Commission’s list of signatories of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice from the list’s first publication on 1 August 2025, and is still listed in the version last updated on 31 July 2026. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
From the list’s first publication on 1 August 2025, the European Commission’s signatory page leaves xAI out of its list of signatories of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice and states separately that xAI signed up to the Safety and Security chapter. Evidence ↗· signature · dated to the day
The European Commission issued Opinion C(2025) 5361 final, dated 1 August 2025, on the assessment of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice under Article 56 of the AI Act. Evidence ↗· signature · dated to the day
6 provision records of Commission Opinion C(2025) 5361 final on the assessment of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice
· effective · dated to the day
1 provision record of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), as published in the Official Journal
· publication · dated to the day · reported as performed
OpenAI's GPT-5 System Card states that it gave the US Center for AI Standards and Innovation early access to gpt-5-thinking under a newly signed, updated agreement, and that CAISI evaluated the model's biological and chemical capabilities and its safeguards. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
OpenAI published the GPT-5 System Card, dated 13 August 2025 on its cover. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The GPT-5 System Card states that OpenAI decided to treat gpt-5-thinking as High capability in the Biological and Chemical domain under its Preparedness Framework, activating the associated safeguards, while stating that it does not have definitive evidence that the model could meaningfully help a novice to create severe biological harm. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day · reported as performed
OpenAI's GPT-5 System Card states that the UK AI Security Institute evaluated gpt-5-thinking's biological and chemical capabilities and its safeguards, with access to prototype safeguards and non-public information sources as part of a longer-term collaboration. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The GPT-5 System Card states that the UK AI Security Institute's safeguards team identified multiple model-level jailbreaks that overcome gpt-5-thinking's built-in refusal logic without degrading model capabilities, and that one of them evades all layers of mitigations and is being patched. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
The Grok 4 Model Card states that the area of highest concern is the model's expert-level biology capabilities, which significantly exceed human expert baselines on the benchmarks used, while stating that these evaluations measure dual-use knowledge and that a high score indicates greater capability to enable weapons development, not necessarily increased risk. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
xAI published the Grok 4 Model Card, the expression read stating that it was last updated on 20 August 2025. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
The Louisiana Public Service Commission decided at its Business and Executive Session of 20 August 2025, in Order U-37425 dated 29 August 2025 and effective immediately, on Entergy Louisiana’s application for generation and transmission resources to serve a single customer in North Louisiana. Entergy stated on 20 August 2025 that the approval allows it to build three combined-cycle combustion turbine plants tied to Meta’s Richland Parish data centre, two there expected online in late 2028 and one at Waterford by the end of 2029. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
The Seed-OSS model card (revision of 26 August 2025) states that the Seed-OSS series is released under the Apache-2.0 license, and the seed-oss Git repository's LICENSE file at its commit of 25 August 2025 is the Apache License, Version 2.0. Evidence ↗
September 2025
· publication · dated to the month
The Claude Sonnet 4.5 system card states that the model demonstrated enhanced performance on several biological risk evaluations while remaining below ASL-4 rule-out thresholds, and that Anthropic has not determined whether it passed the ASL-3 capabilities threshold but cannot clearly rule out ASL-3 risks, so deploys it with ASL-3 measures as a precautionary, provisional action. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the month
The Claude Sonnet 4.5 system card states that its CBRN evaluations primarily focus on biological risks with the largest consequences and sets out separate ASL-3 and ASL-4 threat models for that domain. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the month
Anthropic published the Claude Sonnet 4.5 system card, dated September 2025 on its cover. Evidence ↗· effective · dated to the day
1 provision record of Measures for Labelling Artificial Intelligence-Generated Synthetic Content (人工智能生成合成内容标识办法)
· publication · dated to the day
The AI Safety Governance Framework 2.0 (September 2025) names CNCERT/CC (国家计算机网络应急技术处理协调中心) beneath TC260 on its cover, and its preface says that TC260 organised CNCERT/CC and other professional bodies, research institutes and companies to prepare it. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The AI Safety Governance Framework 2.0, a TC260 technical document whose cover names TC260 and CNCERT/CC, was released on 15 September 2025 at the main forum of the 2025 National Cybersecurity Awareness Week. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
5 provision records of AI Safety Governance Framework 2.0 (人工智能安全治理框架2.0)
· announcement · dated to the day · announced
The UK government announced on 17 September 2025 an AI Growth Zone in the North East, made up of sites in Blyth and Cobalt Park, which it said was set to attract up to £30 billion in private investment. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day Inferred
The Frontier Safety Framework v3.0 defines its CBRN risk domain as risks of models assisting in the development, preparation and/or execution of a CBRN threat, where v2.0 defined the same domain as risks of assisting in a CBRN attack. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
FSF v3.0 introduces a Critical Capability Level for harmful manipulation. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Google DeepMind published Frontier Safety Framework v3.0, identified by its publication date of 2025-09-22. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
34 provision records of Google DeepMind Frontier Safety Framework — v3.0
· publication · dated to the day
Frontier Safety Framework v3.0 replaces v2.0 in the publisher’s documented framework version sequence. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · reported as performed
On 25 September 2025 NIST stated that CAISI had worked with Anthropic to identify security issues with its advanced AI systems, with research and evaluations completed in partnership with the UK AI Security Institute. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day · reported as performed
On 25 September 2025 NIST stated that CAISI had worked with OpenAI to identify security issues with its advanced AI systems, with research and evaluations completed in partnership with the UK AI Security Institute. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
19 provision records of California SB 53 (2025): Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, as chaptered
· signature · dated to the day
The Governor of California approved Senate Bill 53, which enacts the Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, on 29 September 2025; it was filed with the Secretary of State the same day and chaptered as Chapter 138, Statutes of 2025. Evidence ↗
October 2025
· publication · dated to the day
MOFCOM issued Announcement No. 61 of 2025 on 9 October 2025, requiring foreign exporters to obtain a MOFCOM dual-use export licence for certain foreign-made items containing Chinese-origin rare-earth items, with parts effective from 1 December 2025 and the rest on publication. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of MOFCOM Announcement No. 61 of 2025 on export controls on related foreign rare-earth items (商务部公告2025年第61号)
· signature · dated to the day
In a letter of 23 October 2025, citing his authority under section 403 of the DOE Organization Act, the Secretary of Energy directed FERC to initiate rulemaking and attached for its consideration an advance notice of proposed rulemaking on interconnecting large loads, including AI data centres, to the transmission system, asking for final action no later than 30 April 2026. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The MiniMax-M2 GitHub repository carried an MIT License text with a 2025 MiniMax AI copyright notice as of a commit of 27 October 2025. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day
OpenAI published its account of a completed recapitalization, with OpenAI Foundation controlling OpenAI Group PBC. Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day UnresolvedQuestion posed by Selekoa
Following the October 2025 recapitalization, the OpenAI Foundation can exercise effective mission-directed control over OpenAI Group PBC in practice. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The Delaware Department of Justice issued a letter to OpenAI, Inc. dated 28 October 2025 setting out the conditions under which the Attorney General would not object to OpenAI, Inc.’s recapitalization, which it describes as restructuring a for-profit limited liability company into a newly formed public benefit corporation, with the nonprofit retaining control of it in accordance with OpenAI’s representations. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
OpenAI states that the OpenAI Foundation, through special voting and governance rights held solely by it, appoints all members of OpenAI Group’s board and can replace directors at any time. The rights are those of the Class N Common Stock in the certificate of incorporation filed on 28 October 2025, which makes them depend on that stock being held, directly or indirectly, by OpenAI Foundation. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Under Section IV.2(c) of OpenAI Group PBC’s certificate of incorporation filed on 28 October 2025, the holder of the Class N Common Stock, while it is OpenAI Foundation, must give prior written approval before the corporation amends its public-benefit article, enters into a deemed liquidation event or material asset sale, issues more Class N stock or other director-voting stock, or modifies the certificate or bylaws to the Class N holder’s disadvantage. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
Under Section V.3 of OpenAI Group PBC’s certificate of incorporation filed on 28 October 2025, the holder of the Class N Common Stock may remove directors with or without cause while any Class N shares are outstanding; OpenAI states that the OpenAI Foundation holds these rights and can replace directors at any time. Evidence ↗· snapshot · dated to the day
OpenAI Group PBC was incorporated as a Delaware public benefit corporation. Its certificate of incorporation carries the Delaware Division of Corporations filing stamp of 28 October 2025, 08:07 AM (file number 10381551). Evidence ↗· event · dated to the day
The Standing Committee of the 14th National People's Congress adopted the Decision on Amending the Cybersecurity Law at its 18th session on 28 October 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
Presidential Order No. 61, dated 28 October 2025, promulgated the Decision on Amending the Cybersecurity Law. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
2 provision records of Delaware Attorney General’s statement of no objection to OpenAI, Inc.’s recapitalization (2025)
· publication · dated to the day
4 provision records of Certificate of Incorporation of OpenAI Group PBC (filed 2025-10-28)
November 2025
· publication · dated to the day
Moonshot AI released the Kimi-K2-Thinking code and weights under a licence headed “Modified MIT License”, as stated in the Hugging Face repository on 6 November 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of MOFCOM–GAC Announcement No. 70 of 2025 suspending Announcements Nos. 55–58, 61 and 62 of 2025 (商务部、海关总署公告2025年第70号)
· revision · dated to the day
On 13 November 2025 the MiniMax-M2 repository’s LICENSE was changed to add, after the MIT License text, a modification requiring commercial products above 100 million monthly active users or 30 million US dollars in annual recurring revenue to display “MiniMax M2” prominently. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
The Commission Guidelines on the scope of the obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models, in the file that the Commission serves at its download address, are a Communication from the Commission dated Brussels 19 November 2025 and numbered C(2025) 7719 final. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
7 provision records of Commission Guidelines on the scope of the obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models established by Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (C(2025) 7719 final)
December 2025
· revision · dated to the day
2 provision records of Explanatory Notice and Template for the Public Summary of Training Content for general-purpose AI models (C(2025) 8311 final)
· publication · dated to the day
2 provision records of Scientific and Technological Advances in the Life Sciences since 1975: How the Last 50 Years Will Shape the BTWC S&T Advisory Mechanism (BWC/MSP/2025/WP.4)
· publication · dated to the day
The Department for Science, Innovation and Technology published on GOV.UK on 11 December 2025 a Memorandum of Understanding with Google DeepMind on AI opportunities and security, naming Liz Kendall and Demis Hassabis as signatories without a signing date. Evidence ↗· signature · dated to the day
Executive Order 14365, "Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence", is dated 11 December 2025 and was published in the Federal Register on 16 December 2025. Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
2 provision records of Memorandum of Understanding between the UK and Google DeepMind on AI opportunities and security
· publication · dated to the day
4 provision records of Executive Order 14365: Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence
· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of Statement by the United States (BWC/MSP/2025/WP.14)
· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of Statement by the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland (BWC/MSP/2025/WP.27)
· publication · dated to the day
1 provision record of Statement by Japan (BWC/MSP/2025/WP.28)
· signature · dated to the day
S6953-B was delivered to the Governor of New York on 9 December 2025 and signed as Chapter 699 of 2025 on 19 December 2025, with approval memo 76. Evidence ↗· announcement · dated to the day
The Governor of New York announced on 19 December 2025 that she had signed legislation requiring AI frameworks for frontier-model developers, the release names the RAISE Act (S6953B/A6453B) and refers to agreed-upon chapter amendments. Evidence ↗· signature · dated to the day
5 provision records of New York S6953-B (2025), the RAISE Act, signed as Chapter 699 of 2025
· announcement · dated to the day
Anthropic announced on 19 December 2025 that its Frontier Compliance Framework was available, stating that the framework will serve as its compliance framework for SB 53 and other regulatory requirements while its Responsible Scaling Policy remains its voluntary safety policy. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
xAI published Frontier Artificial Intelligence Framework December 2025 edition, identified by its revision date of 2025-12-30. Evidence ↗· revision · dated to the day
25 provision records of xAI Frontier Artificial Intelligence Framework — December 2025 edition
· revision · dated to the day
xAI's Frontier Artificial Intelligence Framework (December 2025 edition) states that the FAIF complies with California's Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.10 et seq.). Evidence ↗· publication · dated to the day
2 provision records of MiniMax Group Inc. Global Offering prospectus (31 December 2025)
Dates stated for 2025 7 dates
Each date as its record gives it, with who stated it. A target, deadline or term says what a party said would happen; a reported date says what a party said happened; a scheduled date had not been reached when the record’s sources were last checked. None is a dated record of what happened.
(as worded: “first half of 2025”) · Operation target · stated by Crusoe
Crusoe stated in March 2025 that it began constructing its Abilene AI data center in June 2024 and that the initial phase, two buildings and 200+ megawatts, was expected to be energized in the first half of 2025. Evidence ↗· Launch target · stated by Axiom Space
Axiom Space announced on 7 April 2025 the upcoming launch of its first two Orbital Data Center nodes to low Earth orbit by the end of 2025, as part of Kepler Communications' optical relay constellation. Evidence ↗(as worded: “end of 2025”) · Completion target · stated by NDRC
Task (4) of the 2024 data-centre plan sets the goal that by the end of 2025 a two-way computing–electricity coordination mechanism is initially formed and green electricity exceeds 80% for new data centres at national hub nodes, and encourages co-location of new data centres with renewable generation and pilots of direct green-power supply. Evidence ↗(as worded: “end of 2025”) · Completion target · stated by U.S. Department of Energy
DOE announced on 24 July 2025 that it had selected Idaho National Laboratory, the Oak Ridge Reservation, the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant and the Savannah River Site to invite private partners to develop AI data centre and energy generation projects, following an April 2025 request for information. Evidence ↗· Deadline · stated by The White House
Section 4(a) of Executive Order 14141 directed the Secretaries of Defense and Energy to identify, by 28 February 2025 and if possible, at least three sites each on federal land that could be leased for frontier AI data centres and the clean energy facilities to serve them, by the end of 2027. Evidence ↗· Operation start reported · stated by Microsoft
A Microsoft Source feature of November 2025 stated that the Atlanta AI datacenter "began operation in October". Evidence ↗· Construction start reported · stated by Meta
Meta announced on 15 October 2025 that it was breaking ground on an AI-focused data center in El Paso, Texas, that "can scale to a 1GW data center site", with an initial phase investment of more than $1.5 billion. Evidence ↗